WEBVTT

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Three thousand

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It\'s hard to believe on the
eve of the 21st century.

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That the planet still hides thousands of

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undiscovered plants and
animals It still contains

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kingdoms of ancient forests and shorelines

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untouched by civilization
development and human greed.

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Moving down from the north.

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The first country the South
American continent is Columbia.

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Here running the length of

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its pacific coast lies one of the
last true wilderness areas left on

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earth that you call

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this biogeographical region is bounded by
the Darien Gap of Panama to the north.

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It sealed off from the rest of
the country by the spine of

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the Andes to the east and
runs down into Ecuador.

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In the South Cold ocean currents bring a vast
array of marine life to territorial coast

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and the mountains trap the clouds
coming in off the Pacific to

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create one of the largest
undisturbed the rain forests in

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the world because of

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these natural boundaries that Chicago has

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been cut off from the outside
world for millennia.

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Even today it remains a largely
hidden unexplored mystery.

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Most of the 1 million people
who live in the Tourico.

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In scattered small settlements
The descendants of

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slaves abandon here when the
gold mines played out a

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100 years ago there are also

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aboriginal peoples living in land along
the true cause countless rivers.

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They have all been isolated
from an forgotten by

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the outside world

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Alberto Soto.

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Is a Colombian anthropologist
and environmentalist.

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He\'s invited five people to join him in

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the remote village of buggy or Solomo
on the northern pacific coast.

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These people are here because
they know time is no

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longer standing still for the
gioco there\'s pressure on

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the region by multinational
corporations and

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the hemispheres many trading blocks
to complete the Pan-American Highway.

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Only a few kilometers
of daunting jungles and

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swamps Separate the northern
and southern ends of the road

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completing it will open the floodgates to

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the Chaco it\'s isolation
heat and constant rainfall.

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Will no longer protected from
becoming a major economic frontier of

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the 21st century Averroes Soto has been

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involved with the Chaco most
of his life he believes

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the first step to understanding what\'s
at stake here is realizing it exists.

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His foundation neotropical
studies the Pacific and

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takes people into the region on an ancient
double decker steamer that just Stephen

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Under kappa Badsey runs one of Ecuador is

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largest environmental organizations
and helps design policies for all of

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Latin America geneticists
and television host

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David Suzuki and his wife Tara colors or
environmental activists with decades of

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experience working with
endangered ecosystems and

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indigenous peoples cancers Halle is a
celebrated tropical botanists from France.

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He\'s spent almost 50 years tricking the
wilderness from Madagascar to Borneo.

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I was told that whales are
regularly Communion yes yes

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several species including orchids
humpback Most biologists

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that are Thiel oriented
would look at a situation

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like that as an indication of a degree of

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pureness whales are not something that you
find in the highly altered marine habitats.

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Build a mars and expert on South
American reptiles but there\'s little

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that swims crawls or flies in
South or Central America he

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can\'t identify they\'ve all

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come here to see as much
of the Chaco as possible

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before plan development
schemes alternate forever.

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The just even hence first towards
one of the greatest treasures of

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Columbia Wu Jia Bei when he was director
of the National Park System Alberto Soto

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was able to help save this forest
and from the local pressures of

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indiscriminate logging and nutria
bay from became the site of

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a huge fish packing plant the park includes
the slopes at the bow dome mountains.

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Which are classified as having one of
the highest diversity of life forms in

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the world Although an inventory of all the
plants and animals has not even been attempted

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Look. Isn\'t dangerous.

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No this is a very common snake
and in South America it\'s

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an it\'s called erroneous carnitas they call

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it a little bit he doesn\'t
have much energy doesn\'t hurt.

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But of course they\'re reviled

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most people think they\'re venomous and
don\'t understand it\'s interesting.

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The ignorance about snakes in general
is pretty rough to be a snake.

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Don\'t have women in the snake there
is an analogy that\'s exactly right.

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What a beautiful animal It
has got two big red eyes.

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I suppose that the hummingbird are
coming below the leaf and they can

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sees a light through the
red spots and they are

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very much attracted by the red color and
then define the flower flower which

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is under along the heart this is
where the leafcutter ants have part

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of their nest and they cut the
leaves take them into the nest

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masticate them and raise a fungus on the on

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the mesh and they feed on the fungus
so they\'re really agriculturists

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and getting this right
here he bites very hard.

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He\'s very angry noise defending the
nasties looking for you see what she

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does As I years ago lost attempt

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to an old cotton tent took it in

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the night and cut it into pieces
and carry it into the nest.

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I don\'t know the answer to that I
don\'t know how many species are

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so Packard around here but I
do know that that wonders

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where haha haha yeah this
triangular things hanging

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t on the falling tree
which are Cutler dream.

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They Francis. Look here this is

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a juvenile specimen of a lizard
in the genus our knowledge

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and there are over 65 species
of the knowledge in Colombia

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More than any place in the world this one is
an endemic it\'s only found in the charcoal.

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It\'s called a knowledge chore quorum and
they move up in the dorsal and the canopy.

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Beautiful beautiful lizard found only
in primary forests trees large trees.

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Once they\'re gone they\'re
knowledge truck horn disappears.

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The most primitive member of the coffee family
and really look at the beautiful flowers.

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It\'s a haze tangent small tree without
branch and it collects a lot of liter.

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And as it uses the nutrition Sousa leaves.

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Coming from their leader.

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Boy Okay.

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This is a prize to say no
no no no this is great.

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This is a this is a snake
that\'s in a genus all

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by itself you rarely see them humans
rarely see them it\'s called no foxes.

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We know very little about
them actually I\'m not even

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positive this has registered
from the west coast of Columbia

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what little we know this
is exactly where you find

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them in very wet lowland forest and they\'re

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very very slow moving and he grew bigger No

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that\'s that\'s as big as I\'ve
seen that\'s a typical adults.

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Today let it go fantasies.

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These Fern here And

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I think this is a very primitive
firm and when you find it

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it means that the forest is pristine.

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But has never been spoiled
it\'s more or less like

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this snake you phone bill that drag
also is right here primary primary

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fortunately for Ezra and good
indicator grants this amount

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how much of the forest
vegetation has been studied

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is exists it while the
percentage that you can speak

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about here in the chock-full
I would say 1 1% percent are

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not specific level of no-no in
law and if you if you think

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into our comb the insect
For instance I\'m sure it\'s

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less than one person here
if you look at a place like

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the choco and you realize how
many secrets it has and how

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little we know and how
easily we could learn a lot

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more at a time when we have
knowledge that areas like

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the choco or more threatened
than ever before we

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are putting fewer people into
the field and I think that\'s

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tragic Yeah I agree completely and

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more and more Manet\'s it put on molecular
biology yes unless unless on field research yes

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that\'s terrible because of this
disparity in funding what I

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think That history will look
very unkindly on this era

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in which we were informed and still failed

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to act we don\'t even know the
resource and we talk about what to

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do with it what I

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find very exciting and and choco is the
fact that the rain forest goes up to

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the sea level in the coast heartland
of Ecuador you cannot see that

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anymore and here it\'s perfect
it is the rainforests.

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That\'s fantastic The park

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encompasses 54 thousand square kilometres.

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Not just a forest mountain and shoreline.

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But of ocean floor as well virgin
forests descending into a tropical sea.

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Have vanished almost
everywhere else on earth.

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Lack of erosion protects the marine
environment and the presence of mangroves and

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coral reefs results and almost inconceivable
quantity and variety of marine life

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The Indian peoples of the Tuku have long
struggled for rights to their lands.

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The areas now legally allotted
to them a located mainly inland.

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In order to visit a village
the Jess Stephen drops

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the visitors at the mouth
of the river but they hired

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dugouts suddenly it\'s always amazed

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me that\'s three coming up Notice on one

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and for some reason every app a fight in the
county wants to live on the incredible.

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When you think about a small
river this is and how strong the

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current is and then you think of
how many rivers there are doing

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this just along the Pacific
of Columbia authors that

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Shoko the amount of water
fresh water and sediment that

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these things jump into the
ocean just staggers the mind I

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suspect biodiversity to be much higher in

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this side of Bian De San DOC
sign because here we have

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plants from the South from the loo We have

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plants from Vienna and Surinam
when we have comes from Panama and

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Central America and they\'re
all converging as in alto

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generally accepted club scenario
explosion of y that\'s the group moves

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upstream the river soon becomes a
navigable to shallow and blocked by

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snags the Indian village they are looking

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for is always supposed to
be around the next bend.

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But there are many bends and darkness
falls long before it comes in

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sight

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Soaking wet

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and

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exhausted the afternoons
expedition arrived in

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the village of modal borrow at two
in the morning and we\'re given

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a hut to hang their
hammocks by the surprise to

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villages but it\'s good
it\'s revived in the dorm.

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So how\'s the water here Bill I mean
is there any worry about Giardia or

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any other problem basically
produce free-falling scream and

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holler Karen If that made fecal material for
example was just an immediate yeah like

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a ship or that they
believe that the Likewise

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the embedder Indians living in this village
moved into the area from inland Columbia.

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After the original peoples were
destroyed by the Spanish conquest.

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There age-old practices of
slash and burn agriculture.

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Now confined into the relatively
small area there is a will

00:16:40.459 --> 00:16:45.034
eventually And deplete the poor
forest soils. But for now.

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Small villages like bottle bottle.

00:16:47.145 --> 00:16:52.923
Are basically healthy and self-sufficient
mounting pressures from the outside however.

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Giving them greater cause to worry about

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their future Everyman customers is an embedded
Indian Like the people from voter borrow.

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But his home village is
hundreds of miles inland

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Juliana periods is a well-known
Indian from much further south.

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On the Sanhuang river which has undergone

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the most deforestation and has
been polluted by gold-mining

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both representatives of the
local native organisation

00:17:18.874 --> 00:17:22.399
or re-watch which unites the
two Indian tribes of the truck

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home They\'re on hand for a meeting
between the villagers and

00:17:25.850 --> 00:17:30.154
the visitors Yammer
Francisco yo soy Europa.

00:17:30.155 --> 00:17:34.068
My name is Francis and I am from Europe.

00:17:34.069 --> 00:17:40.398
I want to know what the Indian community\'s
vision of the forest is the Nala community.

00:17:40.399 --> 00:17:44.689
I\'m interested in knowing what the
real importance of the forest is for

00:17:44.690 --> 00:17:50.223
these communities potentialities
Silver para las comunidades

00:17:50.224 --> 00:17:54.378
knuckle movies lonian D
Hannah on the run-on

00:17:54.379 --> 00:17:57.333
Indian Cosmo vision cells we have a mission

00:17:57.334 --> 00:18:00.439
that was entrusted to us
by the supreme being to

00:18:00.440 --> 00:18:08.404
take care of what\'s been given to us without
locking and Asara Okay so that is why

00:18:08.405 --> 00:18:12.498
each tree in the forest
must be respected that is

00:18:12.499 --> 00:18:16.879
why we must conserve the animals
that dwell on and within the earth.

00:18:16.880 --> 00:18:20.149
I get onto our lives depend on this via

00:18:20.150 --> 00:18:27.529
either bended levita then nosotros
cuando persona listed 9a.

00:18:27.530 --> 00:18:32.164
One draw cuando Jagger
otros pens I mean but when

00:18:32.165 --> 00:18:37.909
outsiders when alien ideas reach the Indian
communities eliminating this wealth.

00:18:37.910 --> 00:18:42.129
Were they are eliminating
us Yeah you enough autumn.

00:18:42.430 --> 00:18:46.488
We deal with each other
economically in such a way that

00:18:46.489 --> 00:18:49.759
we don\'t use power like
in other cultures where

00:18:49.760 --> 00:18:57.760
one person exerts power over
others guilt author summaries.

00:19:06.280 --> 00:19:14.280
The little mud cata river that nourishes
this community is threatened by

00:19:16.850 --> 00:19:19.878
a local hydroelectric
project further south in

00:19:19.879 --> 00:19:22.968
the gioco three huge dams Built with

00:19:22.969 --> 00:19:28.204
international funding threatened to flood many
kilometers of forest and tribal homelands.

00:19:28.205 --> 00:19:31.459
Including part of a national park in

00:19:31.460 --> 00:19:34.814
the name was good was there\'s
no anti-Euro comes with

00:19:34.815 --> 00:19:38.248
doubts and we understand that you
weren\'t consulted on most of

00:19:38.249 --> 00:19:42.343
the programs that were proposed
for the Pacific coast guard.

00:19:42.344 --> 00:19:46.818
When roads dams are planned Indian
communities are almost never

00:19:46.819 --> 00:19:52.204
consulted casinos logos would
lock in non-man not local 5K.

00:19:52.205 --> 00:19:56.568
What concerns us the most is that
international governments like

00:19:56.569 --> 00:20:02.254
Canada the United States and other
countries may not be insisting that

00:20:02.255 --> 00:20:04.008
In exchange for monies to build

00:20:04.009 --> 00:20:08.208
such and such a project the
Colombian government must consult

00:20:08.209 --> 00:20:10.308
the people who live in the region

00:20:10.309 --> 00:20:15.689
this consultation is not happening
and that\'s why we\'re so worried.

00:20:16.690 --> 00:20:21.078
Despite the problems looming
in its future for the moment

00:20:21.079 --> 00:20:25.038
a bottle bottle remains relatively
untouched in its forest which is

00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:27.599
still the center of its life

00:20:32.410 --> 00:20:40.410
he has no outside medical help

00:20:41.149 --> 00:20:48.349
for example the shaman serves as Dr And all
his medicine has to come from the forest.

00:20:48.350 --> 00:20:54.078
As a point in z my music then promote or

00:20:54.079 --> 00:20:59.208
McKinsey meaningful circle
I fell they cut this and

00:20:59.209 --> 00:21:02.119
make it yet if a potion
out of the bass Stem and

00:21:02.120 --> 00:21:05.659
topically acquired to the herd for
credit and she has an adaptive being

00:21:05.660 --> 00:21:11.969
monitored global st Yeah I\'ve
not heard me say this you

00:21:12.040 --> 00:21:20.040
look at the footer didn\'t hit the right ones
like a coconut For the small cocoa heavy.

00:21:20.869 --> 00:21:25.839
Send endemic of the Chaco
cultivated Enola parts but that\'s

00:21:25.840 --> 00:21:31.009
formed from these parts of the
genome that\'s something that\'s

00:21:31.010 --> 00:21:35.239
never caught on and the
exterior resource for

00:21:35.240 --> 00:21:40.969
the chocolate museum could be sold in
Europe for instance yes it is very very

00:21:40.970 --> 00:21:44.659
interesting remain off so you can let

00:21:44.660 --> 00:21:48.498
somebody sleep there was something
relaxing you are really interested in

00:21:48.499 --> 00:21:56.499
looking person and ignore the cost is Halley
has helped revolutionized the study of

00:21:56.569 --> 00:22:01.519
rainforests invented a giant
inflatable raft Purchase higher up on

00:22:01.520 --> 00:22:07.234
the treetops here scientists can live while
they started the life of the forest canopy.

00:22:07.235 --> 00:22:13.519
I love the undergrowth and there are plenty
interesting scenes in the undergrowth.

00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:17.028
Then when you look at top of the forest.

00:22:17.029 --> 00:22:22.654
You immediately realize that almost
everything occurs in the canopy.

00:22:22.655 --> 00:22:27.364
Most of the animal most of the
plants most of the biodiversities

00:22:27.365 --> 00:22:32.854
observed 35 or 40 meters above our heads.

00:22:32.855 --> 00:22:37.503
When a tree is growing from the
ground level to the canopy.

00:22:37.504 --> 00:22:41.508
In many species you know
interesting molecules in

00:22:41.509 --> 00:22:47.959
the young one And then when it grows
it becomes useful for medecine.

00:22:47.960 --> 00:22:51.228
And when the same tree reaches the canopy.

00:22:51.229 --> 00:22:58.518
There it becomes full of secondary
metabolites that kept me use for medicine.

00:22:58.519 --> 00:23:02.988
It would make sense to stop
looking at many single plants

00:23:02.989 --> 00:23:07.549
at ground level and to start looking
at medicinal plants under canopy.

00:23:07.550 --> 00:23:09.678
This is this is a this is

00:23:09.679 --> 00:23:14.489
a very important part of the future
for the red-far-red certainly

00:23:17.170 --> 00:23:25.170
it\'s very very clear that modern humankind
is completely out of balance The factors

00:23:25.639 --> 00:23:29.329
of the earth that keep us alive
the only groups of people that

00:23:29.330 --> 00:23:33.333
have been able to live for long
periods of time in a sustainable way.

00:23:33.334 --> 00:23:37.279
Are the indigenous people of
these great areas of wilderness.

00:23:37.280 --> 00:23:40.789
They represent our last
hope of ever learning

00:23:40.790 --> 00:23:45.049
anything of ever learning a different
relationship with the forest.

00:23:45.050 --> 00:23:46.864
It is a cliche.

00:23:46.865 --> 00:23:50.029
To say that these forests represent

00:23:50.030 --> 00:23:53.868
the most powerful
pharmaceutical laboratories

00:23:53.869 --> 00:23:56.568
that we can find it\'s true
it\'s true and anyone that

00:23:56.569 --> 00:23:59.658
doesn\'t see that is very very
foolish it knows no history at

00:23:59.659 --> 00:24:03.979
all the hot issue of who
should benefit from

00:24:03.980 --> 00:24:11.764
intellectual property rights to genetic
resources Spawn new terms one is bio piracy.

00:24:11.765 --> 00:24:16.578
A well-publicized case of it is the US
Commerce Department\'s attempt to patent

00:24:16.579 --> 00:24:21.588
the entire DNA of a Panamanian
tribe the ethics of

00:24:21.589 --> 00:24:24.948
the situation of fairly
obvious but practical ways to

00:24:24.949 --> 00:24:29.358
compensate all the participants in the
development of genetic resources are extremely

00:24:29.359 --> 00:24:35.133
difficult although the
Chaco is still isolated

00:24:35.134 --> 00:24:38.389
the local population once
more of the things that

00:24:38.390 --> 00:24:42.618
outsiders have the Pan-American
Highway if completed.

00:24:42.619 --> 00:24:45.363
But bring hundreds of trucks
a day into this area.

00:24:45.364 --> 00:24:49.939
Many people feel there must be
other roads to prosperity Place

00:24:49.940 --> 00:24:54.679
already so rich in other
ways for example that

00:24:54.680 --> 00:24:59.989
a more bird species in Columbia than
anywhere else on Earth and hear that

00:24:59.990 --> 00:25:02.838
includes not only exotic tropical species

00:25:02.839 --> 00:25:05.794
but the song and shore birds
of our own backyards.

00:25:05.795 --> 00:25:10.369
Who depend on this forest for their
winter whom the big white neck

00:25:10.370 --> 00:25:15.109
heroin at their fair or this
white net current very close to

00:25:15.110 --> 00:25:18.589
the if not the same as the Great Blue Heron

00:25:18.590 --> 00:25:22.999
just south of here I think that\'s probably
the highest registry of birds they\'ve

00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:26.208
had in Colombia so you could
say we\'re sort of around

00:25:26.209 --> 00:25:29.449
the epicenter of the birds
and the world really mean

00:25:29.450 --> 00:25:32.689
for looking at Twenty percent of

00:25:32.690 --> 00:25:37.019
the world\'s Eva thought in one
country is pretty phenomenal.

00:25:42.580 --> 00:25:46.309
To bother Lodge was founded by a group of

00:25:46.310 --> 00:25:51.799
Bogota businessmen who fell under the spell
of the truck coup and are now committed

00:25:51.800 --> 00:25:56.988
to the principles of ecotourism
Colombian and Tony are already

00:25:56.989 --> 00:25:59.508
bit of Tibetan Lodge and Miguel is

00:25:59.509 --> 00:26:03.124
Shari\'a the environmental
group funded sooner tomorrow.

00:26:03.125 --> 00:26:06.768
There\'s a tremendous number of
rivers that are born within

00:26:06.769 --> 00:26:11.614
that two or three hour walk of the Pacific
Ocean But they floated the Atlantic.

00:26:11.615 --> 00:26:16.654
So that there\'s a tremendous potential
there for adventure river trips.

00:26:16.655 --> 00:26:19.218
The group is discussing if the area around

00:26:19.219 --> 00:26:22.278
tobacco Lodge could meet
the rising expectations of

00:26:22.279 --> 00:26:24.528
its local population there without logging

00:26:24.529 --> 00:26:28.039
the rainforest and the
alternative solution basically.

00:26:28.040 --> 00:26:33.454
Isn\'t the ecotourism I realized what we\'re
trying to do is find alternatives to

00:26:33.455 --> 00:26:36.679
really major developments what
you\'ve talked about is also quite

00:26:36.680 --> 00:26:40.593
major and will not be without
enormous repercussions.

00:26:40.594 --> 00:26:43.939
When you talk about ecotourism
through this entire region it\'s

00:26:43.940 --> 00:26:47.838
unavoidable that this area
is going to be locked.

00:26:47.839 --> 00:26:49.758
He\'s a question of God.

00:26:49.759 --> 00:26:54.108
If we don\'t stop that Everything else is

00:26:54.109 --> 00:26:58.129
going to go and however benign
ecotourism is it\'s driven by

00:26:58.130 --> 00:27:01.249
the need to make money what
you\'re going to talking

00:27:01.250 --> 00:27:06.619
about is we\'re going to have the
forest around for a little longer.

00:27:06.620 --> 00:27:09.649
Until the economic pressures become

00:27:09.650 --> 00:27:12.648
greater and it\'s just not fast enough
we\'ve gotta get more out of it

00:27:12.649 --> 00:27:15.199
you might be buying time but he\'s valuable

00:27:15.200 --> 00:27:17.868
time they maybe we need to
buy time for humanity to

00:27:17.869 --> 00:27:25.144
come with different solutions
where ecotourism does occur.

00:27:25.145 --> 00:27:30.918
It is probably the least noxious of all
of the proposals that I\'ve encountered.

00:27:30.919 --> 00:27:35.629
There is an additional benefit
and that is it Provide a chance

00:27:35.630 --> 00:27:40.579
for people from developed nations
to have firsthand experience with

00:27:40.580 --> 00:27:43.399
tropical forests and that\'s a bit of

00:27:43.400 --> 00:27:48.198
ambassadorship that tropical forests has
been too long without we needed to have

00:27:48.199 --> 00:27:52.099
the businessman who owns
these Akers doesn\'t mind

00:27:52.100 --> 00:27:55.818
that the cost of logging fencing
and putting in cattle won\'t

00:27:55.819 --> 00:27:59.809
make much money all over the
world the economic incentives

00:27:59.810 --> 00:28:03.828
are provided for the destruction of
forests grants the extraction of

00:28:03.829 --> 00:28:07.668
natural resources tax
breaks and of course money

00:28:07.669 --> 00:28:12.829
laundering and the immediate cash This
is a systemic problem everywhere.

00:28:12.830 --> 00:28:20.830
The demands on the environment and heavy
There you go timeframe is short for cattle.

00:28:22.450 --> 00:28:27.828
Were they keep countering him his
three years three years only

00:28:27.829 --> 00:28:32.344
like four years because the
ground is concerned it\'s a little

00:28:32.345 --> 00:28:36.109
thick and then Amazon that
isn\'t expensive fancy and this

00:28:36.110 --> 00:28:39.918
is a large project that would
require or would accept cattle on

00:28:39.919 --> 00:28:43.909
a level that local residents
would never have it\'s a it\'s

00:28:43.910 --> 00:28:49.578
a good example of a temperate
mentality large-scale cattle

00:28:49.579 --> 00:28:52.968
farming apply in a place where
it just doesn\'t work They keep

00:28:52.969 --> 00:28:58.188
the cattle during a few years
and then the soil become

00:28:58.189 --> 00:29:01.939
becomes too poor and they have to move
to another place for answers can we

00:29:01.940 --> 00:29:05.628
grow a forest like the one
that was cut down the humans

00:29:05.629 --> 00:29:08.628
know enough to do that
No no it\'s impossible it

00:29:08.629 --> 00:29:11.809
could be possible in the future
but so far we don\'t have

00:29:11.810 --> 00:29:16.009
even the basic knowledge to
replace a forest we have to

00:29:16.010 --> 00:29:21.258
wait for thousands of years to
get back to the primary forest.

00:29:21.259 --> 00:29:24.783
What I always found that term
reforestation offensive.

00:29:24.784 --> 00:29:31.890
Right forestry associations are really a
tree planting a tree farm treat Tree Farm

00:29:46.960 --> 00:29:52.729
In 1950 after human beings had
been farmers and city dwellers for

00:29:52.730 --> 00:29:59.134
10 thousand years over 95% of the original
forest cover was still here intact.

00:29:59.135 --> 00:30:05.509
Since 1952 thirds of the original
forest cover had been destroyed.

00:30:05.510 --> 00:30:11.254
So that you find people in the forest
industry who will tell you In all sincerity.

00:30:11.255 --> 00:30:16.204
Well a tree is not worth anything until you
cut it down that\'s the economic mentality.

00:30:16.205 --> 00:30:18.679
Because we totally discount what

00:30:18.680 --> 00:30:23.313
that living tree is doing or what it
is when it\'s a part of the forest.

00:30:23.314 --> 00:30:28.114
Over 2% of the jacuzzi forests
are already being destroyed

00:30:28.115 --> 00:30:32.688
every year by small-scale operations
like this and by increasing

00:30:32.689 --> 00:30:36.318
numbers of large outside
companies many operating

00:30:36.319 --> 00:30:40.189
illegally but that\'s nothing compared
to what major development would

00:30:40.190 --> 00:30:48.190
bring the forces that appear poised to
change it forever to develop it into

00:30:49.265 --> 00:30:55.504
large super ports highways I actually
coming from my part of the world

00:30:55.505 --> 00:30:58.579
so that I am part of the
potential problem that will

00:30:58.580 --> 00:31:02.329
destroy this area I think that\'s going to
be one of the most painful realization.

00:31:02.330 --> 00:31:04.590
A person can make

00:31:08.860 --> 00:31:13.759
only 50 kilometers from
Austria National Park here in

00:31:13.760 --> 00:31:18.229
trouble obeying politicians are
pushing for a huge deep sea port to

00:31:18.230 --> 00:31:21.829
be built with a road to
connect it to inland cities

00:31:21.830 --> 00:31:27.259
the Indians block this road stopping
construction but for the time being.

00:31:27.260 --> 00:31:32.778
Other developments in the planning stages
for the Chaco include a mega project for

00:31:32.779 --> 00:31:34.654
heavy industry and when I\'ve been

00:31:34.655 --> 00:31:39.438
A third huge port for an oil
pipeline in nearby Malika Bay.

00:31:39.439 --> 00:31:43.638
The three dams plan for the
South and many road projects in

00:31:43.639 --> 00:31:49.054
some cases for ready begun the
proper Yang Gou upward for example.

00:31:49.055 --> 00:31:53.089
Not only threatens the highlands
of a national park but would have

00:31:53.090 --> 00:31:57.048
disastrous consequences for
a vast area of mangroves on

00:31:57.049 --> 00:32:02.209
the coast mangrove swamps

00:32:02.210 --> 00:32:05.899
or one of the most important and
threatened ecosystems on Earth.

00:32:05.900 --> 00:32:09.648
There\'s little variety in
actual plant species but in

00:32:09.649 --> 00:32:14.819
the water by the mangrove roots the
bottom of the food chain is born

00:32:21.640 --> 00:32:27.378
Wow they would look at that
that\'s a big boat and they are

00:32:27.379 --> 00:32:32.538
patients are deans as more fish
because mangrove I we call

00:32:32.539 --> 00:32:40.279
it here sardines but are in matures the larger
species and because these fishes are not

00:32:40.280 --> 00:32:44.404
mature fish it will not be able to grow

00:32:44.405 --> 00:32:49.989
into large pieces and that\'s
environmentally very destructive.

00:32:49.990 --> 00:32:53.568
Seems strange to see it in a bay like this

00:32:53.569 --> 00:32:58.924
you see the other kind of who\'s there
and he\'s powerful communities the paint

00:32:58.925 --> 00:33:06.925
And fish and they are just calming to do
obtain what areas left from the lat operation.

00:33:08.269 --> 00:33:12.228
What they want is in love with them to feed

00:33:12.229 --> 00:33:17.599
them the ecological significance
of mangroves is is an estimable.

00:33:17.600 --> 00:33:23.388
And the kinds of activities that can
go on around them without causing

00:33:23.389 --> 00:33:26.929
inestimable damage to marine
fisheries are very limited

00:33:26.930 --> 00:33:30.784
you have to be very careful because
that\'s where all the for I live.

00:33:30.785 --> 00:33:35.643
So they\'re wiping out a generation at
a time mangrove he\'s like a placenta.

00:33:35.644 --> 00:33:39.289
Everything from the seas
in the region is coming

00:33:39.290 --> 00:33:43.799
from the main Guam Very
important ecosystem.

00:33:44.110 --> 00:33:48.828
Self vacuum cleaner look at that
a million pieces is going out to

00:33:48.829 --> 00:33:53.134
that old there and he\'s pouring
all indiscriminately and

00:33:53.135 --> 00:33:58.744
taking everything the economic system

00:33:58.745 --> 00:34:02.673
is not concerned at all with
long-term sustainability.

00:34:02.674 --> 00:34:05.899
So that if you have an
economics that says we

00:34:05.900 --> 00:34:09.049
can take all the sardines here and
when they run out would just take

00:34:09.050 --> 00:34:13.788
that same money in that same ship go somewhere
else and extract that so long as there\'s

00:34:13.789 --> 00:34:18.949
no demand that that economic return Has as

00:34:18.950 --> 00:34:23.059
well a recognition of the long-term
sustainability it will always be

00:34:23.060 --> 00:34:27.408
destructive yes sclera coating
of the ocean and that\'s

00:34:27.409 --> 00:34:33.438
really the southern part of

00:34:33.439 --> 00:34:36.169
the Chicago is the most populated with

00:34:36.170 --> 00:34:41.014
the largest settlement located here
along huge rivers like the San Juan.

00:34:41.015 --> 00:34:43.999
To people survived mostly
through collectives and

00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:49.740
small family enterprises they are among
the poorest in all of Latin America

00:35:00.930 --> 00:35:07.299
The important thing about these communities
here is that even though they are very poor.

00:35:07.300 --> 00:35:10.393
They have very strong family ties.

00:35:10.394 --> 00:35:17.079
A community that is strong seldom destroy
the environment so what they really want is

00:35:17.080 --> 00:35:21.023
respect but with respect they want

00:35:21.024 --> 00:35:26.213
education they want health
and they want opportunities.

00:35:26.214 --> 00:35:31.344
Work. Having no alternative

00:35:31.345 --> 00:35:35.723
but to participate in the activities
that damaged their communities

00:35:35.724 --> 00:35:38.259
the blacks of the Chaco often feel like

00:35:38.260 --> 00:35:41.888
second-class citizens through
community organization over

00:35:41.889 --> 00:35:44.748
the last ten years however
They have succeeded in

00:35:44.749 --> 00:35:48.663
getting basic lamp claims written
into Columbus constitution.

00:35:48.664 --> 00:35:51.679
But implementation is
something else and it may be

00:35:51.680 --> 00:35:55.938
decades before these people have
any real control over their lives.

00:35:55.939 --> 00:35:58.218
Yet an Angular is the spokesman for

00:35:58.219 --> 00:36:05.749
the black community cmos aki
we were born here we leave

00:36:05.750 --> 00:36:10.984
here and we have expanded the same
energy in beard in this country as

00:36:10.985 --> 00:36:16.894
anyone else so saying we were brought
over from Africa is a lot of bull.

00:36:16.895 --> 00:36:20.599
Because we weren\'t born
in Africa where Board in

00:36:20.600 --> 00:36:24.990
Colombia and we are
Columbia\'s like everyone else

00:36:34.360 --> 00:36:40.699
The black community now outnumbers the
original natives by ten to one they

00:36:40.700 --> 00:36:43.339
have more children they
don\'t live in the forest in

00:36:43.340 --> 00:36:46.503
the same way and along
with subsistence farming.

00:36:46.504 --> 00:36:49.294
Run small extracted industries.

00:36:49.295 --> 00:36:53.013
Although they have always been
tensions between the two communities.

00:36:53.014 --> 00:36:56.583
There\'s also been mutual
help and into marriage.

00:36:56.584 --> 00:36:59.478
They are joint resistance to invasion and

00:36:59.479 --> 00:37:03.889
industrialization was a major obstacle
to earlier plans for the development of

00:37:03.890 --> 00:37:10.399
the Chaco The peoples of the choco
are considered the poorest and

00:37:10.400 --> 00:37:13.068
Columbia 80% live with

00:37:13.069 --> 00:37:16.069
unsatisfied basic needs and suffer one of

00:37:16.070 --> 00:37:19.894
the highest infant and maternal
mortality rates on Earth.

00:37:19.895 --> 00:37:22.653
It\'s hard to imagine how they can resist

00:37:22.654 --> 00:37:25.698
offers that promise and
easier life but they call

00:37:25.699 --> 00:37:29.718
their largest organization el
proceso the process and they

00:37:29.719 --> 00:37:34.864
realize having a port or a factory is not
enough in itself to make their lives better.

00:37:34.865 --> 00:37:39.153
Real development is a
gradual process over time

00:37:39.154 --> 00:37:43.968
not a quick industrial fix the
mother Pesaro SF funders.

00:37:43.969 --> 00:37:48.619
We believe that this development
effort Isn\'t meant to involve

00:37:48.620 --> 00:37:53.808
us the people and communities that
live here on the Colombian Pacific.

00:37:53.809 --> 00:37:57.108
It\'s for certain sectors of the interior.

00:37:57.109 --> 00:38:01.068
The powerful economic and
political sectors and

00:38:01.069 --> 00:38:04.968
this in turn Sarah
interests on the level of

00:38:04.969 --> 00:38:12.709
the global world economies loyalists economy
ammonia is you know meta if you look at

00:38:12.710 --> 00:38:17.839
this large scale projects at the
objectives of this project and

00:38:17.840 --> 00:38:23.418
at those of us who benefit from them what
do the communities establish in Chicago.

00:38:23.419 --> 00:38:29.789
The Indians. The mysticism
and the blacks get 0 etc

00:38:33.730 --> 00:38:39.559
There is only one paved road into the
Chaco from the modern inland city of

00:38:39.560 --> 00:38:44.659
Kali as we then erode into a
wilderness its economic impact is so

00:38:44.660 --> 00:38:48.649
great that it absorbs all the
culture and biodiversity around

00:38:48.650 --> 00:38:53.854
it the road ends at the one port
Columbia now has on its pacific coast

00:38:53.855 --> 00:38:58.849
Buenaventura a city of 350
thousand mostly very poor

00:38:58.850 --> 00:39:04.143
people but even a city this size
with a naval base isn\'t enough

00:39:04.144 --> 00:39:09.289
Columbia wants to access world markets
and it wants more of a presence on

00:39:09.290 --> 00:39:14.838
its Pacific Rim The intrusions

00:39:14.839 --> 00:39:19.713
of the modern world a far greater along
the huge son one river than in the North.

00:39:19.714 --> 00:39:23.599
The Indian communities use it
for drinking invading despite

00:39:23.600 --> 00:39:28.609
the Sinai tainted wastes dumped in it
from the gold mines but that Yoko is

00:39:28.610 --> 00:39:32.719
a dangerous place in every sense
of the word traveling around

00:39:32.720 --> 00:39:37.083
exposures community organizers both
Indian and black to diseases like

00:39:37.084 --> 00:39:40.458
cholera and malaria and just talking about

00:39:40.459 --> 00:39:44.688
land rights in the Chaco is a
risky business in a country where

00:39:44.689 --> 00:39:48.738
97% of all murders go unpunished few

00:39:48.739 --> 00:39:53.174
notice the Indian and black
community leaders who die Peer.

00:39:53.175 --> 00:39:56.988
Every year the reality of
life for the people that

00:39:56.989 --> 00:40:01.669
Yoko continues to be powerlessness
and an accelerated sense

00:40:01.670 --> 00:40:09.670
of loss LPN Brahma

00:40:22.600 --> 00:40:25.224
mockery muscle does erosion.

00:40:25.225 --> 00:40:27.949
We\'re not saying to
anyone that we don\'t want

00:40:27.950 --> 00:40:32.179
development but when what
we want is education.

00:40:32.180 --> 00:40:33.529
Why do they want to build

00:40:33.530 --> 00:40:39.744
large highways When what we want is health
when our people are dying of cholera.

00:40:39.745 --> 00:40:42.249
Why a deep sea port.

00:40:42.250 --> 00:40:48.938
What we want is production when our people
are dying of hunger in general we ask

00:40:48.939 --> 00:40:52.208
ourselves why is their
development I mean to say

00:40:52.209 --> 00:40:56.423
who benefits from it that is
what starting to bother us.

00:40:56.424 --> 00:41:01.644
Does it benefit the indigenous people or
does it destroy the indigenous people.

00:41:01.645 --> 00:41:04.493
So we ask ourselves how peoples.

00:41:04.494 --> 00:41:09.264
How the white people the great countries
that call themselves civilized.

00:41:09.265 --> 00:41:10.764
Our civilized.

00:41:10.765 --> 00:41:14.030
We don\'t understand this word

00:41:27.570 --> 00:41:35.570
He had just changed

00:41:58.470 --> 00:42:06.470
jobs It\'s not very hard to get away from

00:42:09.290 --> 00:42:16.189
the signs of this so-called
civilisation in the choco for

00:42:16.190 --> 00:42:20.029
over 40 years Francis Halley
has observed and not just the

00:42:20.030 --> 00:42:25.054
plants and the tropical forest but their
context the people who live among them.

00:42:25.055 --> 00:42:30.514
He\'s realized that the forest and it\'s
people often have a symbiotic relationship.

00:42:30.515 --> 00:42:36.318
Quite unlike the adversarial
one we\'re used to looking at

00:42:36.319 --> 00:42:39.723
this incredible force and
knowing what the pressures are

00:42:39.724 --> 00:42:44.649
is there any way really to save
it What options do we have.

00:42:44.650 --> 00:42:47.768
Yes it\'s a very good
question to meesie option

00:42:47.769 --> 00:42:51.579
the only option is to follow
the traditional rules of

00:42:51.580 --> 00:42:58.223
agriculture for the humid tropics in
temperate zone as you know David.

00:42:58.224 --> 00:43:02.018
We just first get everything
and then we cultivate

00:43:02.019 --> 00:43:06.638
monoculture only a few species but
into tropic it has never been

00:43:06.639 --> 00:43:10.853
IDs that don\'t destroy the forest that just

00:43:10.854 --> 00:43:16.508
replace the useless plans to
use less trees and shrubs.

00:43:16.509 --> 00:43:21.593
By useful plans there is no need of any.

00:43:21.594 --> 00:43:23.798
Best designed for there is no need of

00:43:23.799 --> 00:43:31.714
fertilizer Chemical fertilizer and the
effect on soil on climate on a geography

00:43:31.715 --> 00:43:37.369
is as you can imagine exactly the
same effect as you can get from

00:43:37.370 --> 00:43:43.474
an ancient forest with the introduction of
exotic species into that sort of system.

00:43:43.475 --> 00:43:48.528
Why would that not be a problem
here when the fauna and flora is

00:43:48.529 --> 00:43:53.209
extremely reach like in the
rain forest we are having

00:43:53.210 --> 00:43:57.753
here you know you can
introduce some plans and some

00:43:57.754 --> 00:44:02.869
animal and there will be control
naturally buys a forest

00:44:02.870 --> 00:44:08.299
and once the system is set up
it runs And the only thing you

00:44:08.300 --> 00:44:14.069
have to do is to collect the product but very
few agronomists from the western countries.

00:44:14.070 --> 00:44:18.754
Understand this that just believed that
the people who live in the forest.

00:44:18.755 --> 00:44:21.904
It\'s terrible to realize at

00:44:21.905 --> 00:44:29.314
international agency don\'t pay
any attention to the real way of

00:44:29.315 --> 00:44:36.169
tropical cultivation the native way to to
manage the forest that\'s terrible nuclei not

00:44:36.170 --> 00:44:41.733
interested So just Stephen

00:44:41.734 --> 00:44:46.939
is now heading West to go gone and
national park separated from the mainland.

00:44:46.940 --> 00:44:49.308
This island has evolved in isolation in

00:44:49.309 --> 00:44:57.289
the open ocean to cold
waters the Humboldt current.

00:44:57.290 --> 00:44:59.494
Run along the choco coast.

00:44:59.495 --> 00:45:04.069
Bringing migrating species down from
the Arctic and up from the Antarctic

00:45:04.070 --> 00:45:06.769
and you know there\'s

00:45:06.770 --> 00:45:12.064
a northern and southern race of humpback
whales that there are quite a street.

00:45:12.065 --> 00:45:15.139
But there\'s an area in which they migratory

00:45:15.140 --> 00:45:18.438
Ali overlap and it is a
long choco what we know

00:45:18.439 --> 00:45:21.499
about the northern and southern
populations is that their languages

00:45:21.500 --> 00:45:25.709
are different As far as we
know there\'s no interbreeding.

00:45:27.970 --> 00:45:32.298
We\'re goanna Island was named
by Francisco Pizarro in

00:45:32.299 --> 00:45:37.368
15-20 seven from here he
plotted the conquest of Peru.

00:45:37.369 --> 00:45:41.449
Because of the enormous numbers of
poisonous snakes on the island he

00:45:41.450 --> 00:45:46.129
named core goanna after the Greek
monster with snakes for hair.

00:45:46.130 --> 00:45:50.628
These Indians that came to her goanna where

00:45:50.629 --> 00:45:56.673
about 5 thousand years ago and there
is evidence that these carvings are

00:45:56.674 --> 00:46:03.618
very very antique why they left with
no there is no more evidence of

00:46:03.619 --> 00:46:06.079
the same groups Anywhere in

00:46:06.080 --> 00:46:12.558
the coast islands are always exciting to
biologists and you get all sorts of phenomenon.

00:46:12.559 --> 00:46:15.333
Based on genetic hopscotch that

00:46:15.334 --> 00:46:21.600
isolated places offer and the
habitat is relatively pristine

00:46:22.380 --> 00:46:25.789
and there is a marked
ecological imbalance on God

00:46:25.790 --> 00:46:29.389
goanna which has led to few
mammals in general but

00:46:29.390 --> 00:46:36.979
13 species of bats the overload of reptiles
includes shy freshwater Cayman\'s and turtles.

00:46:36.980 --> 00:46:40.668
As well as Boas and very dangerous
coral snakes and the founder

00:46:40.669 --> 00:46:46.369
Lance There are some endemics
on the island There is

00:46:46.370 --> 00:46:50.209
a spectacularly beautiful
endemic animal that

00:46:50.210 --> 00:46:54.829
is bright blue it\'s something called
a novelist chlorous or analyse Gore

00:46:54.830 --> 00:46:57.768
goning depending on who
you hew too it\'s a it\'s

00:46:57.769 --> 00:47:03.948
a new world chameleon it\'s a fascinating
place God gonna Island and it was

00:47:03.949 --> 00:47:06.709
a high security prison for
dangerous criminals for

00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:10.188
30 years it was only turned
into a national park in

00:47:10.189 --> 00:47:13.548
1985 but there is still pressures on it by

00:47:13.549 --> 00:47:18.679
Resort developers and local governments anxious
to make money out of its unique beauty.

00:47:18.680 --> 00:47:21.244
Someone to turn it back into a prison.

00:47:21.245 --> 00:47:28.549
There seemed to be new
schemes every year Despite

00:47:28.550 --> 00:47:32.028
the continuing development
pressures we\'re gonna park can

00:47:32.029 --> 00:47:36.619
stand as a model of how to protect the
very delicate isolated ecosystem.

00:47:36.620 --> 00:47:39.079
Although Columbia\'s current government is

00:47:39.080 --> 00:47:42.243
split on the whole issue
of developing the truck or

00:47:42.244 --> 00:47:44.749
the country has spent the last 20 years

00:47:44.750 --> 00:47:48.393
establishing an extensive
network of national parks.

00:47:48.394 --> 00:47:54.139
They\'ve done a remarkable job but national
parks aren\'t enough by themselves.

00:47:54.140 --> 00:47:58.579
This urgency to develop a true cool
requires a real examination of

00:47:58.580 --> 00:48:01.950
national and international priorities

00:48:09.340 --> 00:48:12.799
There\'s night falls the scientists go

00:48:12.800 --> 00:48:16.559
out on a final excursion off
the coast of the island.

00:48:17.920 --> 00:48:21.694
They rigged up lights
to attract marine life

00:48:21.695 --> 00:48:24.979
and are rewarded by the
largest fish in the ocean.

00:48:24.980 --> 00:48:26.508
The whale shark.

00:48:26.509 --> 00:48:30.829
It\'s feeding on plankton and
despite its appearance it can be

00:48:30.830 --> 00:48:35.178
Pet id or even written this
rare creature is only one of

00:48:35.179 --> 00:48:37.159
thousands that live in the seas of

00:48:37.160 --> 00:48:45.139
the Chaco perhaps the most astonishing
of the tacos many secrets is

00:48:45.140 --> 00:48:49.338
it\'s unparalleled variety of
marine life we don\'t know enough

00:48:49.339 --> 00:48:53.809
about salinity sediment levels The
temperature to understand why we

00:48:53.810 --> 00:48:56.989
find not only one of the
largest varieties but

00:48:56.990 --> 00:49:03.660
the greatest sheer numbers of marine animals
on Earth here off the coast of the Chaco

00:49:12.320 --> 00:49:17.388
So we came here because the choco is one of

00:49:17.389 --> 00:49:22.924
the last areas of the world
that can be really destroyed

00:49:22.925 --> 00:49:30.199
and I think that it is a responsibility
of the Colombian government and

00:49:30.200 --> 00:49:37.369
the Colombian people to protect it in as
much It is an international responsibility.

00:49:37.370 --> 00:49:45.370
Do we really need such highway such board
I am not sure this is the last paradise.

00:49:45.785 --> 00:49:53.449
It\'s really quite sobering to sit here
amongst this biodiversity which is severely

00:49:53.450 --> 00:50:01.450
threatened and realize how powerful we are
how much we can do but how much destruction.

00:50:02.194 --> 00:50:05.508
We will allow if we did nothing we\'ve

00:50:05.509 --> 00:50:08.748
gotta say to our companies and
governments for god sake it doesn\'t work

00:50:08.749 --> 00:50:11.478
in our country let\'s not
export it over there and

00:50:11.479 --> 00:50:14.629
destroy the likes of which
will never reproduce again and

00:50:14.630 --> 00:50:18.138
there\'s just no way that we
can Come in quickly walk

00:50:18.139 --> 00:50:21.948
around in a big hurry like we
always are size things up and then

00:50:21.949 --> 00:50:25.158
make some sort of decision that\'s
going to make any sense at all

00:50:25.159 --> 00:50:31.429
unfortunately one of our mistakes of
the environmental sectors has been.

00:50:31.430 --> 00:50:39.430
To believe that our decision-makers should
know better why those groups where sent to get

00:50:39.709 --> 00:50:43.893
degrees that that had
the basic rule of make

00:50:43.894 --> 00:50:48.889
money soon and it doesn\'t matter
how many resources you destroy.

00:50:48.890 --> 00:50:55.638
Having a wilderness area like this that still
exists is uplifting to me spiritually.

00:50:55.639 --> 00:51:00.408
It would be a great spiritual achievement
We were able to save the truck

00:51:00.409 --> 00:51:05.659
or the truck car is about to be desecrated

00:51:05.660 --> 00:51:10.968
because our development model is based
on a series of false assumptions one

00:51:10.969 --> 00:51:16.489
is that nature is infinite in its capacity
to produce the resources we need to survive.

00:51:16.490 --> 00:51:19.908
Another is that we need the
lifestyle we have created

00:51:19.909 --> 00:51:23.254
in the developed world if we don\'t reassess

00:51:23.255 --> 00:51:25.684
such assumptions we will lose

00:51:25.685 --> 00:51:32.880
these last ancient temples of nature and
we may find we can\'t live without them

00:51:40.180 --> 00:51:42.419
Right