WEBVTT

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[music]

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Previously on life.

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One of the things we hope to do is to change the lives of the
slum dwellers and I think this is the beginning of a change.

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It is a positive thing. We have
what we call slums of hope

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because slum residence improve
the (inaudible) accommodation.

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The beauty of women and girls actually
is that we agreed to uh… do our bit.

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[music]

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[non-English narration]
(inaudible) Bombay meri jaan.

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S is Bombay my friend, the city
of dreams and silver screens.

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Bombay, now known as Mumbai

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is also India\'s city of gold, its financial capital. Like
a magnet it draws in people from all over the country.

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But behind the glitz, glamour and the hype lies
a different reality. A city landscape dominated

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by massive sprawling slums some
of the biggest in the world.

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According to the city housing authority eight
million out of the twelve million people in Mumbai

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live in the slums. And Mumbai is not alone.

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Slums are a global problem they
are home to one billion people.

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[music]

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UN Habitat predicts that by 2030

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one in every three people in the
world to be living in a slum.

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The impact of slums in the future
is going to be hard to ignore.

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[sil.]

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Earlier morning in south Mumbai

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and Segera who came to the city 32 years
ago is already at work making quilts.

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Her sons wash carpets, her nephew
works in a clothing factory,

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her niece is a domestic servant.

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This hut on the pavement is her
home it\'s less than 50 square feet.

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16 members of her family
live in this space.

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People come to Bombay only when there
have problems in their village.

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When I came here there were
no huts on the pavement.

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Everyone had their bedding spread around and
they live on the street, that\'s what I did too.

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Migration and slums are not new to Mumbai.

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When India gained independence in 1947

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only 5% of Mumbai\'s population lived
in the slums, today it\'s 60%.

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They settled where they could on land owned
by the government, Mumbai municipality,

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the railways and on private land. The
Authority responsible for Mumbai slums

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is a Maharashtra state housing authority. Their
attempts to get rid of the slums have failed

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and the infrastructure is
almost at breaking point.

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But one of Bollywood\'s biggest stars who\'s been
involved with the slums for years says the city simply

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would not function without
the slum dwellers.

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Are we talking uh… about
60% of the population

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that provide all the services in the city.
From the boy who brings in your milkman,

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to your newspaper vendor, to the maid who works in
your house, to the driver who takes you to work,

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to the people who work in your factories, to the
(inaudible) in the bank, to the municipal corporation,

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schools, colleges these people who live
in the slums, they are the working

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uh… people of Bombay. If they uh… said \"halt\",
Bombay would come to a grinding halt.

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Segera\'s stretch of pavement

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has almost no amenities. Her water
comes from an illegal connection,

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she has no electricity and it costs her
two cents to use the municipal toilets.

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Mumbai (inaudible) to provide
more than a million homes

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has made the city an important experiment
in slum rehabilitation and upgrading

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but it could take years to solve. In the meantime
the key issue is still to establish basic rights.

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The issue of land tenure is very important

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because it represents the
security of having an address

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unless there is some
understanding of secure tenure,

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municipalities don\'t make any investment in terms
of providing water, sanitation, drainage, sewage.

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[non-English narration]

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The security of tenure is so central because you
see security is a business for everything else.

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When people feeling secure definitely it becomes
very difficult to have a productive or…

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or a peaceful person who…
who does not know how…

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what tomorrow will bring. It
brings uncertainty, irritation

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and as I said therefore social, sometimes
social tensions in conference (ph).

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Just half an hour\'s train ride
from Segera\'s home is (inaudible).

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The residents here have water and
electricity but share communal toilets.

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This is where Maha Dev,

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a newly qualified lawyer
lives with his family.

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[non-English narration]

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When I moved into this hut, it
was a single room made of wood.

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It was not exactly livable but I slowly
worked on it and made it to what it is today.

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When I started living here I decided
to develop my career further.

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I thought if people from states like UP,

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who are uneducated end up studying
and become lawyers, why not me?

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So I decided to study further.

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[non-English narration]

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Slum is not some object,

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slum is a make up of people.

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And it, Bombay slums has people of a whole
variety. I know of examples of professionals

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including architects who live in slums.
Their engineers will live in slums.

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There are police who live in slums, there
are municipal officials who live in slums

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so it\'s not a single uh… sort
of anonymous hole you know.

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And that must be clarified.

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Mumbai is one of the 20 most expensive
cities in the world for property.

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Only a handful can afford the prices, the poor
and even the middle classes have no choice

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but to move to the slums.

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Even though most slums are illegal, the slum dwellers buy,
sell and rent their homes just like on the open market.

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16 years ago Maha Dev bought his slum
home for around four thousand dollars,

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today it would cost six times as much.

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[music]

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Dharavi, one of Asia\'s largest slums

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covers less than two square kilometers, now
its home to more than half a million people.

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It\'s a slum built on sweat and
struggle against a lawless background.

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[music]

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Corruption (inaudible) very central to
the whole issue of the growth of slums

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in different ways. Uh… Slums come
up on a vacant piece of land

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not sort of spontaneously but because
some enterprising individual,

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a dada uh… manages to actually seize a
piece of that vacant land, mark out plots

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and then more or less sell them to the slum dweller
in the sense that he extracts money from poor people

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so that they can uh… park themselves on this vacant
piece of land and they have to continue to pay

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this uh… their protector uh… so
that they will not be evicted.

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And to ensure that they are not evicted, this dada
in turn has to pay either the local cooperator

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or the ward officer or somebody higher up.

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The authority in charge of
rehabilitating Mumbai slums admits

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that in the past the city\'s housing policy has
failed to provide for those most in need.

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The income levels being what they
are, the city has failed to provide

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adequate and affordable
housing for these people.

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And slums have emerged as
an innovative solution.

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People have themselves constructed their house
because affordable housing was not available.

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While the city has been beckoning people, it requires
these people. The city has been paying them the wages

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from which he has to make his ends meet.

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The State Government also
accepts that over the years

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promises to rehabilitate the
city slums have not been kept.

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But I think at that time when the promise was made uh… if you
remember the property markets were… were extremely buoyant (ph)

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in sense that the property
prices were extremely high.

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So umm… the developers felt that

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uh… that… that they wouldn\'t be able to not only meet the cost
but they would also be able raise sufficient money to… to

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uh… to develop the all these areas. There after there\'s
been a slump in the uh… in the property markets.

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So therefore it\'s not as lucrative as it
was at the time when promise was made.

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Business Man VJ didn\'t
wait to be re housed.

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Two years ago he moved out of the slum.
His is a rags to riches story.

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[sil.]

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30 years ago his family
arrived with almost nothing,

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now they run two shops, a telephone booth and
also supply his old slum with cable T.V.

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[non-English narration]

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Since I had spent my entire childhood in
the slum I knew about everyone struggle.

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So I wanted to ensure that nobody\'s
home get snatched away from them.

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So it is because of this
that I got involved.

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Along with Maha Dev, VJ
is now on a committee

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to get his old slum redeveloped.

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One champion of slum
dwellers is Jockin Arpitham.

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Back in the 1960\'s he was one of the
first to get slum dwellers organized.

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Who built the city? Is
anyone middle class can come

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and stand and say \"I\'ve build a building\". Any middle
class come and say \"I\'ve build the sewer of the system

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of the Bombay\"? No, complete
sewer system, road,

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buildings, your apartment, where
you live, this all built by whom?

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But the slum dwellers do have
some power, they\'re the largest

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block of votes in Mumbai and their
biggest success came four years ago.

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In 2001 the state government passed a law
saying slum dwellers who registered before 1995

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would not be evicted and would have free housing. The
scheme is financed through deals with the builders.

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The slum dwellers are given
free houses in the same area

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and in order to finance that,

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there is a certain element of free sale component.
That means you can sell part of tenements

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that you construct over there to anybody at the
market price. And there by cross subsidize

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the cost of construction
for the slum dwellers.

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[non-English narration]

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For Saphia being moved to free housing was a mixed
blessing. She moved from the railway tracks to a new block

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but she didn\'t know that she would
be living on the seventh floor.

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The residents can\'t afford to keep the lift going
and at the moment they have no water supply.

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Saphia has to carry water up seven flights and to make
matters worse she has just had a stomach operation.

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I have only one thing
to tell the government

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either start the lift or at least
solve our water problem. I\'m helpless

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I cannot bring water or else
at least start the lift.

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I will be able to use the lift to bring water. The
government should do at least one of the two jobs.

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These flats might be free but
maintaining them is costly.

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Many residents simply can\'t afford it.

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If you just look at the labor markets, they
are the informal markets. Where are the wages

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that… that uh… most of the
people earn are… are so low.

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But even if they move in to formal
settlements, the… the wages are not sufficient

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for them to maintain their formal settlements. So
uh… so there is a bit of a mismatch over there.

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In order to transform the city their incomes of individuals and
poverty will have to be, these issues will have to be tackled.

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[sil.]

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With more than eight hundred thousand
people waiting for free housing

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there\'s an urgent need to find new ways
of paying for it. One expert says working

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with the private sector is not always the ideal
solution. The government has not been successful

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in administering, in implementing schemes

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that are of social interest. It has failed because
of its own reasons of bureaucratic failures,

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of corruption, of various other issues,
of lack of will to actually provide

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and promote schemes of social interest.
Uh… But that\'s… that\'s on one side.

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But on the other side there is this
continuous pressure of the market

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of this policy of privatization.

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Under the guides of privatization, the
government is shirking its own responsibility.

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Okay, it\'s not that it doesn\'t have the will.
The government\'s will is misplaced will,

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its will is to promote the market.

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Its will is to push the privatization
policy at the cost of social development.

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But the state housing authority claim they do
have the political will to find solutions,

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what they lack is the finance. You
see before the authority started

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the projections where you know, they
were political. They were promises.

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Uh… While working you realize
that the greatest hurdle you have

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is the availability of finance. You will
have projects coming up only in the place

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where an investor wants, he knows that he is either going to double
or at least make one and a half times the money he is putting in

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because it\'s… its a private
sector you know driven scheme.

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What now with the availability of finance
coming up through the national housing bank

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I\'m trying to make it away from the developer
towards the slum dweller and towards the NGO.

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Where instead of you know the focus on the most
profitable area, the focus shifts you know dramatically

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all over the city. So wherever you are
slum is, you can build up your house.

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That is the kind of concept
I\'m now trying to put in.

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But the slum rehabilitation authority faces
problems. They have to deal with cases like Chitra,

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who is not sure if she has the paperwork
to prove she is eligible for free housing.

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Chitra is stranded in a redevelopment
where the builder failed

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to finish the job.

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All the slum housings around
her have been demolished.

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She and 30 other families are trying to
find out what\'s going to happen to them.

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I went to get the list of people

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who are going to get flats in the building. If we get the list
at least we will know that we are going to get re housed.

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If we are eligible, they should
tell us or at least our lawyer.

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The collector tells us to move.

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The developer already has agreement
from seventy percent of the residents.

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This is the transit camp where
slum dwellers are moved

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before they get better homes.
They\'ve been here for over a year

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and there\'s still no sign of
their homes being constructed.

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Chitra and her neighbors could go to the
camp but they\'re even worse than the slums.

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The entire camp now has only one
electric meter and the bill

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is now eleven thousand dollars, the bill has
not been paid and now the power will be cut.

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The authorities accept

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it\'s not a waste straightforward when private
companies are allowed to develop the slums.

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In one sense there is a little bit
of risk uh… involved where you have

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uh… you give to the private sector
a free hand uh… in doing that.

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There could be certain umm… some uh… uh…

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that\'s a mismanagement of this program or some people could
probably try to engineer it to their… to their own benefits.

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So to that extent this slumber rehabilitation
authority has to play much more active role

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in being vigilant, see that nobody takes
advantage of this. Fortunately we also have

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the media, which is extremely vigilant.
We have the NGO\'s in Mumbai

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are… are extremely dominant in their presence. So it\'s not very
easy for anyone to just get away by manipulating the system.

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Though of course I won\'t totally rule out
the possibility of such things happening.

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[sil.]

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The most successful rehabilitation schemes are those
where communities themselves have been involved

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in the design and building. Another important
initiative has been the saving schemes

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set up by women slum dwellers.
According to Jockin Arputham

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this is a first step to a better future.
The saving is very important

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this is because of the minute people know
they should take control of their own money

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then they will know how to take control of a
political decision, how to control on their social

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uh… decision making. So once people don\'t
know… know how to manage their money,

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they can manage everything.

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The State Government wants to put Mumbai on the international
stage and can even see a day when slums go completely.

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We… we looking at Mumbai
to be a world class city

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and world class city cannot really
have slums. If you… if you… if you uh…

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try and define it. Then uh… we\'re
looking at 13 years uh… so,

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I would say by uh… another 10 to 12 years
times is what uh… we should look at.

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The Mumbai experiment

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is being watched closely by other
international cities. Sikhuile Nkhoma

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from the slum communities of Malawi\'s capital
Lilongwe is in Mumbai along with (inaudible),

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a government official from South Africa.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
The major difference is that
yes but you are in India,

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
in may be in Malawi but the… the
very basic issue is that you…

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
you have the poor who have been…

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
been denied their rights of basic services by
both governments where there in South Africa

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
in Malawi and in India. So it\'s so similar.

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
The scale is different in they\'re
talking of thousands in the Lilongwe,

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
in millions in Mumbai.

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
There is a long way to go before the one billion
who live in slums all get better housing.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
U.N. Habitat house however set
itself an international agenda.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
One of the millennium development goals
is to significantly improve the lives of

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
one hundred million slum
dwellers by the year 2020.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
Actually the problem is not the money, the
problem is a political will to do something.

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
The awareness because there is a lot of
money in the world which is sitting idle

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
and as I have word to say we\'re not
basically talking of handouts or charity.

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
It is a question of having changing
our mindset, believing that,

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
believing in these people, seeing them differently and
knowing that if this question of slum dwellers has improved,

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
we shall all be better off so even
self-interest if nothing else.

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
After 32 years of living on the pavements

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
Segera\'s Mumbai dream is
finally taking shape.

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
Where do you want to sleep over here?
Up there your parents

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
are going to sleep. Huh?

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
This will be her new world.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
A water supply, a toilet and more space,

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
this four storey building will
house her and all the people

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
who lived on her stretch of pavement.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
For some the future is at last
a move away from the slums.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:33.000
[music]