WEBVTT

00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:13.000
[music]

00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:24.999
Permaculture really starts with an ethic.
Earth care,

00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:29.999
that’s care of the whole
systems of Earth and species.

00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:34.999
So, we actually devise model systems.
Much of design is drawn from nature.

00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:39.999
The end result that we aim
for is to produce a system

00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:44.999
that’s ecologically sound and
economically profitable.

00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:49.999
It can get as sophisticated
or as simple as you like.

00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:58.000
[music]

00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:04.999
Tasmania, if you find anybody else on a
beach, you just can’t find another beach.

00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:09.999
\"Oh, daddy was the keeper
of the Eddystone light.

00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:14.999
Played with a mermaid every night.
They had children: one, two, three.

00:01:15.000 --> 00:01:19.999
A porpoise, and a herring, and the other
was me. Yo ho ho, the wind blows free.

00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.999
Oh for a life on the rolling sea!

00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:29.999
I was born in Stanley, in Tasmania,

00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:34.999
63 years ago. It’s a cold climate.

00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.999
And all my ancestors had
come from cold climates.

00:01:40.000 --> 00:01:44.999
And it was there that I developed the ideas that became
permaculture. It was there that I built the first models.

00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:49.999
And from there that I
teach around the world.

00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:54.999
[music]

00:01:55.000 --> 00:01:59.999
I’d been working for a quite long time in the
rainforests of Tasmania. And I slowly began to realize

00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:04.999
that their production could be far higher
than that of any system that we had devised,

00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:09.999
and it was from there that permaculture grew.
It’s putting the knowledge of the relationships

00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:14.999
between the plants and the animals into the
situation of farming or food production.

00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:19.999
[music]

00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:24.999
By 1978, the gardens that we’d
constructed had given us confidence

00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:29.999
that we could create forest
systems which were gardens.

00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:34.999
So, I published a book
then and three since.

00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:39.999
And then I started to teach in
‘81, that’s just 10 years ago.

00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:44.999
And now those teachers are in their fifth generation, they’re
the students of my students of my students and so on.

00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:49.999
I often sit here at home thinking of them.

00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:54.999
And just occasionally, I decide to go
and have a look at what they’re doing.

00:02:55.000 --> 00:02:59.999
I think I’ll do that now and see you later.

00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:08.000
[music]

00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:19.999
We’re in the San Juan Islands,

00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:24.999
not far from the Canadian border. And these
islands were heavily glaciated not so long ago

00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:29.999
in a (inaudible). So,
they’re very bare on top.

00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:34.999
Often they’re made up of
granites, unlike the mainland.

00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:39.999
And they have lakes and valleys
and typical glacial landscapes.

00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:44.999
I wanna have a look at some of
the action on the San Juan.

00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:49.999
One of my students was Joe Bullock.
He’s been developing a forest garden.

00:03:50.000 --> 00:03:54.999
Hi, Bill. Hey. I’m good. It’s about six years
ago you and your boys bought this area.

00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:59.999
About six years. When was I here, five years
ago? I think four or five, something like that.

00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:04.999
Now things have changed. And… And you’ve had a
long battle to find out what to do that works.

00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:09.999
Still finding out, I think. We’re fortunate
to be here on a fine summer’s day.

00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.999
But here, in winter, it can get very cold.

00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:19.999
And heat is an invaluable resource. It’s nice job. Joe
has wisely combined his kitchen with a greenhouse.

00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:24.999
It not only heats his
house, but provides him

00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:29.999
with winter food. Yeah, yeah.

00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:34.999
But Joe has developed other techniques to make the
greatest use of the scarce heat resource of this area.

00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:39.999
[sil.]

00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:44.999
We’ve got a palm tree growing here. And if you just
look at it, you might not think anything strange

00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:49.999
about that, but actually palm trees
aren’t too common around here.

00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:54.999
And we do get quite cold. We’re just a few miles from the
Canadian border, and we can get some really cold winds

00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:59.999
and heavy snowfalls in
the winter occasionally.

00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:04.999
What I’d like to demonstrate here is,
a lot of people think of rocky land

00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:09.999
is being nonagricultural land, but actually
one thing that rocky land also has

00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:14.999
in great abundance is accumulation of heat. And
in a relatively cool summer climate like this,

00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:19.999
heat is often one of the most
precious commodities to the grower of

00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:24.999
many, many things. So, I think, people
in England and Scotland have long known

00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:29.999
this by planting things up against rock walls,
but you have land with rocky outcropping

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:34.999
and one might consider placing a heat
lowing species close to the rocks

00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:39.999
in order to benefit from the
additional heat they would receive.

00:05:40.000 --> 00:05:44.999
[sil.]

00:05:45.000 --> 00:05:49.999
How to say? Joe and his brother Sam are putting
the 30-acre orchid, which will eventually

00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:54.999
become a food forest.

00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:59.999
As orchid plants can be expensive, Joe and his brothers have come
up with some good ideas to use plants that already really exist.

00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:04.999
We’re in the midst of a native crabapple.
Look at here, that’s Malus fusca.

00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:09.999
It has big reins all over the
northwest of the United States.

00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:14.999
Normally, it’s not considered to have much value to most
people, although it was utilized by the Native Americans.

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:19.999
However, I found that you can
graft the smaller trees.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:24.999
This tree is growing in a rocky dry ridge and has never
received any care from us except for the initial graft.

00:06:25.000 --> 00:06:29.999
As you can see, it’s healed up really nice. Now there’s a
quite difference in these two foliages of these two types.

00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:34.999
And if you look at it, the smaller leaf here with a cut edge,
would be typical of the wild tree. And this bigger border leave

00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:39.999
is the grafted apple tree.
Its thriving, in this year,

00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:44.999
for the first time, it has some fruit on
it. This variety is call Irish peach.

00:06:45.000 --> 00:06:49.999
And what’s even better,
they’re really good.

00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:54.999
I do this with a native
species we have here,

00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:59.999
but it could probably be done with any
type of wild apple occurring anywhere.

00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:04.999
Developing such complex
property can be a lot of work.

00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:09.999
We have to fertilize and weed and mulch. So
they’ve employed a large labor force to help.

00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:14.999
Hah, a duck tractor. The
duck do the job a tractor,

00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:19.999
and they’re digging, fertilizing, and weeding. And
not only that, the brothers enjoy the ducklings.

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:24.999
Bill thought that chicken tractoring

00:07:25.000 --> 00:07:29.999
would be the way to go with some of these
wet fertile fast growing bottomlands.

00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:34.999
And we did a little with chickens, but we’ve
come with the conclusion that ducks are…

00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:39.999
are just a lot nicer animals to be around, nicer personality
so… Chickens are good, because they starch things up,

00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:44.999
but in terms of being around one
or the other, we prefer ducks.

00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:49.999
And another good thing about ducks is, if
they do escape they’re not quite as voracious

00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:54.999
when they get into the garden. And
they quickly find your mulch. So…

00:07:55.000 --> 00:07:59.999
Yeah, they’re most lively. Yeah. Ducks are real fun to watching
their families and way they cohabitate with each other. Yeah.

00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:04.999
[sil.]

00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:09.999
Poultry ducks and geese can be
an important part of any design.

00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:14.999
About 30 miles away from Joe’s place, in this
headed valley, I visited a farming nursery

00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.999
where geese were employed by an old
friend of mine, Anne Schwartz.

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:24.999
These are white Chinese geese. Yeah. And they
eat all the grass species, they eat legumes,

00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:29.999
they eat chickweed. As a matter of
fact, I couldn’t farm without them.

00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:34.999
You mean you eat them. Sometimes.
Right about this time of the year,

00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:39.999
but I don’t wanna feed them all winter long.
So, mainly they’re used here for weeding?

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:44.999
I have an acre and a half of potatoes, and they
did all my weeding for me and the potatoes.

00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:49.999
Right. Field is spotless. They did a really
wonderful job. We mulch all the beds

00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:54.999
with the compost. And then the geese come
in and eat all the other grasses and weeds.

00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:59.999
And every once in a while all come in with a
mower, but by and large the geese eat everything.

00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:04.999
But they’re your main workers? Absolutely.
In your vineyard?

00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:09.999
In my… In the nursery stock, in the
raspberries, potatoes, strawberries.

00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:14.999
And I use a very portable fence and so where
ever I want the geese, I just herd them around.

00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:19.999
Ann also train her dogs

00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:24.999
to get rid of the overgrown zucchinis, which
are a problem for all home gardeners.

00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:29.999
But most permaculture farmers, Ann’s is producing far more
than she can use, so she has joined other local growers,

00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:34.999
who have adapted a good strategy
to sell their surplus product.

00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:39.999
Cascadian Farm buys
strawberries and raspberries,

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:44.999
and several other kinds of
fruits from probably better than

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.999
60 growers at this point.

00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:54.999
Hi Simon. Simon, are you here? Yeah, Anne.

00:09:55.000 --> 00:09:59.999
Hi. How are you today? It’s great! I’ve got
18 flats and about 350 pounds for you today.

00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.999
Great, come on up! Cascadians always try
to pay a good bonus for organic food.

00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:09.999
And they’ve been more than willing to work with small
growers, learning how best to meet the market.

00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:14.999
No… No, the… the quality is
good and the flavor is good.

00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:19.999
Can never get enough pickers,
but what else is new.

00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:24.999
So, it’s been very beneficial to advance
the profitability of small farms,

00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:29.999
but everything is packed and labeled
under the Cascadian Farm label.

00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:38.000
[music]

00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:54.999
These are (inaudible)
far north forests here,

00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:59.999
just below the high northern
latitude of 45 degrees,

00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:04.999
but just north of the oaks on the coast and
just south of the purely coniferous forest.

00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:09.999
It’s noticeable here, as
it is with all forest

00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:14.999
that the forest depends on a
fallen forest to grow it so,

00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:19.999
so that every log and every stump
here, many of them are cutoff stumps,

00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:24.999
have cedar trees growing them and berry
bushes. And all these forests are the same,

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:29.999
no matter whether they are
northern or southern latitude.

00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:34.999
And then the main foods out of this forest for people
and for a lot of animals are sugars which is stored in

00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:39.999
maples and the saps of many of the
deciduous in trees and fungi.

00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:44.999
And they’re at least 40 species of fungi.

00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:49.999
This one looks at would
make you hallucinate,

00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:54.999
but at least 40 edible species of fungi throughout the forest.
So, you find many of the animals are full of fungi in the winter

00:11:55.000 --> 00:11:59.999
and it goes to people, who eat fungi in the winter.
And the Indians cleared house in this forest

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.999
and cultivated nettles. And from nettles they made
a very fine silky cloth and they also ate that.

00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:09.999
The nettle was a green vegetable.

00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:18.000
[music]

00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:29.999
We’re in England, in
Shropshire, on Roman bank,

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:34.999
and it’s autumn, or early winter really.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:39.999
And we’ve come to meet Robert Hart, who’s developed
a forest garden here over the last few years.

00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:48.000
[sil.]

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:54.999
Hello Robert. Pleased to meet you. After a long
time. Yes, after a very long time, nearly 12 years.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:59.999
We’ll have a look at this garden.
Right, go ahead. You gonna see it.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:04.999
This garden is one of the oldest examples in Europe of
how to go about consciously designing a forest garden.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:09.999
So, this is my favorite fruit actually.
This one here? I consider this is as nice

00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:14.999
as any tropical fruit. This
is a universal pollinator.

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:19.999
It’s a golden hornet crab. Umm… Crab. Which
will pollinate any kind of an ordinary apple.

00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:24.999
Umm… Great, that’s a useful thing. A
very useful thing indeed. Yes. Yes.

00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:29.999
Production of the temperate areas, because of this
soft light, isn’t much greater than the tropics.

00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:34.999
Is it? It is, and the day length
is much longer, as you’d realize.

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:39.999
A cool area forest with clearings has
a very complex series of levels,

00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:44.999
and this garden imitates that very well.
And that’s basically, you know,

00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:49.999
the structure of the whole system. How many levels do you think
then? I reckon there are seven layers. There’s the high tree layer

00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:54.999
of trees that require light.

00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:59.999
This is an old pear tree
that was plated 30 year ago,

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:04.999
so that constitutes the canopy.

00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:09.999
Then there is the low tree layer, that
is an apple on dwarfing rootstock,

00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:14.999
a shade tolerant apple. Then there is a
shrub layer. This is a redcurrant bush.

00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:19.999
Then this is the herbaceous
layer, comprising apple mint.

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:24.999
And this is the ground cover layer,

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:29.999
that is a strawberry-raspberry,

00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.999
a plant that spreads horizontally. Then
there is the root layer, comprising plants

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:39.999
that are grown for their roots alone.

00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:44.999
And then there is a vertical layer
of climbers, like raspberries

00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:49.999
and loganberries.

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.999
Many of the herbs are fragrant herbs.
Everyone knows that lavender,

00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:59.999
for instance, wards off clothes moths
and it’s reasonable to suppose

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.999
that aromatic herbs of that
kind also ward off pests

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:09.999
and diseases from neighboring plants.

00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:14.999
Yeah, that’s great, isn’t it? I mean, you get quite a lot of stuff in
total. These gardens show the efficiency and stability of a forest,

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:19.999
but with much better than the
production of a monoculture farm.

00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:24.999
[music]

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:29.999
They’re between the tropics and
the temperate areas. They use

00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:34.999
the same sort of principles both ways.
Absolutely, yes, yes.

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:40.000
[music]

00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:49.999
The woods are lonely, dark and deep,

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.999
and I have promises to keep and
miles to go before I sleep.

00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.999
The woods may appear dark and deep, but
they are, in fact, harvesting sunlight.

00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:04.999
They are the great reserves of the sun’s energy
on earth converting it to timber and to leaves,

00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.999
which become nutrients for the soil.

00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.999
It’s a feature of cold climate
and every winter life dies.

00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.999
The leaves fall from the trees

00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:24.999
and into the soil or at least stop growth.
And the soil will retain

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.999
the carbon from the leaves
for up to 5,000 years.

00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.999
So, when we clear forests
in those climates,

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:39.999
we have inherited a tremendous
amount of humus in the soil.

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:44.999
And that’s the reason why
agriculture has to concentrate on

00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:49.999
the humus in the soil in those areas.

00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:54.999
I came from traditional farming families and
we’d cared for soils for over 200 years.

00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.999
But in the period from 1950 to 1990,
most of those soils were destroyed.

00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.999
In 1951, I saw the first chainsaw.

00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:09.999
In 1953, we saw the modern tractor arrive.

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:14.999
By 1954, many farmers were pouring phosphate all over their
fields. We didn’t have to worry about the soil anymore.

00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:19.999
We were in charge of fertility. In
the 50’s, therefore we declared war

00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.999
on the soil. We were using just that equipment
we would have used had we gone to war,

00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:29.999
heavy machinery, crawler tractors,
biocides, poison gas, the lot.

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:34.999
And I’d like to take you to meet somebody

00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:39.999
who still uses natural systems to create
soils. I’ve known him for 40 years

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:44.999
and he didn’t start out rich. Bert
Farquhar has a huge property.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:49.999
By looking after soils, wherever
he farms, he’s become wealthy.

00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:54.999
You get a 1,000 pound weight of sheep
or cattle above an acre of ground

00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:59.999
and you get about 2,000 pound weight of live animals
underneath it. Yeah, I think it’s worms anyway here.

00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:04.999
Yeah, we’ll give a dig at that.

00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.999
Is this the right one? This is what I’d
like… Yes. This is alibophorus calliginosa.

00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:14.999
That’s right, yes. The worms, of
course do enrich the soil enormously.

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:19.999
You can get up to 70% increased production
on new soil or an average of 25%

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:24.999
on an old soil, and that’s enormous.

00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:29.999
That’s… That’s huge production, it is. While farmers all around Bert spend
a fortune on fertilizers and equipment, Bert never followed that road.

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.999
He’s always been an organic farmer and
he’s always used natural methods.

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:39.999
And Bert has adopted some simple methods to spread
worms to the less fertile parts of his property.

00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:44.999
Yes, I think. We’ll put then in this area.

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.999
You always put the grass down on top of the
other grass, right. So… So as that will rot

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:54.999
and give the worms a good chance.
All right.

00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.999
And then you have to put about a
square meter of lime dolomite over it.

00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.999
All around.

00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:09.999
All round it. So, that does… It
does the (inaudible), all right.

00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:14.999
So, you put them every 10 meters apart. Right. In seven years
the whole paddock will be completely covered at the rate of

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
four millions an acre. The difference
between a good and a bad farmer

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.999
is really applied observation. Someone who
merely powers their way through the situation

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
is not as clever, nor will they
end up as well off as somebody

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
who closely observes the inter-relationship
between trees, animals, and plants.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
We have some, I think, it must
be nearly 50 billion worms

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
working, you know, seven days a week,

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
24 hours a day without any overtime and
no holiday pay or anything like this,

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
all working for nothing. So, that’s
pretty good if you get 50 billion people

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
or workers working for your for nothing,
well, you’re going pretty well. They…

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
The worms enjoy it and…
and so everyone is happy.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
[music]

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
This is a high plateau of Tasmania where
you come in winter to see a wallaby.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
This is where many of us when we were young,
came up here in the winter for game hunting.

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
And, well, you can’t be a vegetarian,
you’ve got to be a carnivore.

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
And it’s a terrible climate. And I’m
really pleased, I’m living in the tropics.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
Conserving energy is
essential in cold climates,

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
and we need to pay particular
attention to that in our design.

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
Well, it’s the cold day. It’s cold spring
day in southern Australia, in Victoria,

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
David Holmgren’s place. He’s just right
in his lawn. He’s still a friend of mine,

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
despite the fact he’s got a lawn.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
And he’s built this really excellent energy efficient house. It was
designed is at least as much without architecture, it is about gardens.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
Not a lot in the garden
at the end of winter,

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
but there is still a
plentiful supply of carrots,

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
and always something to make a salad and a
soup. And it’s integrated garden and house,

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
and it’s a low energy house.
Made out of mud, mud brick.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
Well, it is a bitterly cold day and it
feels frosty and it’s time to go in to

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
a warm solar heated home.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Yes, it is a lot warmer in here.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
I’ll take off my jacket, I think.

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
Normally you use a solar energy to heat the
house but you can also use it for cooling.

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
The way the cupboard works is that
it draws the air in from under

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
the floor where the air is just
the temperature of the earth

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
all year round and it drafts
through the wire baskets

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
and out through a flow pipe in the roof,

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
that’s ideal for dairy products,
ideal for most of fruit

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
and vegetables, which means you don’t really
need a fridge, all I need a very small fridge.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
And of course, that’s very
significant in terms of CFCs

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
that are attacking the ozone layer.
When I came to designing

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
for a climate like this, I had to think fairly carefully
given the amount of cloudy and very cold weather.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
We’ve got the glazing that
allows the sun in and the

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
grade mass is really the most
important element in that design.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
The thermal mass at the walls is very
important to store the heat for the periods

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
when there isn’t sun. The sun on the
wall is at medium width at the moment

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
and in the summer it’s reduced to nothing.
Whereas in the winter, it’s a very wide band

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
of light falling on the wall.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
An energy efficient house like David’s is not only
cheap to run, but creates very little pollution.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
So, every way we can save or recycle
energy is very important in what we do.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
All the systems we inhabit require
energy, whether it’s just a house

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
or a farm or a town. And the only
question is can we conserve enough energy

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
over the lifetime of the system?

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
And can we give enough yield to offset the
energy that we use to establish that system?

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
So we go and see a farm in Germany where methods
of recycling energy are being developed,

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
and where even the financial
systems are being

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
slowly made recyclable.

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
This is a sun house, and
this sun house near Munich.

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
And it’ll be on this and the adjoining
properties that we’ll look at the work of

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
the (inaudible). And mainly
interest here is that everything

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
produced on the property, the meat,
the wheat, is processed here

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
and turned in to a variety of products. That’s the
farm whose main interest is to try to integrate

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
the chain from production to market.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
Greens from the field, clover
and later on (inaudible)

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
and fresh grasses are fed to the
pigs and they also (inaudible).

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
Then the waste from the pigs is
scraped down and falls into this pit

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
and there are cables here that carry it
along. Most of it goes into tanks for biogas,

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
which can be used for processing the meats and
the sludge can be taken out to grow clover.

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
So you can set up a sort of cycle system.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
[sil.]

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
Now there is a so called,

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
flow forms. They’re developed by the
(inaudible) Institute in England.

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
And they (inaudible) to oxygenate
polluted water systems.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
Here we have water polluted
with solids runoff.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
And by running it through these
complicated oxygenation systems,

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
we can raise the oxygen level,
make it suitable for fish

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
or make it more suitable for
cleaning it to take to forests

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
or pastures. By using these quite
beautiful and functional art form,

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
we can turn polluted water
into trout, and also create a

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
pleasant environment to contemplate.

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
By grouping the butchery, the bakery, the
cheese-making and a restaurant on the property,

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
(inaudible) further saved a lot of costs.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
But Karl not only saves costs,
he also saves pollution.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
Pollution is just unused waste.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
[sil.]

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
The foundation sells
directly to the consumer.

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
Food produced on the farm is 30% more
expensive than it is in the supermarket.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
But when you buy food from the supermarket,
you don’t pay for the pollution

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
that’s caused in its production.

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
It’s an education to people
to come to the farm,

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
see the healthy farm all around them
and the clean processing systems.

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
They can then appreciate they’re buying
a food that hasn’t damaged the earth.

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:48.000
[sil.]

00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
There’s a great variety of vegetables
and cheese being packaged here

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
in small lots, which go to
about 40 families in Munich,

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
distributed by the housewives in Munich.
And so, by directly marketing

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
from the farm and then setting up
this local distribution system,

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
the farm closes off the cycle
from production to distribution.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
[music]

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
Linking the city to the farm is one strategy
by which people can make sure of good food.

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
But next we will go right in to the cities and
see how they can do that in the city itself.

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:40.000
[music]