WEBVTT

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It\'s not just a matter of industry is not

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just a matter of politics gets all
of it and then sometimes I think

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we get caught up with the
mechanism of it and realizing

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it is my problem is your problem
that\'s everybody\'s so if we

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wanted to see a change so I think
when all of us get involved and

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realize that it\'s not
them and us If we want

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to keep this river and we need to
do something about it we can\'t

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keep using it at the
rate we are using it and

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keep a sustainable we have to protect it
and this this involves everybody a landed

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on a new place and I don\'t have

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a foggy notion of acquiring a valley bottom
and I never lived along rivers silk.

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Add to spend some time
looking at that and I

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recognize it on my own place
it didn\'t look quite right.

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And then the more she got
into it the more I get into

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the forcing and then the next thing
you know You\'re pointing to people

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who ever lived as though and this
is all really more something

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early orators and just watch it and

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see my guess is that the river
will go where it wants to go.

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Regardless of how many terms
we want to be brought

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around to give it the right structure
were those of the journey I look

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into my crystal ball I think that\'s a direction
for the future is going to be getting

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a very good database together in terms
of what we have in a watershed and

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then looking at a variety of partnerships
in order to get the work accomplished.

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So I don\'t think you\'re
going to see government

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doing everything in the future
I think there\'s gonna be

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a lot more public Which I
think is great I think

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that people want to do
that but it takes it takes

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people to organize to to educate themselves
and takes money sometimes to where we\'re

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going to provide to enrich our lives
like that have to be interested.

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That\'s terribly exciting.

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By the mid 19 nineties people
from all walks of life

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and all regions of the country
were banding together forming

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new kinds of partnerships with
government and with industry

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tackling water management problems
and looking For better solutions.

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Although it\'s true that conservation measures
initiated in the 19 sixties we\'re showing

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some positive results for example

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water quality and the Great Lakes
was better than it had been.

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Still the constantly accelerating pace of

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change was placing ever
greater stress on our water.

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Every human activity has
some impact on water.

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Every planning decision
every industrial enterprise

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every development project affect in some way
both the quality and quantity of our water

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it was becoming clear to many
that existing water management

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attitudes policies practices
and jurisdiction We\'re

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frequently unable to deal
effectively with the twin forces of

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growing populations and constantly
expanding urban development

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one eminent spokesman referred to
the confusion of legislation and

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procedure that affected water
management as jurisdictional gridlock.

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The time was ripe for a
major shift of attitude.

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For a different kind of vision will professionals
from different disciplines to pool

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their knowledge and pursue synergistic
solutions for politicians and bureaucrats.

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To build bridges between their
various ministries and for

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the general public to become involved
as never before And what was

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becoming clearest of all
was that at the end

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of the day what would make the
difference would be not so

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much new and expensive technologies but
rather the ingenuity of the human spirit.

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So what do we have to understand and
act upon to manage our water wisely.

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Three questions are a good place to
start where does our water come from

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what do we do with it and what
happens to it after we\'ve used it.

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Water moves through our world in a
circle It\'s called the hydrologic

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cycle it falls from the sky as precipitation
and begins to travel downhill.

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Some returns to the sky
almost immediately as

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evaporation process which continues
at every stage of its journey.

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Some gets taken up at once by the
roots of plants whose leaves

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eventually breathe it back into the
atmosphere in a process called transpiration.

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Some sinks into the soil
in a process called

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infiltration or recharge what
doesn\'t get absorbed travels

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downhill as surface runoff collecting and
streams ditches rivers ponds lakes and

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reservoirs Each of these resting places is the
endpoint of a drainage basin or watershed.

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Some of the water absorbed
into the ground travels as

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shallow through flow and is discharged into

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streams and rivers adding to their base flow
or into low lying areas called wetlands.

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Some of the recharge
gourd infiltrated water

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descends very deeply into the
earth and becomes groundwater.

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Which is collected in and
travels very slowly through

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porous soils and gravels called aquifers.

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Although hidden below the surface The
importance of groundwater is immense in fact

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more than 90% of all
fresh water on Earth is

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groundwater groundwater is returned to
the surface or discharged as springs.

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Or seeps to the surface in wetlands.

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Sum is forced to the surface naturally
by what are called artesian wells.

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Sum is pumped to the surface mechanically
for municipal or domestic wells.

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Eventually all surface
water on Earth drains into

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the oceans evaporates and begins its
journey through the cycle once more

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on this process all life on the
planet depends It\'s been proved that

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a healthy person can
survive for weeks without

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food but without water that same
person will die in a few days.

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You\'d think then that wise
planning and management of

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this indispensable resource would
be given priority over just about

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any other consideration but only to
an inability or unwillingness to view

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the big picture this was often not

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the case the traditional way we
plan is flawed in many ways.

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Planning as a process a political process
Planners basically decide what people want.

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Based upon asking people sometimes
or asking the politicians

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that are liked by people tampered by what

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the developing development community
wants and then they decide how

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a community will draw well and what things

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needed are required for
that community grew role.

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One of the problems with that is
that it treats an ecosystem or

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a piece of landscape like
plasticine and of course

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an ecosystem isn\'t Pleistocene it has

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natural limits and boundaries within
which everything is connected to

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everything else by the
mid 990s it was clear to

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most observers that why he\'s planning
could only occur on a watershed basis

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successful watershed planning
both the development of the plan

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itself and the implementation
of the plan Requires

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a genuine partnership between
a number of different groups

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there it has to be active participation
by the municipalities and the watershed.

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By provincial agencies.

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By the Conservation Authority
is the coordinator

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obviously and more importantly by the
public and by the people because

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fundamentally it must be
the communities within

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the watershed that make the decisions on

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what the future of that
ecosystem is going to be.

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Here\'s how a community group
in darkness Nova Scotia

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has been working to determine
the future of their watershed.

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They call themselves the Dartmouth lakes

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advisory board board deals directly with
the developers on most occasions we

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set up Relationship over the
years we will make a report

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back through the engineering department of
the planning department or to city council.

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If we have some recommendations to make
about a particular development but

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we do a lot of one-on-one negotiating with

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the developers directly we
talked to them about soils

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and slopes and conditions on
the site we go out and walk

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around the site so that we
know what we\'re talking about

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and we deal with them very very early in

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the development of their project because

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we very soon realized when we were
dealing with developers that the

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earlier you talked to them
about mitigation measures

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The cheaper it is for them to build
them in and you\'re not having

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to backtrack on the plans redo plans
in order to accommodate what we\'re

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asking for in like protection package
but don\'t think it\'s always been easy.

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I\'d say probably the first five years it
was almost a pitch battle with counsel for

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acceptance and they were so afraid that we

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were looking for power we had
to assure them constantly.

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That we were not looking
for power that we were

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strange bird people who wanted to give
voluntarily of our time to ensure that

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the lakes would be in good condition
for our children or grandchildren and

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great grandchildren to
swim in and canoe on and

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vaccines Landing on a watershed basis was
gaining momentum right across the country at

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the Credit Valley Conservation
Authority we\'ve been fortunate to be

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able to carry out a watershed strategy
and really what that\'s allowed

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us to do is to put the
issues in contexts in

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our watershed and every watersheds has
different issues has different time.

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Physical features and so I think it\'s

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important for people to realize that
can\'t be a solution that covers

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a province country or anything it\'s very

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local in our watershed what we\'ve
identified as development as being

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the number one problem and that\'s not to

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say that we don\'t support
development But it\'s really making

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wise decisions on what the features
of an area are how the processes

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work because we\'ve got understand
what\'s under the ground in terms of

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water how that comes out of the ground
how it gets back in the ground.

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Once we understand those processes then you
just make the right decisions in terms

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of guiding change and there\'s
the key concept learning

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to guide change in Langley British Columbia

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a comprehensive plan of how and where
the municipality will develop over

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the next decades started with
a document called Langley

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tomorrow and it was citizen driven
Although the citizens want.

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Keep taxes down they also are saying we

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must maintain our environment and its
it\'s really a citizen driven thing

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which is then come through our
counsel and come down to us

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bureaucrats to try and work
with the people to and

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I think it\'s got to involve a lot of
people in a lot of consultation to

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make some decisions and
as much as we can we

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can\'t stop growth you can\'t
hold up your your arm and say

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no more growth but we can
control it and make it as as

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compatible with the
environment is as low as

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possible The hydrologic cycle shows us
how our water supply works the way we

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plan determines how and where we interrupt

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that cycle household use is

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a big factor and here are a couple
of interesting figures in Canada.

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Less than 1% of our
municipal water is used for

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drinking more than 40% gets
flushed down the toilet.

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What happens to that water well
if you happen to live in a city

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it ends up in a place like this and
municipal water treatment plant.

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Solid materials are filtered and then
allowed to settle in holding tanks.

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From there the flow proceeds
through a series of clarifying

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chambers where bacteria
literally digest most of

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the smaller waste products Erosion
bonds accelerate the process and

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finally some form of chemical treatment

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usually chlorine removes any
remaining contaminants.

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This state of the art plant
in Calgary is developing

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an interesting alternative to
conventional chlorine finishing

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our expanded plant will feature
a disinfection which is

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new for us here we\'re going to
achieve it not by adding chlorine.

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But by the use of ultraviolet light
in this way we avoid the creation of

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any chlorinated organics which are
again undesirable compounds and

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basically add nothing to the water
that will in any way harm it

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just simply kill the bacteria
If you don\'t live in a city

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and that\'s the case for about 1
third of Canada\'s population then

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chances are you\'re on a
septic system which is simply

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a buried container that allows
solid waste to settle to

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the bottom and drains the fluid
through a series of perforated pipes.

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Into the surrounding soil where
bacteria and other organisms complete

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the filtering process
these systems can be very

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effective but if they\'re not pumped out
regularly and kept in good repair.

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They can be a source of
serious contamination.

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A very interesting innovation in
wastewater treatment which uses

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no chemicals and very little energy has been
developed by John Todd of Massachusetts

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it\'s called Solar aquatics When
architect Doug Paula designed to

00:14:12.290 --> 00:14:14.929
100% energy-efficient teaching complex at

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the boiling river outdoor education
center north of Toronto.

00:14:17.885 --> 00:14:20.689
He incorporated silver or
quantities as the center of these

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it\'s a living machine or it
makes a difference or there\'s

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virtually no machinery involved
in what few pumps there are

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small and they run on demand and
there\'s no chemicals involved

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what\'s involved is to a large extent

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that re-creation of what takes place in
nature and what has taken place in nature

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for forever you know it employs algae protozoa
fish and plants et cetera et cetera In

00:14:48.950 --> 00:14:53.929
the appropriate sequence and the appropriate
balance to take out what to us are

00:14:53.930 --> 00:14:59.494
are toxins from our water what are nutrients
to the plant animal life that\'s involved.

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So it\'s based on lessons found in nature.
Not a machinery.

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Now so far we\'ve been talking about

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sanitary water treatment
water that flows from

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sinks and appliances or
is flushed down toilets

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but what about water that doesn\'t flow to

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a sewage treatment system
storm water as it\'s

00:15:16.910 --> 00:15:20.209
called poly you might wonder
why we\'re interested in in

00:15:20.210 --> 00:15:23.074
stormwater I suppose everyone knows about

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sewage treatment sanitary
sewage and how you

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shouldn\'t drink the
sewage so to speak but in

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point of fact Stormwater which is the water
that the rain becomes as it washes off

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the pavement and a bit of grass is just
as contaminated as sanitary sewage.

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It\'s just that it\'s contaminated in

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different ways with a team of colleagues and
graduate students Dr. Juan is conducting

00:15:48.830 --> 00:15:53.509
an experimental project on storm water
treatment using a variety of methods ranging

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from traditional stormwater ponds to bio
filtration and artificial wetlands.

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I think an interesting aspect of this
stormwater project or urban hydrology is

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the interdisciplinary nature of
it so the days are gone when

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a civil engineer or a planner Someone
like that could solve the problems.

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Now we have to assemble teams
with people with knowledge of

00:16:19.550 --> 00:16:24.679
civil engineering biology chemistry
and planning and that\'s what

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we\'re trying to put together in this
group I like to think of of water

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and our image of water as being
either a resource or a nuisance.

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And historically engineers of treated
water in that way and so we have

00:16:43.850 --> 00:16:48.259
irrigation projects where people
respect the nature of water as

00:16:48.260 --> 00:16:53.269
a resource and we have flood
control projects and others.

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Whereby people Treat water as a nuisance.

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I think in in urban
drainage urban hydrology.

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People used to regard water as a nuisance.

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And so the idea was to drain
the water away as fast as

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possible without regard for quality
or the resource aspect of it

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nuisance may seem like too small a word to

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describe the havoc that
flooding can commas in 1954

00:17:21.890 --> 00:17:25.219
the infamous Hurricane Hazel
smashed through Southern Ontario

00:17:25.220 --> 00:17:28.954
causing a number of deaths and millions
of dollars in property damage.

00:17:28.955 --> 00:17:32.644
Since then probably hundreds of
millions of dollars have been spent on

00:17:32.645 --> 00:17:36.604
engineering works to prevent flooding
and property loss due to erosion

00:17:36.605 --> 00:17:40.369
How successful have they be
and our watershed we have

00:17:40.370 --> 00:17:45.139
a situation on cookbook Creek that is
somewhat typical perhaps extreme of

00:17:45.140 --> 00:17:49.714
the current problems with the way that
urban water courses have been treated

00:17:49.715 --> 00:17:52.384
Cook So Creek is a small
watershed that under

00:17:52.385 --> 00:17:56.239
heavy urban development
through the 60s 70s and 80s.

00:17:56.240 --> 00:18:01.429
That resulted in many problems
increase flows there was

00:18:01.430 --> 00:18:06.619
no stormwater management the solutions
to the problems that resulted.

00:18:06.620 --> 00:18:10.939
Were to increase the channel
size channelization of

00:18:10.940 --> 00:18:14.989
the Channel hardening of the channel
with concrete and Reprap it\'s

00:18:14.990 --> 00:18:19.639
a very expensive process tens of
millions of dollars were spent Over

00:18:19.640 --> 00:18:26.764
the 19070s implementing these structural
repairs to the urban watercourse.

00:18:26.765 --> 00:18:29.659
What we\'re faced with today
is the deterioration of

00:18:29.660 --> 00:18:34.339
those structural works as the as the
impacts of the increased flows.

00:18:34.340 --> 00:18:36.949
Continue to erode the channel.

00:18:36.950 --> 00:18:40.369
Continue to break down many of
those structural works that were

00:18:40.370 --> 00:18:44.209
put in place some of them
as little as 23 years ago.

00:18:44.210 --> 00:18:47.629
We\'re finding ourselves in the situation
of having to go back in and take

00:18:47.630 --> 00:18:51.409
major repairs to those works
and in many respects it\'s

00:18:51.410 --> 00:18:54.454
a It\'ll be an ongoing problem

00:18:54.455 --> 00:18:59.809
the end product of that is an expensive
situation both in terms of maintenance.

00:18:59.810 --> 00:19:04.669
It\'s a an unattractive situation
in an urban setting and it\'s not

00:19:04.670 --> 00:19:10.039
an environmentally healthy situation by the
mid 990s are different school of thought was

00:19:10.040 --> 00:19:13.159
beginning to emerge which
sought to better understand

00:19:13.160 --> 00:19:16.369
the dynamic nature of river systems
and work with them rather than

00:19:16.370 --> 00:19:19.444
trying to resist them this
is sometimes referred to as

00:19:19.445 --> 00:19:21.739
natural channel design one of

00:19:21.740 --> 00:19:25.579
its most energetic proponents is
David Ross going from Montana Lynn

00:19:25.580 --> 00:19:28.819
hiring there\'s a landscape architect
used Rosalyn\'s concepts and

00:19:28.820 --> 00:19:32.449
techniques to transform what had been
little more than a drainage ditch

00:19:32.450 --> 00:19:35.449
near Cambridge Ontario This works with

00:19:35.450 --> 00:19:38.239
the actual natural channel of
the stream and it\'s patterned

00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:41.869
after a whole bunch of
natural streams that that

00:19:41.870 --> 00:19:44.749
he\'s studied and measured kind of through

00:19:44.750 --> 00:19:48.379
time and if you look just upstream
there you\'ll see the start of

00:19:48.380 --> 00:19:50.929
a different kind of river
that\'s a cease channel

00:19:50.930 --> 00:19:53.869
a normal meandering
channel through there and

00:19:53.870 --> 00:19:59.943
until Dave came up with what is really a very
simple system for a very complex Subject.

00:19:59.944 --> 00:20:02.479
It was very difficult for
us to do anything but just

00:20:02.480 --> 00:20:05.059
kind of try and freeze
the river where it was

00:20:05.060 --> 00:20:09.019
trying to stop erosion where it was once
you understand how the river wants to

00:20:09.020 --> 00:20:13.339
move you can put much more
much less effort into

00:20:13.340 --> 00:20:16.969
into controlling that erosion
and much more effort into just

00:20:16.970 --> 00:20:20.809
allowing the river to move wherever
it wants a lot of people talk

00:20:20.810 --> 00:20:24.529
about this as being riskier than
that it\'s not something that

00:20:24.530 --> 00:20:28.849
has been proven in the in
the last little while and

00:20:28.850 --> 00:20:31.684
therefore we\'re taking a little
bit of a chance when they put in

00:20:31.685 --> 00:20:35.359
these kind of structures the
one thing that we know about

00:20:35.360 --> 00:20:38.419
concrete and that we know about
Gibeon baskets is they are going to

00:20:38.420 --> 00:20:42.904
fail all of them are going to come out
And many are coming out right now.

00:20:42.905 --> 00:20:47.404
So what we\'re doing is we\'re passing
that risk onto our grandchildren.

00:20:47.405 --> 00:20:50.239
Dr. Luna Leopold and early pioneer of

00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:52.369
natural channels systems helps put things

00:20:52.370 --> 00:20:54.499
in perspective the things
that have been done in

00:20:54.500 --> 00:20:58.459
the past have been the result of
the knowledge we had at that time

00:20:58.460 --> 00:21:03.259
I think that rather be better to
emphasize the fact that we know more.

00:21:03.260 --> 00:21:07.414
We have made additional studies
were looking at it in a new way

00:21:07.415 --> 00:21:11.239
we\'re looking at it in the longer
run so rather than criticize

00:21:11.240 --> 00:21:13.639
people of the past and

00:21:13.640 --> 00:21:16.249
the engineering procedures that are used in

00:21:16.250 --> 00:21:20.059
the past rather turn it around and
say you know we\'ve learned a lot.

00:21:20.060 --> 00:21:24.889
About what the river wants
to do We have just found by

00:21:24.890 --> 00:21:30.334
actual experience but now that we know more
about river mechanics at river morphology.

00:21:30.335 --> 00:21:33.979
But we have found that we can do it

00:21:33.980 --> 00:21:37.729
better and we can do it more
cheaply flooding and erosion are

00:21:37.730 --> 00:21:42.469
water quantity problems contamination is
a water quality problem the community of

00:21:42.470 --> 00:21:44.839
first Lake Nova Scotia is
tackling the problem of

00:21:44.840 --> 00:21:47.899
storm water contamination
in a very systematic way.

00:21:47.900 --> 00:21:50.419
So that people in the first
lakewater said made it

00:21:50.420 --> 00:21:52.879
clear to politicians some
years ago but they were

00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:55.189
concerned about their lake they
wanted something done about

00:21:55.190 --> 00:21:57.859
it to protect it So out of that grew.

00:21:57.860 --> 00:22:04.339
Some studies that were done by the county of
Halifax with help from others and today what

00:22:04.340 --> 00:22:06.289
we have in place is is

00:22:06.290 --> 00:22:11.299
an on-the-ground study and it\'s
driven by the residents so residents.

00:22:11.300 --> 00:22:15.154
Involved in this sir changing
their stewardship practices.

00:22:15.155 --> 00:22:21.259
I\'m a local resident myself and I\'m excited
to see that so many people are so interested

00:22:21.260 --> 00:22:27.319
in in changing the things that they do
to affect an improvement in their lakes.

00:22:27.320 --> 00:22:30.859
A key element of the residents
strategy was to engage the services of

00:22:30.860 --> 00:22:33.739
John Edmonds Landscaping Company one of

00:22:33.740 --> 00:22:37.429
the biggest challenges we
had from Edmonds was was

00:22:37.430 --> 00:22:42.829
to deal with the term In a sense
to remove the contaminants

00:22:42.830 --> 00:22:48.649
that are in synthetic fertilizers that we had
to find an organic input node phosphorus.

00:22:48.650 --> 00:22:51.169
That was a challenge. We\'ve had

00:22:51.170 --> 00:22:53.779
great cooperation from the residence

00:22:53.780 --> 00:22:56.059
here but they wanted to
cooperate but they didn\'t want

00:22:56.060 --> 00:22:59.329
their lawns to deteriorate in other
words they wanted them to look as

00:22:59.330 --> 00:23:03.499
good or better under the
chemical regime and they

00:23:03.500 --> 00:23:06.109
didn\'t want the weeds doing
fast so on so forth so we had

00:23:06.110 --> 00:23:10.789
the challenge to change the stewardship
practices and also to change

00:23:10.790 --> 00:23:14.134
the inputs that which which which would not

00:23:14.135 --> 00:23:18.409
impact the lake in the negative sense
that is concerning phosphorus.

00:23:18.410 --> 00:23:22.629
Also changed the stewardship practices
With respect to picking a pet norm

00:23:22.630 --> 00:23:26.779
that\'s tough i mean you
know many of us just

00:23:26.780 --> 00:23:30.019
aren\'t used to doing that also to deal with

00:23:30.020 --> 00:23:33.949
your organic refuse most people don\'t know
that grass clippings and leaves and that

00:23:33.950 --> 00:23:38.149
can do produce phosphorous and they can
negatively effect a leg too so we had

00:23:38.150 --> 00:23:42.544
to change their stewardship practices
but also they wanted their landscapes.

00:23:42.545 --> 00:23:46.759
To look good and of course lawns are
one of the biggest components we

00:23:46.760 --> 00:23:51.259
have of landscapes and
what we\'re doing here

00:23:51.260 --> 00:23:54.679
the ramifications are
widespread it\'s it\'s it\'s

00:23:54.680 --> 00:23:58.969
not only suburban urban and
residential Ramifications

00:23:58.970 --> 00:24:02.284
here can spread to golf courses and
municipal park so on and so forth.

00:24:02.285 --> 00:24:07.129
All of which affect watersheds are
purpose here in water sampling is

00:24:07.130 --> 00:24:13.864
to is to feed back to the residence
whether their efforts housekeeping.

00:24:13.865 --> 00:24:15.859
Are having effect.

00:24:15.860 --> 00:24:19.564
So we take water samples here
at the bottom of crimson drive

00:24:19.565 --> 00:24:23.914
and simultaneously another team
usually of residents themselves.

00:24:23.915 --> 00:24:29.059
Take samples at the bottom and the
first Lake drive at a similar pipe and

00:24:29.060 --> 00:24:34.278
then we analyze these samples for
phosphorus and for fecal coliform bacteria

00:24:34.279 --> 00:24:38.239
and we compare over the over a series of

00:24:38.240 --> 00:24:44.754
about 15 rainstorms And we are actually
finding that the bacteria counts

00:24:44.755 --> 00:24:48.969
are lower on crimson and
where the people have been

00:24:48.970 --> 00:24:53.649
picking up after pet manure and the
phosphorus counts are lower on

00:24:53.650 --> 00:24:55.584
Crimson where people have been using

00:24:55.585 --> 00:24:59.079
non phosphorous fertilizers
and trying to increase

00:24:59.080 --> 00:25:02.379
their infiltration in their lawns so we

00:25:02.380 --> 00:25:06.969
report that back to the residents
and use that information encourages

00:25:06.970 --> 00:25:11.844
them to keep it up we\'re looking at
what people can do as individuals.

00:25:11.845 --> 00:25:15.429
Instead of relying on government
around big business around developers

00:25:15.430 --> 00:25:19.359
to to make the improvements
we\'re looking at

00:25:19.360 --> 00:25:21.969
the community and at the individuals
and what they can do on

00:25:21.970 --> 00:25:25.909
their properties To make a difference lake
water quality and we\'re convinced that

00:25:25.910 --> 00:25:29.089
there can be some things that could be
done and the whole purpose of this study

00:25:29.090 --> 00:25:32.329
is to study those stewardship
practices measure

00:25:32.330 --> 00:25:35.089
the results and from that
get some sense of what can

00:25:35.090 --> 00:25:39.349
be done not only in Halifax County
not only in this watershed.

00:25:39.350 --> 00:25:41.989
For across the province
Omega the whole country.

00:25:41.990 --> 00:25:45.439
Water management as you can
see has many aspects in

00:25:45.440 --> 00:25:49.039
this program we\'ve barely touched
on a few of them in future programs

00:25:49.040 --> 00:25:52.969
we\'ll be looking at agriculture at more
environmentally thoughtful designs

00:25:52.970 --> 00:25:56.929
for urban development at the impact
of recreational activities such as

00:25:56.930 --> 00:26:01.489
golf courses and it projects large and small
that people across Canada have been working

00:26:01.490 --> 00:26:06.829
on to turn things around of course the
problems are many They\'re not insurmountable.

00:26:06.830 --> 00:26:10.834
Most problems resulted from people
simply not thinking things through.

00:26:10.835 --> 00:26:12.664
Once that was recognized.

00:26:12.665 --> 00:26:15.274
Given the astounding
capacities of the human spirit

00:26:15.275 --> 00:26:19.080
the drive to find solutions was inevitable