WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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Our consumers smoke

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because it\'s something they like to do. Gives pleasure to many,
many people around the world each day who choose to smoke.

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Capitalism must be guided by ethics,
by morality, by care for the weak.

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The question is what kind
of economic development

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are we pushing for Mexico?
What are our needs?

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[music]

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[music]

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[non-English narration]

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Mary Chabala is a farmer
in northern Zambia.

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Not long ago, she and her husband Barnabas

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were among the more prosperous
farmers in their village.

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Now they\'re destitute, victims of a plague that
threatens to transform this part of the world.

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Like nearly 30 million others
living in sub-Saharan Africa,

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Barnabas and Mary are infected with
the HIV virus that causes AIDS.

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They\'re too sick to continue
farming, so the task of growing food

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now falls to their 11-year-old son,
Wisdom, and his young cousins orphaned

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by the AIDS pandemic.

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More than ever before, it\'s children who
are left to bear the weight of agriculture

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and, as a result, when a
parent dies from AIDS,

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yields fall by up to 50%.

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When we were healthy,

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we used to grow a lot of crops
and support many family members

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who came to live with us. But
now, since we\'ve been sick,

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things have become much more difficult.

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We had to sell everything we own to buy
food and to pay for our medical expenses.

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Across southern Africa,

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rain doesn\'t always fall
where or when it should.

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And cycles of drought and crop failure, aggravated
by poverty and ineffective government policies,

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have contributed to
occasional food shortages.

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But now, with the number of
HIV infections rising daily,

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there is a new and different
food crisis on the horizon.

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If it was simply

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another period of hunger - which
is cyclical in southern Africa -

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you could get over it, you… you get some
food supplements over time you recover.

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But what everyone is observing now

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is that even when there is some marginal
recovery, because you get rains

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and the crops come and… and the
landscape flourishes and there is food,

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nonetheless the… the
families everywhere are ill.

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If you do the maths, one person is dying
every four or five minutes from AIDS.

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So as you begin to add those figures
up it is impacting throughout society.

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It is… As we say, it\'s affecting
the very fabric of society.

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In a country like Zambia nearly 80% of the
population is involved in agriculture,

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very small-scale agriculture. So when you
have these high prevalence rates of…

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of HIV, up to… up to 20% and
in some… some areas higher,

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of course it affects immediately the food
supply of these very people who are producing.

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So the fact that the lot of people are subsistence
farmers means that the impact is so much larger.

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The highest rate of HIV
infection is among young adults

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between the ages of 15 and 49.

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These are the agricultural workers

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whose small farms fed
families and villages -

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and, when added together, entire countries.

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Since 1985,

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more than seven million farmers have
died from AIDS in the worst hit regions,

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striking at the heart of agriculture.

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Barnabas once grew enough food to
support a household of ten people.

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Now he relies on the generosity
of neighbors to feed his family.

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[non-English narration]

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Only ten years ago -
before the AIDS pandemic

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moved into rural communities - life
expectancy in Zambia was 52 years of age,

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now it\'s fallen below 40.

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A bowl of cornmeal

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is all his neighbor\'s have to offer, not
much to sustain a body weakened by AIDS.

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[sil.]

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AIDS, poverty and hunger
create a vicious spiral.

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Barnabas and Mary\'s situation worsens and the
amount of food they have to eat dwindles further,

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progression of the disease is accelerated.

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When people are malnourished, they don\'t
have the strength to withstand infection.

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So through that the disease
develops much easier,

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opportunistic infections come much faster,
people can\'t actually recover so… so easily.

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So through that the whole onset of… of
full-blown AIDS is… is accelerated.

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[sil.]

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In Zambia, as with most African countries, there
are few resources to treat AIDS patients.

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[sil.]

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Barnabas has to travel 20 kilometers

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to reach the nearest health clinic, after
Mary takes a sudden turn for the worse.

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My wife is suffering.

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She\'s… She\'s vomiting,
starting from yesterday.

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But all the clinic worker has
to offer are basic medicines,

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like these salts meant
to combat dehydration.

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Antiretroviral drugs, which have
transformed AIDS into a chronic condition

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in Western countries,
aren\'t available here.

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We\'ve been told about antiretroviral drugs

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and things like that but we\'ve never handled them
and we\'ve never seen them, they\'re in big towns.

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We know that we\'re supposed to be
that, but we don\'t have it here.

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In the rural areas it
is unrealistic to think

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that we are going to be able to provide the drugs
that are needed in the combination that is required

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with the monitoring - medical monitoring -

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that is needed to people who normally
don\'t even have access to simple aspirin.

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Food is the first medicine for
people living with HIV/AIDS.

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And once people are properly fed
then the AVR drugs can help them.

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When people have good nutrition,
they can live longer,

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they can live better and they can, through
that, also sustain their family much longer.

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But food is also the only currency
subsistence farmers have -

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and the first thing sacrificed
when someone is sick.

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When doctors could do nothing more to help

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Josephine Mwenya, she travelled 200 kilometers
to seek the advice of this traditional healer.

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While herbal remedies can help
with HIV-related infections,

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some less scrupulous healers
exploit superstitions and despair.

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Looking into a mirror, this one tells
Josephine he can see what ails her,

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as well as the enemy who has cursed
her, both of which he can treat -

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for a price.

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Depending on what she is suffering from,
we could pay more than 100,000 kwacha.

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If he discovers that she\'s been bewitched, we
will probably have to more than 200,000 kwacha.

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Does it mean you will have to sell

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all of your harvest to
pay for the treatment?

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It will take more than that!

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HIV/AIDS awareness is growing
across southern Africa.

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But as food shortages increase, many migrate
in search of jobs - and the virus spreads.

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I think the numbers are high

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because you have so many trading
routes, so much migration –

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labor migration, country to country,
people to work in the mines

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and move from one country to
another, so many highway corridors,

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so many truckers moving
from country to country.

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The southern Africa is just a
vortex of shifting people -

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and on top of that, you have the cultural reality
of gender inequality. Women have no capacity

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to say no to sexual overtures. They
can\'t tell a man to wear a condom.

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They are… They are subject to
predatory male sexual behavior,

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inter-generational sex – older men, younger
women. So these cultural attitudes

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are deeply, deeply entrenched and
it takes time to change behavior.

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Women are the agricultural
backbone of African society.

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They\'re also the population group with
the highest incidence of HIV infections.

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Pauline Chasauka has recently been widowed.

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[non-English narration]

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Gladys Mwaanga has also
just lost her husband.

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[non-English narration]

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Pauline and Gladys are two of five women
who were married to the same man.

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Then, six months ago, he died.

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Of his five widows,

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one has died and two others have moved away,
leaving Pauline and Gladys responsible

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for 15 children.

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All they have to eat are
the foods they can grow.

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Staying on the land is
essential to their survival.

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But in this part of southern Zambia,
women can\'t inherit property -

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so the only way a widow can stay
on the land is if she is inherited

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by a male member of her
dead husband\'s family.

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Traditionally what used to happen was - like,
for example, my… my uncle passed away.

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And then if I have to take over the
family, together with the wives,

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then I have to marry, in fact. It
was such that it was a marriage -

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you could even continue with the
production of children, if you like. Yes!

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[sil.]

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Now AIDS is changing the way
people think about this custom.

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Green Munkombwe has decided not
to inherit his uncle\'s widows,

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nor to take part in sexual cleansing - a
practice involving sexual intercourse

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that is believed to break the bond between
a widow and her dead spouse\'s spirit.

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As the situation is like in Zambia,

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we have this pandemic disease
and everybody now has known

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the consequences of that disease
such that we are not free. The only…

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The only far we can go is to assist. But on
marrying or taking over the marriage completely,

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that one is a bit skeptical. We
can\'t go ahead with that one.

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While changes like this can
help stem transmission

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of the HIV virus, they can also
leave women more vulnerable.

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In some communities, when a man dies,

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it\'s customary for relatives
to take what they want -

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even if that means leaving
women and children destitute.

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We used to plow, from that
tree up to the village.

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When my husband died, all
the land was taken away.

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Some of his relatives came along
and said they wanted to plow here,

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that this was their land and
we had to stop using it.

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[non-English narration]

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Since we are one family, I don\'t
think there\'s anything wrong here.

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We are just sharing.

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We are not grabbing land.

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It\'s just the normal way.

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They took many things from us. For example,
they took our plow. It was the only one we had.

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So it\'s become very difficult,
because we have nothing else to use

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and we have a large family to feed.

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Most of the attention in the HIV/AIDS crisis has
been on… on the medical aspects of… of HIV/AIDS.

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HIV/AIDS is a disease and it has always been dealt with as… as a
disease as such. So people are looking at ways of prevention,

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they\'re looking at… at treatment.

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But very little attention has been paid
to all of the food security aspects

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how people cope with the impact
of the disease on their lives.

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For a lot of women, coping can mean
putting yourself at greater risk

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of being infected by the HIV virus.

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If I find ten or more men who
would like to sleep with me,

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that is a good day.

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If I\'m unlucky, there will be only one.

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Since her parents\' death, 19-year-old Macy

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has worked as a prostitute to
support two younger brothers.

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If I\'m offered enough money,

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I won\'t use condoms,

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because what I need most is the money.

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People who have access to food

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don\'t need to go out and sell their
bodies to be able to eat. So, if women,

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if widows, if orphans have possibilities of
getting food, possibilities of producing

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their own food or buying their own food,
then they are not in the situation

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in having to engage in risky
behavior just to be able to eat.

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Food security in itself
is a means of prevention.

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One way to increase food security

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is to help people improve
their crop yields -

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in spite of cycles of
drought or labor shortages.

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Harriet Kalaula is a widow
with eight children.

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Four years ago, she began using a simple
technique known as conservation farming.

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[music]

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Now she plants her maize in pits

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instead of conventional rows. And, as a
result, she harvests a third more maize,

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using less costly
fertilizers and less water.

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But techniques like this one
are slow to take hold and,

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as another drought strangles crops in southern
Zambia, AIDS households have one-third less income

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to cushion the blow.

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The moment you have a drought
it means there\'s crop failure,

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so households will be seen selling
livestock - goats, chickens -

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to go and buy the food they needed. But now, because
of the increased pressure as a result of HIV/AIDS,

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most money is needed for health
expenses and at times funeral expenses.

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[non-English narration]

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We don\'t know how we\'re going to get by.

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We\'ve never seen a drought like
this before. We can\'t plant enough

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and now it is the end of the season, so
we don\'t know what we are going to do.

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People because of HIV/AIDS,

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their capacity to actually cope with the drought has been
undermined. And in that sense, I think, it\'s a drought which –

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or a crisis which – will come back.

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Many believe the real crisis is yet
to come, when millions of children

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orphaned by AIDS take up their
responsibilities as adults.

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In neighboring Mozambique, the streets
of Chimoio overflow with orphans.

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Some survive in small gangs, others are
exploited as a cheap source of labor.

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What do you when you\'ve
never had nurturing,

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love or affection growing up as a child because
your parents have died when you were very young?

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What happens when you have your own
children? How do you bring them up?

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What happens when you\'re bewildered and angry and enraged by the
circumstances of life and you act out or you become delinquent?

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Fifteen or 20 years down the road,

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God alone knows the destabilizing
effects of these kids.

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In just a few decades, many countries in southern Africa
will be left in the hands of children like these.

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But with no one to teach or guide them,

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how much can they be expected to
contribute when they\'re older?

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Since his parents\' death,

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14-year-old Sole has been responsible
for his sister and two brothers.

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One of them, Elias, is just six years old.

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Providing care is something
Sole is accustomed to -

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he also nursed his parents
before they died.

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[music]

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First it was the father who was sick.

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He had a bad cough so we
took him to the hospital.

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Then the mother started getting sick.
She had the same symptoms.

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She was coughing and had diarrhea.
She went to a relative\'s home

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and soon after she died.

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As terrible as it\'s been, Sole\'s
battle with AIDS isn\'t over yet.

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Yes, of course, he has the
same condition as his parents.

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He\'s not been tested at the
hospital but we are sure,

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since he has all the same symptoms.

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Often head at households are entirely new.
It never happens before in history

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that children simply did not
have anywhere to go to,

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that they did not have any adult to turn to when
they had lost their own parents. Traditionally,

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African societies have ways of taking care of orphans.
They\'re immediately put into another household.

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Nowadays, there simply are no more
households to put the orphans in.

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Chimoio is a community of 200,000 people.

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It also has one of the highest HIV
infection rates in Mozambique -

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and every day, approximately
15 children are left orphaned.

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[non-English narration]

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We are already working in the community with AIDS patients
when it became clear that there was an even greater problem

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with the orphans they were leaving behind.

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We realized we had to change our approach.
Until that moment,

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only church groups were getting involved. Now
we needed help from the entire community.

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[music]

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Just as a crisis of this magnitude

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can pull communities apart, it
can also bring them together.

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As the number of HIV infections
escalated in Chimoio, Kubatsirana -

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an association of church groups - began mobilizing
community support and recruiting volunteers.

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[music]

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One of the first stumbling blocks

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was food - volunteers were often as poor
as the people they were trying to help.

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[music]

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So Kubatsirana began planting gardens -

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some growing food for widows, some for orphans
- others, food for the volunteers themselves.

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[music]

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One special garden was
created for medicinal plants

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that AIDS patients could grow
themselves and use to treat common

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AIDS-related conditions.

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The governments and even international organizations
haven\'t been able to… to provide the kind of support

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that local people need. I think it\'s important to
realize that these local organizations are there,

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that they need support - that
they need support to do better,

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they need support to expand their activities,
to replicate it in… in other places.

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[sil.]

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Sole receives some food assistance from
volunteers. Even so, he and his siblings

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are among the most vulnerable groups
in society, with few opportunities

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to become self-supporting in the future.

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Like so many orphans,
Sole\'s parents died before

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they could pass on generations of knowledge
about farming, crop varieties and tools.

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Multiplied by millions of AIDS
orphans across southern Africa,

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it\'s not hard to understand
why the current food crisis

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won\'t go away when the rains finally come.

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The orphans that are being left
behind don\'t have enough agricultural

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knowledge to be able to continue agricultural
work and to be able to produce food.

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We\'re looking at how knowledge that is
kept, usually at the community level

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but is lost because parents are dying before they
can transmit that knowledge to the children,

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can be kept and can be kept
for future generations.

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[music]

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At the Mansa orphanage in Zambia, volunteers are
working to change the future, to avert mass starvation

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by teaching orphans the
skills their parents can\'t.

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How to grow food, the
importance of working together,

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a sense of hope.

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Even so, with forecasts
predicting 20 million

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AIDS orphans in Africa by the end of this
decade, the challenges are daunting.

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The United Nations family

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has to be vastly more
mobilized than it is now.

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Because if ever there was a time of truth for the United
Nations, if ever there was a test for its entire rationale,

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it\'s in the fact that a
disease which can\'t be cured,

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is wreaking havoc everywhere in all the countries
which are member nations of the United Nations

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and those of us who serve those
member countries have to give voice

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and expression to this monstrosity
which would galvanize the world.

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[sil.]