WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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[music]

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[sil.]

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In the year 2000, the world looks forward to
a new millennium not only with fireworks,

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but with promises. Promises we would
see an end to absolute poverty,

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to avoidable disease, oppression of
women and children without education.

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And ones promises were backed with targets,

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the millennium development goals.

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The millennium development goals, the
MDG\'s are targets for development.

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They\'re agreed by all 189
UN member states in 2000,

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these targets for everyone to meet by the year 2015
and that the theme for this new series of Life.

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The millennium development goals provide us

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for the first time in history
with a shared vision

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among all of us including at the highest
political level. What development is about

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and who should be doing what
to put an end to poverty.

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The beauty of the millennium development
goals actually is that we agreed

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to uh… do our bit. The rich countries have to
improve significantly and so to the poor countries.

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There is no way, we can achieve
this without both doing their job.

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Ours is the very first
generation in history

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that had the possibility and the ability
to feed every hungry person on earth.

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We had the technology, we had the food.
We just didn\'t have (inaudible)

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and that\'s where the MDG has come in. Over recent years,
the rich countries with a few exceptions like the UK

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have given less and less of
their income in foreign aid.

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The millennium development goals are designed to reverse
that trend, to set clear and measurable targets

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for developing countries to meet in return
for foreign aid. The idea is that taxpayers,

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who finance foreign aid,
have a right to see results.

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The trick is that by setting the targets
of the millennium development goals,

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we\'re creating in a gender
of things to achieve

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the raw material making
that possible, is basically

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an input of money. This money
is found in one place only,

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in the pockets of taxpayers
in the rich (inaudible).

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The MDGs (inaudible) taxpayers to dig deeper into their
pockets, because they care or because they\'re concerned

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of what could happen if they don\'t.
Even if people would not care,

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it is important to realize that indeed
globalization means diseases travel,

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crime travels, drug travel,

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terrorism travels, so we\'re
in these all together.

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[sil.]

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These are the kind of people the MDGs are meant to
help. Over 10,000 slum dwellers in Metro Manila

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of their living to scavenging
on the Pattaya rubbish tip.

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In developing countries like Philippines, over a
billion people live on less than a dollar a day.

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So millennium target number one
is cutting that number by half

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and eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.

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[sil.]

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I think it can be achieved, I think it can certainly easily be achieved. I don\'t
think it simple achievement would be a source of great celebration for me

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um… it would be just one step.

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In… in ways it\'s an easy
target and the sad part is

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that even though it is an easy target,
it is so difficult to achieve.

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But it could be achieved with political will, as
the next program in the series of Life shows.

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China has some of the poorest and
remote villages in the world,

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where cameras don\'t often go. But China
claims to have lifted 250 million people

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above its basic poverty
line of 66 cents a day.

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Target number one is achievable. It will be
achievable if each one of us plays a part

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and does what they suppose to. If in
developing countries, we develop policies

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that support this goal and we put money where
our mouths are. Not so in the developed world

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if policies to and are develop
that can support this goal.

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In a Chinese School they\'re
still working at 10 at night,

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on the walls acceptance notes for
the students from universities.

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But to have a chance of university, children first need
primary education and in some poor countries like India

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many even don\'t have that.
So MDG number two,

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achieving universal
primary education by 2015

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a target that is about more than
just learning to read and write.

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The difference between having a school

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or not having a school means much more
than the teaching of the children.

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The fact is that… that millions
of teachers become civic leaders,

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they standup, so they represent
culture and hope of…

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of rising above the poverty that is what
a teacher represents in a poor country.

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In some countries teachers
are so (inaudible)

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children are having to teach themselves. In India,
these children are organizing their own education.

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Street kids improvising street classrooms.

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And in the Island of Sri Lanka scared
by Civil War, life is from children

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who\'ve rebuilt their school themselves. But
around the world, there are many children

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who don\'t have the resources to help
themselves and for whom primary education

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remains a distant dream. Putting
primary free education in place

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is something even the poorest
country should be able to do.

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If you get your budgetary priorities right, so there is no
excuse for that. Why is it not happening, if no excuse?

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It\'s a question of political will and that\'s what it
all about. Surely government doesn\'t have to be told

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by bunch of bureaucrats in New
York to educate these children.

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No, they should be told by their own people. I
haven\'t up to now met any minister or president

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that doesn\'t believe that providing education for all
is extremely important. But some of them don\'t do it.

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And that\'s because they lack financial resources
and that\'s because they lack the capacity.

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But isn\'t it sometimes just they (inaudible) bothered its not
a political priority rather spend the money on… on defense.

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Yeah. Yes, some leaders are
not sufficiently committed

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and though there is no other way than putting
hard pressure on them and also putting.

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So the MDGs may have to come with pressure
as well as please. Oh! Of course… of course

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and we\'re doing that.

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In war torn Afghanistan, young girls are now
returning to school, after the fall of the Taliban.

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Empowering women is increasingly
seen is crucial for development.

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[non-English narration]

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Its millennium development
goal, number three.

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Many women aren\'t waiting to be liberated

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from oppression abuse and gender bias.
In (inaudible) in Kenya,

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a catholic church shelters 50 widows, who\'ve
rebelled against the tradition of wife inheritance.

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Wife inheritance means
the widows of dead men

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being passed onto male relatives often
along with the virus that causes AIDS.

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In the poor life (inaudible) determined to
help women protect themselves against AIDS.

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And in Bangladesh, (inaudible) a young
photographer campaigns for other girls

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to follow her examples, to just
stay at school, join a profession

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and resists being married off too young. I\'m
taking pictures and I\'m going to many places.

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Now, lots of people know me as
(inaudible) the photographer.

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To educate girls and educate
women is the best investment

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and purely economic terms
(inaudible) do in any poor country.

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And the reason basically is one birth control. Uh…
educated women and girls gets fewer children,

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second taking care of their families
health and their own health,

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benefits the economy. Thirdly, they
actually do send their girls to school.

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Men that are educated don\'t only do
that and they (inaudible) to school

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all (inaudible) their children. And fourthly,
they can be participant in the economy

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too much larger extent as been educated.

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But few young women in
Bangladesh become photographers,

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most become mother, many too soon
and too young. Maternal mortality,

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mothers dying in pregnancy and childbirth
is one of the few development indicators

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that haven\'t improved over the last few decades.
While a lot have been done on so many (inaudible)

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but maternal mortality is not (inaudible).
The rights of women have not been addressed.

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They\'re not educated about their own health

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and you know, reproductive matters. MDG four
aims to cut child mortality by two-thirds

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and five to reduce maternal
mortality by three-quarters.

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But critics say the MDGs have been deliberately weakened by
some of the politicians and bureaucrats, who drew them up.

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They don\'t mention the
term reproductive rights

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agreed at the 1994 Cairo International
Conference on population and development.

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Some conservative groups claim such language could
promote abortion. The millennium development goals

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what have been enormously helpful
for reducing maternal mortality

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and doing something really you know, the solid about maternal
mortality, if they had included the right indicators

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and the right targets. I think that we could have made a
difference. But because of the political accommodations,

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the indicators and the targets don\'t mention
reproductive health and rights anywhere,

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they don\'t… they\'re just not included.
Nafis Sadik is right,

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these eight goals are the outcome of international
negotiations and indeed the Cairo targets

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on reproductive health have been dropped.
But in the real world,

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many developing countries
are incorporating again

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in their national millennium development goal
reports, the issues of reproductive health,

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either under the maternal health, goal four
or under goal three on gender equality.

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So in the real world, these issues
are still every much on the agenda.

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[music]

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[sil.]

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In Zambia life tells a story of
hospice for people with AIDS,

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the worst global health disaster ever.

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Of course, its not just AIDS, it\'s a disease
of mass destruction in the poorer world.

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There is malaria and TB. MDG
six aims to tackle them all.

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[sil.]

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Health is clearly is on
precondition for the…

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for any effort to make a development

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either individually or for the society

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and so I think that these…
these are not on by chance

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that so many goals are build around health.

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In fact something like half the millennium
development goals I think have to do with health.

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Yes, my hope was at least two-third.

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To reduce poverty, many other things have to happen
first and most importantly health has to improve,

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because better health leads to more wealth and so
the big health tragedies like AIDS, TB and malaria

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have to be beaten back
if poverty is to reduce.

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Still again. Yes. Oh, look at that.

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Good morning everybody. In Kenya a church
orphanage run by Father Augustine for children,

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whose mothers died of AIDS.
It\'s a model project

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but sadly there are a few like it.
Antiretroviral drugs ARVs

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of the kind used here can help people with
AIDS, but few poor Africans can afford them.

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There are now few international
programs to distribute ARV drugs.

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But critics say there is no clear agreement
who\'s in charge of global war on AIDS.

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Who is actually responsible for delivering
the millennium development goal on AIDS?

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Well, many people that… that might sound
like a confusion on a (inaudible)

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but I think its… it\'s the answer and it\'s a good
thing. Doesn\'t many people mean nobody in practice.

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Well, that\'s the danger… that\'s the danger
that\'s what we\'ve to guard against.

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[sil.]

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Target seven is sustainable development,
more controversial than it might seen.

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For in practice development increasingly
means urbanization and slums.

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Citizens in countries like Kenya
are voting with their feet.

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Incredibly, they often prefer to take their chances
in the slums of Nairobi that do endure poverty

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in the remote countryside and yet across the
world, governments have failed to recognize

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that so many people want to live in cities,
no matter how squalid they may seen.

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History shows that the entire
civilization global civilization

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is moving towards urbanization.

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Cities are the engines of the national economic
growth. Cities are where everything is happening,

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so encouraging urbanization
and urban growth is…

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is actually a positive thing its
not… not… it\'s not a negative thing.

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How many governments are actually planning for and
encouraging urbanization? Unfortunately, very few.

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The Chinese Government with its history of
central control is one of the few governments

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actually promoting urbanization in some
regions as a way of reliving rural poverty.

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Elsewhere in (inaudible) in
South Africa for example,

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urbanization is a more unplanned affair, leading
to pressure on sanitation and safe water.

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MDG seven aims to half the number of people
without safe water and to improve the lives

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of at least 100 million slum
dwellers, this time by 2020.

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Slowly slightly we\'re beginning to see this
recognition and the millennium development goals,

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we have a… a target indicates that
one of the things we hope to do

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is to change the lives of slum dwellers
and I think this is the beginning

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over changing the way the world begins just (inaudible)
developing country cities and I think it is a positive thing.

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You know, when we\'re talking about slums, we have two
types of slums? We have what we call slums of hope

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and slums of despair. And
our… our… our view is that

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the majority of slums in the world
are actually the slums of hope.

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Because… fundamentally
because of the willingness

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of slum residence to improve their own
accommodation. They just needed few things in place.

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I\'m thinking here of water,

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I\'m thinking of sanitation. Uh…
these are the critical ingredients

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or missing ingredients in slums.

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Removing the obstacles to development

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will also involve the rich countries
meeting some tough targets,

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like many poor farmers in the developing
world, dairy producers in the Caribbean

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suffer from what they say is unfair
trade practices by the rich world.

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Farmers in Jamaica complain they can\'t
compete with subsidized powdered milk

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shipped in from counties like the
Netherlands. Two-thirds of the world poor

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live in rural areas and depend on agriculture
or activities related to agriculture.

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As long as rich countries
subsidize their own production

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leading to overproduction… overproduction
more than we can swallow at home

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and then dump the surpluses,
subsidized on poor countries markets,

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there is no chance that the (inaudible) millennium goal
halving the number of poor people will ever be reached.

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The moment we stop destroying local
markets and farmers can get a fair price

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for their own cotton, for their milk,
for their tomatoes they grow etc.,

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that would finance a lot, then they
can send their children to school.

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But (inaudible) the poor countries with a lot of money and aid,
doesn\'t that outweigh any damage we do (inaudible) fair trade.

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Well, a lot of money is relative.

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In total something of the order $50 billions
is given in overseas development assistance.

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But more than $350 billion is given in
agricultural subsidizes in the rich countries.

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So its far outweighs the level of
development assistance that is given

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and in addition to the subsidizes, there of course
tariff barriers and other barriers to entry

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so it is very… very clear

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that development will not take place at the pace that we would all
like unless we address the question of liberalization of trade.

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In Ethiopia, even very efficient farmers

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are going hungry because they can\'t get what
they believe is a fair price for their produce

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including the best grade coffee beans?
The buyers market today

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not exporters market or
not a producers market.

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Target eight of MDGs urges a
global partnership for development

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including helping farmers like those here in
(inaudible) by creating a fairer trade system.

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But for the rich countries to
dismantle trade barriers by 2015

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would be to cut a deal that\'s
eluded the world for decades.

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We are in 2003 and 2015 is
(inaudible) just a very short

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and at the same time a
lot of people are dying

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because of the trade issues.

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It is not because they\'re not producing,

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is that because there\'re not working.
If we\'re serious about aid,

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the best way of aiding those people is to get
from them. It\'s to get them to get maximize

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profit from what they are
doing for themselves.

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This is in fact already happening
and we\'re gradually changing

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our system of subsidizing agriculture in Europe.
The real (inaudible) here is the Unites States.

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Why do you always say that, they (inaudible)
blame you? Yeah, both are right,

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but one is more right than the other.
Even you are. Yes.

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In Malawi, they\'re recovering
from a devastating food shortage,

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
made worse by mismanagement and corruption.

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Last year\'s harvest was over

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this level, but as you can
see these can only take us

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three months for us to eat.

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Now, we say we are in the danger zone.
We call it danger zone because we…

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we don\'t have um… food
(inaudible) of maize.

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MDG eight outlines the responsibilities of
the rich world to help countries like Malawi

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by relieving debt, helping with new
technologies and increasing foreign aid.

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In return, poor countries must deliver
better governance and tackle corruption.

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Together MDG want aid aim to
tackle the root causes of poverty,

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though some critics claim key
issues have been avoided.

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Millennium development goals are silent

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and some of the key socioeconomic issues
that drive poverty such as crime,

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the arms trade, the drug trade, you know,

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a whole range of social issues that have
not been targeted in some of those goals.

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A lot of conflict drugs and crime

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are the results of young
people having no opportunity.

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The (inaudible) broken dreams if you have
no other options and if we can take away

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the root causes which are poverty,
it will make is much more difficult

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to find the recruits for
terrorists, for crime,

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for drug trafficking, etc. In Malawi
and some other African countries,

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the millennium development goals are now being
written into the poverty reduction strategy papers,

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which they are asked to agree in return for western
aid. The idea is to create a national consensus

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around the MDGs, though
there is a long way to go.

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Problem is I travel a lot

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in (inaudible) as well as in Africa,

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and every time I came in the (inaudible) in particularly
in UK, I heard about millennium development goal,

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but in Africa I never heard about
millennium development goal.

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That\'s too negative. I know many
(inaudible) society organizations that are

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increasingly using the package of
these goals to create alliances

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to indeed make government accountable. More
and more the millennium development goals

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are integrated objectives of their
poverty reduction strategies.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
Um… I was in Latin America a few weeks
ago, Brazil (inaudible) Program

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putting an end to hunger
is in fact goal one.

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But the so called war on terror has created
a new obstacle to the rich countries

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delivering their side of the MDG bargain.

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Since 9/11 and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the
political attention of the rich countries has been diverted

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from development to defense. Some now
fear the rich countries will fail

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to deliver on their commitments,
making real global security

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even harder to achieve. A thing which troubles me
in relation to the millennium development goals

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is not the goals of (inaudible) which
I think are totally admirable.

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There is a large gap between the
assistance that needs to be given.

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To achieve those millennium development goals and
the (inaudible) and if you compare for example

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the $50 billion which is broadly the
figure of development assistance

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with a $1,000 billion which
is spent on defense,

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a 1,000 billion dollars, it seems to
me that imbalance doesn\'t recognize

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the true bases which one needs to
build a peace rather than a defense

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against terror and war. Whatever we
do, we\'ve to feel it on the reality

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but clearly if somebody spend

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500 billion or 50 billion even more for MDG

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of course there will be a good
news, but perhaps I\'m draining.

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For some, the MDGs represent an even more

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
ambitious agenda than eradicating poverty.
They\'re about restoring faith

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in multilateralism, the dream
of a common global project.

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It\'s not about a country here or
(inaudible) playing a heroic role

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of doing something nice in Africa,
it\'s the organization of it

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the globalization of it that shared I mean,
everybody talks about the international society,

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we don\'t have one, some of
us are trying to create one

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and the MDG is a tool in the endeavor.

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Isn\'t the problem about a common global project that everybody
leaves it to everybody else. Nobody really takes responsibility?

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There\'s always a risk of that
and I think that in this case,

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there is a difference, because we have
not only agreed some vague formulations

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and deceleration from UN conferences
what would actually made commitments.

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The poor countries have to improve their
governance the way they\'re running their business

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and we have to improve both
trade, debt and aid conditions.

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And actually what we see now is that there
is immobilization around these goals.

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We have agreed on the goals
and on how to reach them.

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Whatever the grand political agenda,
the MDGs represent modest targets.

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Little more (inaudible) that
a decent life for everyone.

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Basically very simple investments,

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
clean water, preventable diseases,
primary education schooling,

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public… public health systems,
simple investments. (inaudible)

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Europe a century, it took
Japan half a century,

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:40.000
Korea a quarter of a century. What we did we can
do on a worldwide scale? We get our act together.

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[sil.]