WEBVTT

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[music]

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[music]

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Kids out of control, running riots on
the streets, a Hollywood nightmare.

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No, it’s Thailand’s festival of water.

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A chance for adults to behave
like kids and for some kids

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a last chance to misbehave
before the first day of school

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when anything could happen.

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Sita is a wonderful child.
She… has an imagination

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that rivals, great authors and that she is…

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she can just sit in a room and
think of million things to do.

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I don’t worry that Best might get
beaten up at school. It’s more likely,

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the best will beat someone up at school.

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I worry that my son might drown.

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An old lady drowned in the river.
We follow three Thai kids

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as they prepare for the big day. How
do we give children the best start?

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In Chiang Mai, Sita is playing
Songkran with the grown ups.

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Children’s behavior can
be dictated by biology

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and by culture. Today culture
says, it’s okay to misbehave.

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Sita had a multicultural upbringing.
Her mom is a westerner.

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My mom’s sometimes say, \"I’m naughty.\"

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Today, we won’t be naughty
because Songkran day.

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Sita went to a private
multi-lingual nursery.

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She’s well prepared for school.
She actually started nursery

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when she was just uh…
about one… ten months.

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Yeah, because she was actually asking to go to school,
she was like, \"when am I gonna go to school?\"

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No worries for Sita. Will see.

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Bye-bye I’m going to watch video.

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And best, everyone is awaiting his
first day at school with concern.

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Get up. For a start, he likes a lion.

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Get up. Best’s mother, Chan Lem
helps run a language school,

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but her toughest job can be
managing Best. Get down.

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He shouts a lot. He can be
very naughty, very cheeky.

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But, not for long.

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Songkran is a chance to see what
Best will be like at school.

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We’ll see if Best can
cope without a bust up.

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In the village of Madua, in the hills above
Chaing Mai, every day is like Songkran.

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Not much to do for Tha Na Korn
and his friends, but play.

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For most tribal families, schooling
is still a new experience.

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That’s more, Tha Na Korn
speaks Lisu not Thai.

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Still he does have global size dreams.
What do you want to be when you grow up?

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I want to be an airplane captain. Tha
Na Korn’s parents are poor farmers.

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There is no first grade
in our village school.

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So we’ll just have to send
him to the nearest school.

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But, the nearest school is far away. They don’t
have a car and can’t walk their son to school

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because they’re working.

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Here the road is not easy to walk
for a small child. In the monsoon,

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it is slippery and dangerous.
In a big rain,

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the roads flood.

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Will Tha Na Korn even make it to school?
For all three kids

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the first day at school is
going to be a ride of passage.

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Uh… When children walk into a classroom,
there’s a certain set of expectations.

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The teachers uh… have about these children
are able to do when they walk in the door.

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If children don’t have that, they’re
not gonna succeed initially at school.

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If we can prepare more children
to make that transition,

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their education uh… will start off much more
smoothly and they’ll, they may have fewer problems

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down the line. But, how to prepare
kids for this crucial transition?

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All three have already been through
some of their most formative years.

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Brain Science shows the first
years are vital for emotional

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and social development and influential
for academic schools too.

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But, most research is done in America in the
West. So, how relevant is Western science

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to countries with different cultures.

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I think it a, an interesting question to ask,
whether the work we’re doing with American children

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would generalize to children throughout the world? And I think
my brief answer to that is, it would. Many of the questions that

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we for example address, our culture free.
Some however might be

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uh… not so culture free and then we have
to be very careful about rank conclusions.

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An example of a culture free perspective would
be face processing. All primates depend heavily

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on processing information in faces. And therefore,
I don’t think we have too much of a concern

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that a three year old in the United States versus a three
year old in Germany versus a three year old in Brazil,

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processes face is very differently from one another.
As you get older, that can change dramatically.

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And that’s where culture can play a big
impact. Culture affects how kids see us.

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And culture has long defined
how we see children?

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Take six month old Erin, western
philosophers could see him very differently.

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A romantic innocent says, John (inaudible).

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A wild thing, that’s Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, he’d say, Erin’s a blank canvas.

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Emmanuel Kant, a rational
creature awaiting tuition.

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And these are just for western
thinkers views of childhood.

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Many African thinkers have different ideas.
Some even question that Western stress

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on transition to school.

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I do think the emphasis on how any child who prepared
children for school is probably misplaced in a sense.

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Umm… I think helping children
to develop healthily

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and in all direction is an uh, is…
is an important end in itself.

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Now once that happens,

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it’s natural that their transition to school,
it becomes easier. So from my perspective,

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it’s not so much getting them ready for school as
build in them in terms of their overall development.

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Umm… build in them in a sense
that if you, a sense of joy

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and the connectedness, you know, true
to their families, their communities,

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uh… those kinds of things that do not get emphasis
are thrown in a former early childhood programs

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are very… very critical. So how should
Thailand prepare kids for school?

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Thailand is now developing an
education policy to meet the needs

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of a globalized economy.

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For a country to umm… attempt to create a new system of regular
childhood education built on ideas brought from abroad.

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It’s challenging, but it’s also exciting.

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Thailand wants to avoid the downside
that in the process of adapting

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uh, new ideas about education.
They lose their cultural soul,

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the children end up becoming
unrecognizable to… to their parents.

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Thailand has its own traditions of
schooling including in the temple.

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But in today’s globalized world, it can also
look abroad for models of best practice

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to America maybe China or
Japan, but it’s not so easy

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as a famous experiment showed.

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In the ‘80s, a team led by the University of Arizona
Joseph Tobin filmed a three model preschools

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from America, China, and Japan.

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They then played all the tapes to all the other
countries teachers. But, all the teachers

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disliked the other countries models.

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The American and Chinese viewers of
the Japanese video were… were shocked

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by many of the things they saw on video of
it, of a typical day in a Chinese preschool.

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People expected the children to be well behaved
and orderly, but it’s just the opposite

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in the video we made and I think it’s true of
many Japanese preschools, but looks like chaos.

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In less, it actually gets physically dangerous.
There’s a belief you should keep us constrained

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the temptation to jump in and intervene
and instead give children an opportunity

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to handle their own
problems and disagreements.

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The Japanese encouraging kids to behave
by peer pressure. Not harsh discipline.

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We showed the tapes to Best’s dad
to see what he would choose.

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After three years of preschool,
his son’s still a handful.

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Best, your old school, what did you learn?
What did they teach you.

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I don’t know. I’ve forgotten.
I’ve forgotten.

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It’s gone already. Do you like school.

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I don’t like. Why? I don’t want to learn.

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Of these preschools,

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I like the Japanese preschools. It’s not like
what we have around here. We should adapt

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to the Thai system. But,
what about the American way?

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Lamorna has sent Sita to a preschool that’s
given her a flavor of the globalized world.

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I have friends

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that they are from Korea, you know and
they can speak Korean, Thai, English.

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That’s so much fun.

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Lamorna once committed teachers who
balance social and individual values.

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That was the aim of the American preschool.
You want your child to be able to grow up

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into society and to be a part of society.
So she needs to learn to cooperate

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and to be working as a team
and all that, but yet again

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for her to umm… do well

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and be ahead of the rest, she
also has to be very individual

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and… and… and have the skills

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and imagination to take a… a step further.

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The American teacher intervened and
play encouraging individual enterprise.

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…you drew a lot. Let me see.
Look what Carla’s drew?

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Did you do this by yourself? But,
American best practice was disliked

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by the Japanese teachers who watched the
video. When I had Japanese teachers

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react to the American approach, they, one of
them said, \"Wow, it’s kind of heavy isn’t it?\"

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And another said, \"it looks kind of
like marriage counseling.\" …happy? Yes.

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Yes. Did you have a good time? The Japanese teachers
feel that uh… teachers in the U.S. are in a rush

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to get children to stop being children.
They value children being childlike

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which includes expressing themselves physically.
So it seems there is no universal best practice.

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Just different cultural preferences
for what kind of kids we want.

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And some go even further. I would,
would even want people to consider

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the possibility that the early childhood
environment actually become one vehicle

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through which we can promote
a child’s own culture.

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Well, I’ve used the example of myself. By the time I
went to school and went through my university education,

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I knew so much about the rest of the world. My
mindset was so certain other parts of the world,

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it what’s nice to be able to move from my
home country into North America and do well.

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Uh… But, I… I tend to see myself as
someone who through my formal education

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almost in a uh… was pushing through two roads,
neither of which, you know, I felt at home, yet.

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I think my biggest concern
is how we tend to exclude

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the contest in which we gonna develop and then we think
once we can get them the things they need to develop.

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It doesn’t matter where it comes from, I think
that is a flawed, a flawed perspective.

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So it seems culture should decide how
countries like Thailand raise kids,

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like Best, Sita and Tha Na Korn.
All agreed? Well, no.

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If our kids can argue,
(inaudible) from all the adults.

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In Chiang Mai, our three kids are almost ready for the
first day at school. A big day with lessons for them

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and as we’ll see for everyone else too.

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Best is still not ready.

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Let’s go, let’s buy it.
Buy it. Let’s buy it.

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I want this one. When it’s time to get
up, I worry that he might refuse,

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but when he meets his new
friends, he’ll be okay.

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Why don’t you like your new school?
It’s not fun.

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Why do you think it’s not fun? Have
you been studying there already?

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No. But, I… I did try it out in the summer.
And I know it’s not going to be fun.

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Why do you believe that it won’t be fun?

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Because there are no toys.

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And… oh dear,

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look what’s happened at Sita’s. I don’t
like school. Why don’t you like school?

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Because I don’t like school. I already told
you. Happily, the tantrum’s soon over.

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Yeah. So you want to go school now? Yeah?

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Tha Na Korn is staying
at his school already.

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It’s a boarding school run by Christian missionaries.
And it’s several hours away from home.

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Tha Na Korn’s case is illustrative of
the situation of hundreds of thousands,

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if not millions of children around the
world who do not easily get access

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to this dream of universal education.

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Tha Na Korn’s parents have come to
make sure he’s ready for the big day.

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Tha Na Korn is overwhelmed to see them. He
won’t be seeing them again for a while.

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He took his father to see his room.

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Are you lonely here? Bored? Do you
sleep well? Do you miss Daddy?

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You don’t cry, but you miss me, right?
I bought some light cheese for you.

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Go get them, They’re in
the front of the bike.

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I hope well for my child.

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And I hope he studies well, but when
I’m back from work. I miss him.

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I feel sorry that my son is so far
that I have to leave him so far.

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But I hope it is all for the best.

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The plight of children like
Tha Na Korn has led many

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to believe in child rights. Child rights
are written into the UN Convention

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on the rights of the child, signed by most
nations, they are not yet the USA in 1989.

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A rights based approach really goes beyond

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conventional images of doing good things for
children and making sure they develop properly

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by saying every individual child has an
entitled to be respected as an individual

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with rights to survival, development and
that governments along with parents

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and communities have an obligation
to meet that child’s rights.

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The UN who’s backed 156 cartoons
to promote the convention.

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They stress basic rights for all kids in
every culture like, the Right to Education

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and more controversially, the
Right to Self-Expression.

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In 2005, the UN made it clear

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children should be regarded
as rights holders from birth.

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Child rights would certainly help Tha Na Korn. A decent
preschool only opened in his neighborhood last year

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when he did have the chance to learn,
his mother says, \"He took it.\"

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When he finished preschool here,
he remembered everything.

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He knows his alphabet. But, what
if investing in Tha Na Korn

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doesn’t guarantee a good return? Well, Child
Rights would mean the arguments for helping kids

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don’t rest on what’s profitable.
Economical argument for child…

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for early child development has gained
enormous strength and of course,

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it’s very persuasive to governments because it’s about
how much money they might get back on their investment.

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And I’m not going to discount that as an
argument, but it cannot be the basic argument,

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it cannot be the main argument. It doesn’t give
enough as emphasis on children in the here right now

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on making sure they have quality experiences
that are right for them in the present.

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The main argument must be a human rights
argument. Child rights might have guaranteed

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Tha Na Korn, local schooling. But, many
experts who say culture should guide

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early child development, don’t
like talk of child rights.

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They say it could lead to the West imposing
its own views of childhood on the world.

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Do we really want all the children of the world
to… to be the same? Do we want them all to aspire

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for to have the same thing? Do we want them all to act the
same way, to feel the same things, to believe the same things?

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With that be the… a… a successful outcome

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of the uh… spreading of, no, of the
rights of the children or of a one model

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of early childhood education. And I’d say,
\"No. That shouldn’t be the… the goal.\"

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I’m absolutely not advocating a
universal childhood. And Joseph Tobin

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and many other people like Joseph Tobin are right
to emphasize that childhood is socially constructed

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and culturally variable. There are different ways of bringing
up children, there are different values around children,

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long may that last, but you can’t just say,

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\"Childhood is cultural constructed
period.\" That’s not sufficient

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because that’s not just relativity, that’s adversity
in children’s lives. There’s not just diversity,

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there’s discrimination in children’s lives. There’s
a politics around the culture of childhood.

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Some groups get more resources than others,
some get more opportunities than others

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and we need to find a way of engaging
with that politics of cultural diversity,

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
not just with culture variability
and a human rights approach

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
achieves that in part at least.
Can Thailand achieve child rights

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
without sacrificing its culture? Child rights will
mean more kids like Tha Na Korn go to school,

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
but his school has a different
language and culture.

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
He could become unrecognizable
to his parents.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:05.000
Child rights and respect for
culture need to be combined.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
[music]

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
Best is late. He doesn’t even
have time for breakfast,

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
but at least no tantrums. Despite
her nerves the day before,

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
Sita is all too happy to go to school.
No running, no running.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
Well, surprisingly Tha Na Korn
is looking a bit anxious.

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
When the day ends,

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
time for a preliminary
verdict from their teaches.

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
Sita, I mean, she… she
can just sit in a room

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
and think a million things to do. She
is energetic, umm… she’s outspoken,

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
she’s a leader. Best is having
a problem with the transition

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
from home to school. His new primary teacher has
a quiet word with his old preschool teacher.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
Bests knowledge is okay.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
But, his behavior needs modification.
He keeps moaning

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
whenever his dad’s around.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
We have to know how the family behaves with him if
we are to help him develop. We need to talk to them

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
and then if we all have the same values. Otherwise,
Best will get confused with conflict in messages.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Tha Na Korn is having his own struggle.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
The first day, Tha Na
Korn is not confident.

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
He can’t show what he knows. It
might also be because of language.

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
Everything is new for him. You have to keep
asking him. If he different to others,

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
he does not speak much. He is
not making friends either.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
[non-English narration]

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
With their different backgrounds, our three
kids who got off to a different start.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
Pretty soon, as though skeptical of grand
claims say, they’ll probably all be okay.

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
Children develop around the
world in a variety of ways

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
and in most cultures, people
mature into reasonable citizens

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
or numbers of their culture, no matter,
matter how different their treatment

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
one culture from another is in
the first three years of life.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
Our investigation into early childhood development
and its politics is covered full confidence.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
We visited Peru, USA,
Turkey, Kenya and Thailand.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
We’ve seen how science is making new discoveries
about the importance of the early years.

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
But, while the millennium development
goals speak of child mortality,

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
nutrition, and universal primary
education, they don’t even mention

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
early childhood development.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
Governments ignore the early years of their peril. It’s a curious
thing that most people recognize just how, the important,

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
the importance of the early years are in
everyday life with their own children

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
and spent huge amounts of attention trying to get it
right during those precious years of the early years.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
But in policy terms, actually the early
years have always being neglected

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
and failing to look for effective ways
of improving children’s life prospects

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
and their quality of life now which
is that to human rights principle

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
is something that
governments cannot ignore.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
Science is shown how early
inequality can set in.

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
It’s time to ask, are we overlooking
the chance to create a better future?

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:50.000
[sil.]

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:25.000
[sil.]