The Monarch
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
The monarch butterfly is at once the most familiar and the most mysterious butterfly in the world. It amazes us for what we know about its life and it tantalizes us for the secrets it still holds within its delicate frame - secrets that scientists and lay people in North America have been trying to unravel for decades.
We know that monarchs east of the Rockies travel thousands of miles every winter to specific sites in Mexico, while those west of the Rockies migrate to sites in California. How they find their way to sites they have never seen before remains a puzzle.
Today monarchs face environmental threats at both ends of their migratory route. This beautiful documentary looks at what we now know but more importantly it reveals what we still do not know about this amazing creature.
'An incredible visual treat...It would make a great addition to any monarch enthusiast's collection.' Monarch News
'Butterflies are the charismatic megafauna of the insect world. They have the capacity to charm us out of our squeamishness long enough to notice the beauty and the fragility of this other order...The migration of the monarchs is a spectacle that most of us will never personally witness, but this film brings us close enough to care. That's the power of this well-filmed hour.' Janine Benyus, author of Biomimicry
'Does an excellent job of describing what we do know about the Monarch and presents a balanced account of the challenges faced by this species...I recommend this film very highly. It would be an excellent addition to any school or public library.' Barb Butler, University of Oregon, MC Journal
'This video, superbly done, tells it all in a way that fans the flames of interest and wonder over this marvelous migratory insect, and its plight and the implications of that plight for man.' The Toledo Blade
Citation
Main credits
Springbett, David (Producer)
MacAndrew, Heather (Producer)
MacAndrew, Heather (Screenwriter)
Simpson, Michael (Director)
Simpson, Michael (Screenwriter)
Other credits
Photography, Michael Simpson, Peter Walker; original score, Patrick Godfrey; editor, James H. Elderton.
Distributor subjects
Animal Behavior/Communication; Animals; Butterflies; Canadian Studies; Conservation; Ecology; Endangered Species; Environment; Habitat; Insects; Life Science; Mexico; Migration; Science Methods; WildlifeKeywords
00:00:18.487 --> 00:00:21.490
[ NARRATOR ]:
THE AVERAGE NORTH AMERICAN
00:00:21.490 --> 00:00:22.992
IS 5’8" TALL,
00:00:22.991 --> 00:00:25.494
HAS 123 MILLION CALORIES
RESERVE FAT,
00:00:25.494 --> 00:00:27.997
AND A BRAIN THAT WEIGHS
ALMOST THREE POUNDS.
00:00:30.499 --> 00:00:33.002
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:00:33.001 --> 00:00:35.504
HAS A WINGSPAN
OF 11 CENTIMETRES,
00:00:35.504 --> 00:00:37.506
WEIGHS APPROXIMATELY
HALF A GRAM,
00:00:37.506 --> 00:00:41.010
AND HAS A BRAIN
THE SIZE OF A PINHEAD.
00:00:41.009 --> 00:00:44.513
IF ONE OF US
WERE TO FLY TO MEXICO,
00:00:44.513 --> 00:00:46.015
WE WOULD JUMP ON A JET PLANE,
00:00:46.014 --> 00:00:49.518
USE UP ALMOST 19,000 GALLONS
OF JET FUEL,
00:00:49.518 --> 00:00:53.022
BE GUIDED BY
OVER 160 WEATHER STATIONS,
00:00:53.021 --> 00:00:57.025
2,000 TRACKING DEVICES,
AND HUNDREDS OF COMPUTERS.
00:00:58.527 --> 00:01:00.029
THE MONARCH
WILL ALSO FLY TO MEXICO,
00:01:00.529 --> 00:01:03.032
BUT WITH NO MAP, NO GUIDE,
00:01:03.031 --> 00:01:06.034
NOT EVEN THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY
OF ITS ANCESTORS
00:01:06.034 --> 00:01:08.537
TO SHOW IT THE WAY.
00:01:13.542 --> 00:01:16.545
WE WOULD FLY
AT 928 KILOMETRES AN HOUR,
00:01:16.545 --> 00:01:19.048
THROUGH RAIN, SLEET,
OR EVEN SNOW,
00:01:19.047 --> 00:01:22.050
ARRIVING IN MEXICO
IN A LITTLE OVER FIVE HOURS,
00:01:22.050 --> 00:01:24.553
AND MORE THAN
4,000 KILOMETRES LATER--
00:01:24.553 --> 00:01:26.555
IN MANY WAYS,
00:01:26.555 --> 00:01:30.559
A MIRACULOUS ACHIEVEMENT
OF TECHNOLOGY.
00:01:30.559 --> 00:01:33.562
THE BUTTERFLY, ALL ALONE,
00:01:33.562 --> 00:01:35.564
WITH WINGS
AS THIN AS A MAPLE LEAF,
00:01:35.564 --> 00:01:39.068
WILL FLY AT AN AVERAGE SPEED
OF 12 KILOMETRES AN HOUR.
00:01:41.069 --> 00:01:44.072
FOR WEEKS, IT WILL BRAVE
WINDS AND SEVERE WEATHER
00:01:44.072 --> 00:01:46.074
TO FIND ITS WAY SOUTHWEST.
00:01:48.577 --> 00:01:50.079
IT IS AN EPIC JOURNEY
00:01:50.078 --> 00:01:52.080
THAT WILL TAKE IT ACROSS
THE GREAT LAKES,
00:01:52.080 --> 00:01:55.584
ALL OF THE UNITED STATES,
AND HALF OF MEXICO,
00:01:55.584 --> 00:02:01.590
TO FIND AN EXACT PATCH OF FOREST
DEEP IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MEXICO.
00:02:01.590 --> 00:02:03.592
IF IT SURVIVES,
00:02:03.592 --> 00:02:04.593
IT WILL JOIN
MILLIONS OF OTHERS
00:02:05.093 --> 00:02:06.595
TO EARN ITS NAME--
00:02:06.595 --> 00:02:10.099
THE MONARCH,
A BUTTERFLY BEYOND BORDERS.
00:02:29.618 --> 00:02:33.122
THE SOUND
OF A MILLION BUTTERFLY WINGS.
00:02:37.626 --> 00:02:39.128
EVERY WINTER,
00:02:39.127 --> 00:02:41.129
MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS
OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES
00:02:41.129 --> 00:02:43.131
TRANSFORM THIS PATCH
OF MEXICAN FOREST
00:02:43.131 --> 00:02:45.634
INTO A SPECTACULAR
SURREAL VISION
00:02:46.134 --> 00:02:48.136
OF ORANGE AND BLACK.
00:02:50.138 --> 00:02:53.642
CLUSTERED TOGETHER IN ROOSTS
ON THE BARK AND BRANCHES
00:02:53.642 --> 00:02:55.644
OF THESE OYAMEL FIR TREES,
00:02:55.644 --> 00:02:58.147
THE MICRO-CLIMATE
OF THIS PARTICULAR FOREST
00:02:58.146 --> 00:03:00.649
OFFERS THE PRECISE HUMIDITY
AND TEMPERATURE
00:03:00.649 --> 00:03:03.652
THAT THE MONARCHS NEED
TO SURVIVE THE WINTER.
00:03:06.154 --> 00:03:08.657
NONE OF THESE BUTTERFLIES
HAVE BEEN HERE BEFORE.
00:03:09.157 --> 00:03:14.162
HOW DID THEY GET HERE
TO THIS EXACT SPOT?
00:03:17.165 --> 00:03:20.669
WE KNOW HOW TO BUILD JET PLANES
AND FLY THEM ON GLOBAL JOURNEYS,
00:03:20.669 --> 00:03:22.171
BUT WE HAVEN’T YET DISCOVERED
00:03:22.170 --> 00:03:25.674
THE SECRET
OF THE MONARCH’S MIGRATION.
00:03:25.674 --> 00:03:28.677
IT IS THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY
OF VOYAGES,
00:03:28.677 --> 00:03:31.680
THE MOST MYSTERIOUS
OF LIFECYCLES.
00:03:43.191 --> 00:03:46.194
EACH TIME WE THINK WE’VE SOLVED
ONE OF NATURE’S MYSTERIES,
00:03:46.194 --> 00:03:48.697
WE SEEM TO HAVE
A THOUSAND MORE QUESTIONS.
00:03:51.199 --> 00:03:54.703
WHAT CAN THIS TINY INSECT
TELL US ABOUT A SPECIES,
00:03:54.703 --> 00:03:59.708
ABOUT ADAPTATION AND CHANGE,
ABOUT LIFE ITSELF?
00:04:00.709 --> 00:04:04.713
BUT THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION
IS WILL THERE BE TIME--
00:04:04.713 --> 00:04:09.718
TIME TO SOLVE THESE QUESTIONS
BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE?
00:04:09.718 --> 00:04:11.720
HERE IS THIS MARVELLOUSLY
ABUNDANT INSECT,
00:04:11.720 --> 00:04:15.724
AND FOR MANY REASONS,
IT’S BEING BESIEGED.
00:04:15.724 --> 00:04:18.227
IT’S BEING BESIEGED
BECAUSE OF THE FOREST IN MEXICO,
00:04:18.226 --> 00:04:20.228
IT’S BEING BESIEGED
BECAUSE OF DESTRUCTION
00:04:20.228 --> 00:04:22.230
OF THE CATERPILLAR’S
FOOD PLANTS,
00:04:22.230 --> 00:04:23.732
AND THE ADULT’S NECTAR SOURCES.
00:04:24.232 --> 00:04:26.234
IT’S A VERY COMMON INSECT,
00:04:26.234 --> 00:04:28.236
AND IN MANY WAYS,
00:04:28.236 --> 00:04:31.239
LIKE THE CANARY IN THE MINE,
00:04:31.239 --> 00:04:32.741
IF THE MONARCH FALLS,
00:04:32.741 --> 00:04:36.745
THEN WE MIGHT HAVE
MAJOR ECOSYSTEM COLLAPSE
00:04:36.745 --> 00:04:38.747
IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
00:04:39.247 --> 00:04:42.751
HERE’S A GENERALIST SPECIES
THAT IS ABLE TO REBOUND,
00:04:43.251 --> 00:04:45.253
TOLERATE FREEZING IN MEXICO,
00:04:45.253 --> 00:04:48.757
TOLERATE THE LAMBASTING
OF ITS NECTAR SOURCES
00:04:48.757 --> 00:04:50.259
BY HERBICIDES,
00:04:50.258 --> 00:04:53.261
TOLERATE HUGE SPRAYING
OF INSECTICIDES
00:04:53.261 --> 00:04:56.264
ACROSS
MANY MAJOR BREEDING AREAS.
00:04:56.264 --> 00:05:00.769
IF, IN FACT, THIS INSECT GOES,
00:05:00.769 --> 00:05:03.272
WE MAY SEE A MAJOR TOPPLING
00:05:03.271 --> 00:05:06.274
OF HUNDREDS OF OTHER SPECIES
GOING WITH IT.
00:05:09.277 --> 00:05:10.278
[ NARRATOR ]:
DR. LINCOLN BROWER
00:05:10.278 --> 00:05:12.280
WAS ONCE EXPELLED FROM SCHOOL
00:05:12.280 --> 00:05:15.283
FOR PLAYING HOOKEY
IN ORDER TO CATCH BUTTERFLIES.
00:05:15.283 --> 00:05:18.787
TODAY, HE IS A LEADING AUTHORITY
ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MONARCH
00:05:18.787 --> 00:05:21.290
AT SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE,
VIRGINIA.
00:05:21.289 --> 00:05:23.291
[ DR. BROWER ]:
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:05:23.291 --> 00:05:26.294
IS THE MOST COMMON BUTTERFLY
IN THE WORLD, PROBABLY.
00:05:26.294 --> 00:05:29.297
IT EVOLVED IN SOUTH AMERICA,
WE BELIEVE,
00:05:29.798 --> 00:05:32.301
AND FROM CENTRAL AMERICA,
AND MEXICO,
00:05:32.300 --> 00:05:34.803
INVADED THE UNITED STATES
AND CANADA.
00:05:34.803 --> 00:05:38.807
BUT THE MONARCH
IS THE ONLY BUTTERFLY
00:05:38.807 --> 00:05:40.309
IN ITS SUB-FAMILY,
00:05:40.308 --> 00:05:43.812
AND, REALLY, ONE OF
THE FEW BUTTERFLIES IN THE WORLD
00:05:43.812 --> 00:05:46.815
THAT IS ABLE TO EXPLODE
OUT OF THE TROPICS
00:05:47.315 --> 00:05:48.316
INTO THE TEMPERATE ZONE,
00:05:48.316 --> 00:05:50.819
WHICH IS
THE MOST COMPLEX MIGRATION
00:05:50.819 --> 00:05:51.820
OF ANY INSECT,
00:05:52.320 --> 00:05:53.822
OF ANY INVERTEBRATE
IN THE WHOLE WORLD,
00:05:54.322 --> 00:05:55.824
IT’S SO BIRDLIKE.
00:05:58.326 --> 00:05:59.828
[ NARRATOR ]:
TODAY IN NORTH AMERICA,
00:05:59.828 --> 00:06:02.331
THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
DIVIDE THE MONARCH
00:06:02.330 --> 00:06:07.335
INTO TWO DISTINCT POPULATIONS
AND MIGRATORY PATTERNS.
00:06:07.335 --> 00:06:09.838
THE WESTERN POPULATION
STAYS IN CALIFORNIA
00:06:09.838 --> 00:06:14.343
AND OVERWINTERS ON THE COAST.
00:06:14.342 --> 00:06:17.846
THE EASTERN POPULATION MIGRATES
FROM AS FAR NORTH AS CANADA,
00:06:17.846 --> 00:06:19.348
THROUGH THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S.,
00:06:19.347 --> 00:06:21.850
TO THE MEXICAN
OVERWINTERING RESERVES.
00:06:31.359 --> 00:06:33.361
AUTUMN
AT POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK
00:06:33.361 --> 00:06:34.863
IN ONTARIO.
00:06:36.364 --> 00:06:37.866
HERE ON THE SHORES OF LAKE ERIE,
00:06:37.866 --> 00:06:40.869
MIGRATING BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES
GATHER IN THE FALL
00:06:40.869 --> 00:06:43.872
BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO CROSS
THE GREAT LAKES.
00:06:44.372 --> 00:06:47.375
IT’S A POPULAR PLACE
TO VIEW MIGRATION.
00:06:53.381 --> 00:06:54.883
TAMMY DOBBIE
IS A PARKS CANADA GUIDE
00:06:54.883 --> 00:06:57.386
WHO PROVIDES INFORMATION
ABOUT THE MONARCH,
00:06:57.385 --> 00:07:00.388
AS WELL AS HELPING VISITORS
TO SPOT THE BUTTERFLIES
00:07:00.388 --> 00:07:01.890
AS THEY MIGRATE SOUTH.
00:07:01.890 --> 00:07:04.393
MONARCHS ARE KIND OF FUNNELLED
INTO POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK,
00:07:04.893 --> 00:07:06.395
BECAUSE OF THE GREAT LAKES,
MOSTLY.
00:07:06.394 --> 00:07:08.396
MONARCHS COMING FROM
CENTRAL ONTARIO,
00:07:08.396 --> 00:07:10.398
OR EASTERN ONTARIO,
OR NORTHERN ONTARIO,
00:07:10.398 --> 00:07:12.901
ALL START TO HEAD SOUTH
TOWARD MEXICO,
00:07:12.901 --> 00:07:14.903
AND EVENTUALLY ENCOUNTER
THE GREAT LAKES,
00:07:14.903 --> 00:07:16.405
AND IF THE FOLLOW THE SHORELINE,
00:07:16.404 --> 00:07:18.907
THEY EVENTUALLY END UP
IN POINT PELEE,
00:07:18.907 --> 00:07:20.409
AND THEN,
WHEN THEY GET DOWN TO THE TIP,
00:07:20.408 --> 00:07:22.911
REALIZE THAT THIS IS
A PLACE TO CROSS,
00:07:22.911 --> 00:07:24.413
AND WILL WAIT HERE
UNTIL THE PROPER CONDITIONS
00:07:24.913 --> 00:07:26.915
TO CROSS THE LAKE.
00:07:28.917 --> 00:07:31.420
MONARCHS DON’T WANT TO CROSS
LARGE BODIES OF WATER
00:07:31.419 --> 00:07:32.420
BECAUSE IF YOU GET TIRED,
00:07:32.921 --> 00:07:34.423
OR A WIND WHIPS UP
IN THE MIDDLE,
00:07:34.422 --> 00:07:36.424
YOU’RE IN BIG TROUBLE.
00:07:42.430 --> 00:07:45.433
[ NARRATOR ]: A MONARCH
IS NO MATCH FOR AN AUTUMN WIND.
00:07:47.435 --> 00:07:49.437
A THIN SPIT OF SAND
IS THE LAST REFUGE
00:07:49.437 --> 00:07:51.439
FOR THESE MONARCHS,
00:07:51.439 --> 00:07:54.943
WHICH MUST WAIT FOR STORM FRONTS
TO PASS.
00:07:56.945 --> 00:07:58.947
OCTOBER WINDS CAN BE FIERCE,
00:07:58.947 --> 00:08:00.449
AND THE DAYS
ARE GETTING SHORTER.
00:08:00.448 --> 00:08:02.450
I CAN SEE AT LEAST SIX OR SEVEN
00:08:02.450 --> 00:08:04.953
THAT ARE WAY OUT
JUST IN THE DISTANCE.
00:08:04.953 --> 00:08:06.455
THEY’RE GETTING BLOWN OUT HERE,
00:08:06.454 --> 00:08:08.957
AND THEN THEY’RE COMING BACK
MUCH FURTHER NORTH,
00:08:08.957 --> 00:08:11.460
BUT THEY’RE NOT
MAKING IT VERY FAR
00:08:11.459 --> 00:08:13.461
BEFORE THEY DECIDE THAT...
00:08:13.461 --> 00:08:15.463
IT JUST WASN’T A GOOD IDEA.
00:08:29.477 --> 00:08:31.479
[ NARRATOR ]:
EVEN IF IT SURVIVES THE WEATHER,
00:08:31.479 --> 00:08:32.981
THIS TINY BUTTERFLY
00:08:32.981 --> 00:08:36.985
WILL STILL FACE A FUTURE
OF UNCERTAINTY.
00:08:49.998 --> 00:08:52.501
THE WEATHER IS NOW TOO COLD
FOR THESE MONARCHS
00:08:52.500 --> 00:08:54.502
TO REACH SEXUAL MATURITY.
00:08:56.004 --> 00:09:00.509
THE LIFECYCLE OF A MONARCH
IS USUALLY JUST ONE MONTH,
00:09:00.508 --> 00:09:02.510
BUT THIS FALL GENERATION
00:09:02.510 --> 00:09:05.013
WILL LIVE LONG ENOUGH
TO FLY TO MEXICO,
00:09:05.013 --> 00:09:09.518
AND SURVIVE AN ASTONISHING
EIGHT MONTHS.
00:09:09.517 --> 00:09:11.019
AFTER MATING,
THEY WILL FLY NORTH,
00:09:11.019 --> 00:09:16.024
AS FAR AS TEXAS,
PERHAPS EVEN FURTHER.
00:09:16.524 --> 00:09:18.526
LATER GENERATIONS
WILL FLY NORTHEAST,
00:09:18.526 --> 00:09:21.029
MATING, REPRODUCING, AND DYING,
00:09:21.029 --> 00:09:24.032
UNTIL AS MANY
AS FOUR BREEDING CYCLES LATER,
00:09:24.032 --> 00:09:26.535
THEY REACH CANADA.
00:09:26.534 --> 00:09:27.535
BY THEN,
IT WILL BE AUTUMN AGAIN,
00:09:28.036 --> 00:09:30.038
AND CHANGES
IN LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE
00:09:30.038 --> 00:09:33.041
WILL TRIGGER THE MONARCHS
TO GO SOUTH,
00:09:33.041 --> 00:09:35.544
BUT HOW DO THEY KNOW
WHERE TO GO?
00:09:35.543 --> 00:09:37.545
BASICALLY,
WE DON’T KNOW VERY MUCH
00:09:37.545 --> 00:09:40.048
ABOUT HOW MONARCHS FIGURE OUT--
00:09:40.048 --> 00:09:41.550
NUMBER ONE,
HOW TO GET TO MEXICO,
00:09:41.549 --> 00:09:43.551
SEEING AS THE MONARCHS
THAT ARE LEAVING HERE,
00:09:43.551 --> 00:09:44.052
FROM POINT PELEE,
00:09:44.552 --> 00:09:45.553
WERE BORN IN CANADA--
00:09:45.553 --> 00:09:46.554
THEY’VE NEVER BEEN TO MEXICO--
00:09:47.055 --> 00:09:48.557
HOW THEY GET THERE
IN THE LONG TERM,
00:09:48.556 --> 00:09:50.558
KNOWING IN THE LONG TERM
HOW TO GET TO MEXICO,
00:09:50.558 --> 00:09:53.561
AND JUST INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS
00:09:53.561 --> 00:09:55.563
ABOUT WHEN TO FLY
ACROSS THE LAKE,
00:09:55.563 --> 00:09:56.564
WHEN NOT TO,
00:09:56.564 --> 00:09:58.066
THOSE KIND OF DECISIONS--
00:09:58.066 --> 00:10:00.068
NOBODY HAS REALLY
COME UP WITH ANY IDEAS
00:10:00.068 --> 00:10:01.570
ABOUT HOW MONARCHS
ACTUALLY THINK.
00:10:01.569 --> 00:10:04.572
WE WISH, HERE AT PELEE,
WE KNEW HOW MONARCHS THOUGHT,
00:10:04.572 --> 00:10:06.574
BECAUSE IF WE COULD
GET INSIDE THEIR LITTLE BRAINS,
00:10:07.075 --> 00:10:09.077
THEN WE’D BE ABLE TO GIVE PEOPLE
A MUCH BETTER IDEA
00:10:09.077 --> 00:10:10.579
ABOUT WHEN
TO COME AND VISIT THEM,
00:10:10.578 --> 00:10:12.080
AND WHERE TO LOOK
IN THE PARK, TOO,
00:10:12.080 --> 00:10:13.081
THAT CAN BE TRICKY.
00:10:14.582 --> 00:10:17.585
[ NARRATOR ]: HOW MONARCHS THINK
PUZZLED DR. FRED URQUHART
00:10:17.585 --> 00:10:21.089
AS LONG AGO AS 1937
WHEN HE WAS JUST A BOY,
00:10:21.089 --> 00:10:22.591
LONG BEFORE HE BECAME
00:10:22.590 --> 00:10:26.094
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.
00:10:26.094 --> 00:10:29.097
[ DR. URQUHART ]:
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
00:10:29.097 --> 00:10:31.099
MONKEY CURIOSITY.
00:10:31.599 --> 00:10:34.602
IN OTHER WORDS, YOU SAY "WHY?"
00:10:34.602 --> 00:10:37.105
YOU SAY
WHAT I DID AS A LITTLE KID,
00:10:37.605 --> 00:10:39.107
"WHERE DO BUTTERFLIES GO?"
00:10:39.107 --> 00:10:42.110
NOW, THAT’S THE QUESTION,
"WHERE DO THEY GO?"
00:10:42.110 --> 00:10:43.612
WELL, IF YOU’RE GOING
TO FOLLOW THAT UP,
00:10:43.611 --> 00:10:46.114
WHICH I DID,
AND ALONG WITH NORAH,
00:10:46.114 --> 00:10:48.116
WE FOUND OUT.
00:10:48.116 --> 00:10:50.619
AND I’VE OFTEN THOUGHT
OF A LITTLE BOY DOWN IN MEXICO,
00:10:50.618 --> 00:10:53.621
MAYBE THE LITTLE BOY
THAT WAS WITH US DOWN THERE
00:10:53.621 --> 00:10:55.123
LOOKING UP AT THE TREES
AND SAYING,
00:10:55.123 --> 00:10:58.627
"WHERE DID THESE BUTTERFLIES
COME FROM?"
00:10:58.626 --> 00:11:01.629
SO WE TOLD HIM,
"THEY COME FROM CANADA."
00:11:10.138 --> 00:11:11.640
[ NARRATOR ]:
WHILE THE LOCAL PEOPLE
00:11:11.639 --> 00:11:13.641
HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN
ABOUT THESE BUTTERFLIES,
00:11:13.641 --> 00:11:15.143
IT WASN’T UNTIL 1975
00:11:15.143 --> 00:11:18.146
THAT FRED AND NORAH URQUHART
AND THEIR VOLUNTEERS
00:11:18.146 --> 00:11:21.149
DISCOVERED THAT THIS WAS
WHERE THE EASTERN MONARCHS WENT
00:11:21.149 --> 00:11:23.151
IN THE WINTER.
00:11:23.151 --> 00:11:24.653
[ DR. URQUHART ]: SO HERE ARE
ALL THESE BUTTERFLIES,
00:11:24.652 --> 00:11:25.653
THESE LITTLE THINGS...
00:11:25.653 --> 00:11:29.157
LIKE LITTLE LEAVES
ON THE BRANCH,
00:11:29.157 --> 00:11:32.160
AND THE BRANCH LEANING OVER
WITH THE WEIGHT OF THEM,
00:11:32.160 --> 00:11:34.162
AND ALL OF THE SUDDEN,
THE BRANCH CRACKS,
00:11:34.162 --> 00:11:35.163
AND DOWN THEY ALL FALL,
00:11:35.163 --> 00:11:36.665
THE BRANCH FALLS,
00:11:36.664 --> 00:11:38.166
AND THE BUTTERFLIES
ARE ALL OVER US,
00:11:38.166 --> 00:11:43.171
AND RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF IT,
OF THIS MESS OF BUTTERFLIES,
00:11:43.171 --> 00:11:45.674
HERE IS ONE WITH A LITTLE TICKET
ON ITS WING,
00:11:45.673 --> 00:11:48.176
AND THAT WAS
THE FIRST DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE
00:11:48.176 --> 00:11:54.182
THAT THEY FLEW FROM SOMEWHERE
IN NORTH AMERICA DOWN THERE.
00:11:54.182 --> 00:11:57.686
NOW, THAT IS TO ME
DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE.
00:11:57.685 --> 00:12:00.688
THAT ISN’T ANY HEARSAY,
THAT’S PROOF.
00:12:11.199 --> 00:12:13.201
[ NARRATOR ]: DON DAVIS
LEARNED FROM DR. URQUHART
00:12:13.201 --> 00:12:15.704
THAT TAGGING A CREATURE
WITH PAPER-THIN WINGS
00:12:15.703 --> 00:12:18.706
REQUIRES SKILL AND PATIENCE.
00:12:18.706 --> 00:12:19.707
[ DAVID ]:
THE PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM
00:12:19.707 --> 00:12:22.210
WAS TO DISCOVER--
00:12:22.210 --> 00:12:23.712
FIND OUT WHERE
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLIES
00:12:23.711 --> 00:12:25.213
WENT IN THE WINTER-TIME.
00:12:25.213 --> 00:12:28.216
IT TOOK A GREAT DEAL OF WORK
AND MANY, MANY YEARS
00:12:28.216 --> 00:12:30.719
TO DEVISE A METHOD,
AN EFFECTIVE METHOD,
00:12:30.718 --> 00:12:33.721
FOR TAGGING THE BUTTERFLY.
00:12:33.721 --> 00:12:35.223
MANY EARLIER EFFORTS FAILED,
00:12:35.723 --> 00:12:37.725
BECAUSE THE TAG, FOR EXAMPLE,
00:12:37.725 --> 00:12:40.228
WOULD FAIL TO HAVE INSTRUCTIONS
AS TO WHAT THE FINDER SHOULD DO
00:12:40.228 --> 00:12:41.229
IF IT WAS DISCOVERED.
00:12:41.229 --> 00:12:43.732
BECAUSE IT’S AN INSECT
00:12:43.731 --> 00:12:45.733
AND THE SKELETON
IS ON THE OUTSIDE,
00:12:45.733 --> 00:12:47.735
YOU CAN EASILY HOLD IT
WITHOUT DAMAGING IT.
00:12:47.735 --> 00:12:50.738
IN ORDER FOR THE TAG TO ADHERE,
00:12:50.738 --> 00:12:52.240
YOU MUST REMOVE
SOME OF THE SCALES
00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:54.242
ON THE FRONT LEADING EDGE
OF THE WING.
00:12:54.242 --> 00:12:57.245
THAT REVEALS A CLEAR MEMBRANE
TO WHICH THE TAG WILL ADHERE.
00:12:57.745 --> 00:13:00.748
IF YOU DIDN’T REMOVE THE SCALES,
THE TAG WOULD SIMPLY FALL OFF.
00:13:00.748 --> 00:13:03.751
WHAT YOU MUST THEN DO
IS FOLD THE TAG IN HALF,
00:13:03.751 --> 00:13:05.253
AND PLACE IT OVER
00:13:05.253 --> 00:13:08.757
THE FRONT LEADING EDGE
OF THE WING.
00:13:08.756 --> 00:13:10.258
IN THAT POSITION,
00:13:10.258 --> 00:13:12.761
THE TAG DOES NOT INTERFERE
WITH THE FLIGHT OF THE BUTTERFLY
00:13:12.760 --> 00:13:14.762
AND ADDS ONLY ABOUT
1/40 ADDITIONAL WEIGHT TO IT.
00:13:14.762 --> 00:13:16.764
ONCE YOU’VE COMPLETED
TAGGING IT,
00:13:16.764 --> 00:13:19.267
YOU CAN RELEASE IT.
00:13:19.267 --> 00:13:22.270
OCCASIONALLY, IT SITS STILL,
BUT THERE IT GOES.
00:13:27.775 --> 00:13:29.277
[ NARRATOR ]:
THE MONARCH’S MIGRATION
00:13:29.777 --> 00:13:32.780
CONTINUES TO CAPTIVATE
SCIENTISTS AND LAYPEOPLE ALIKE.
00:13:33.281 --> 00:13:35.784
NEW INFORMATION COMES
FROM SCORES OF VOLUNTEERS
00:13:36.284 --> 00:13:37.285
ALL OVER THE WORLD,
00:13:37.785 --> 00:13:39.787
WHO ARE AS CURIOUS
AND PASSIONATE ABOUT THIS INSECT
00:13:40.288 --> 00:13:42.290
AS DR. CHIP TAYLOR
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.
00:13:42.790 --> 00:13:44.792
[ DR. TAYLOR ]: WE HAVE
A CONTINENTAL-WIDE PHENOMENA.
00:13:44.792 --> 00:13:47.795
THESE BUTTERFLIES
BY THE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS
00:13:47.795 --> 00:13:49.297
ARE SWEEPING ACROSS
THE CONTINENT.
00:13:49.797 --> 00:13:53.801
WE NEED EYES AND EARS EVERYWHERE
00:13:53.801 --> 00:13:57.305
TO TRY TO PICK UP THE BASIC DATA
ABOUT THIS PHENOMENA,
00:13:57.305 --> 00:13:59.808
AND IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND
THE WHOLE PROCESS,
00:13:59.807 --> 00:14:03.811
WE NEED MORE THAN
JUST A COUPLE OF RESEARCHERS.
00:14:05.313 --> 00:14:06.815
[ NARRATOR ]: SINCE 1937,
00:14:06.814 --> 00:14:09.317
WHEN URQUHART BEGAN
HIS BUTTERFLY RESEARCH,
00:14:09.317 --> 00:14:11.820
VOLUNTEERS HAVE CONTINUED
TO PLAY A VITAL ROLE.
00:14:12.320 --> 00:14:15.824
THE MIGRATION IS NOW TRACKED
ALL OVER NORTH AMERICA
00:14:15.823 --> 00:14:18.326
BY PEOPLE EXCHANGING INFORMATION
ON THE INTERNET.
00:14:19.327 --> 00:14:20.829
WE’LL BE ABLE
TO USE THIS
00:14:20.828 --> 00:14:22.330
FOR THE NEW WEBPAGE.
00:14:22.330 --> 00:14:24.332
THAT WILL MAKE
A NICE TRANSPARENCY
00:14:24.332 --> 00:14:26.334
IF IT’S DULLED DOWN
A LITTLE BIT.
00:14:26.334 --> 00:14:28.837
[ DR. TAYLOR ]: ONE WAY
THAT PEOPLE CAN GET INVOLVED
00:14:28.836 --> 00:14:30.838
IS SIMPLY TO HOME IN
ON OUR WEBSITE,
00:14:30.838 --> 00:14:32.340
SEE WHAT WE HAVE TO OFFER,
00:14:32.340 --> 00:14:34.342
LOOK AT
THE STUDENT SCIENTIST PROJECTS
00:14:34.342 --> 00:14:35.844
THAT WE HAVE THERE,
00:14:35.843 --> 00:14:38.846
AND PICK OUT ONE THAT THEY THINK
THEY’D LIKE TO PARTICIPATE IN,
00:14:38.846 --> 00:14:40.848
AND THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE
ORIGINAL DATA TO A PROJECT,
00:14:40.848 --> 00:14:42.350
WHICH WILL HELP US LEARN
00:14:42.350 --> 00:14:44.853
A GOOD DEAL MORE
ABOUT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.
00:14:44.852 --> 00:14:48.856
[ NARRATOR ]: ACROSS THE BORDER,
IN A SASKAHEWAN LAB,
00:14:48.856 --> 00:14:52.360
SCIENTISTS ARE WORKING
ON A GROUND-BREAKING PROJECT.
00:14:52.360 --> 00:14:54.863
THIS HYDROGEN ISOTOPE STUDY
00:14:54.862 --> 00:14:56.864
MEASURES LEVELS OF DEUTERIUM
IN MONARCH WINGS.
00:14:59.367 --> 00:15:01.870
SPECIMENS ARE SENT IN
BY VOLUNTEERS,
00:15:01.869 --> 00:15:04.872
COORDINATED IN PART
BY CHIP TAYLOR IN KANSAS.
00:15:04.872 --> 00:15:07.375
THIS WILL HELP IDENTIFY
THE ORIGINS OF MONARCHS
00:15:07.375 --> 00:15:08.877
THAT GATHER IN MEXICO,
00:15:08.876 --> 00:15:10.878
AND WILL ULTIMATELY
00:15:10.878 --> 00:15:13.881
ENCOURAGE CONSERVATION EFFORTS
IN ALL THREE COUNTRIES.
00:15:25.893 --> 00:15:28.896
BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS
HAVE EVOLVED TOGETHER,
00:15:28.896 --> 00:15:30.898
THERE’S NO DOUBT OF THAT.
00:15:30.898 --> 00:15:32.900
BUTTERFLIES POLLINATE PLANTS,
00:15:32.900 --> 00:15:36.404
THE PLANTS PROVIDE NECTAR
FOR THE BUTTERFLIES.
00:15:36.404 --> 00:15:38.406
NOW, THE MONARCH IS A MEMBER
00:15:38.406 --> 00:15:42.410
OF THE SUB-FAMILY OF 157 SPECIES
OF BUTTERFLIES,
00:15:42.410 --> 00:15:44.913
AND ALL OF THESE BUTTERFLIES
00:15:44.912 --> 00:15:46.914
ARE CALLED
"MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES"
00:15:46.914 --> 00:15:50.418
BECAUSE THEY’RE ASSOCIATED
WITH LATEX-PRODUCING PLANTS
00:15:50.418 --> 00:15:52.921
MOSTLY IN THE MILKWEED FAMILY.
00:15:54.422 --> 00:15:58.426
[ NARRATOR ]: THIS IS PARADISE--
MILKWEED PARADISE.
00:15:58.426 --> 00:16:00.929
IT MAY LOOK LIKE
A DERELICT FIELD,
00:16:00.928 --> 00:16:03.931
BUT IT’S ACTUALLY A PERFECT HOME
FOR THE MILKWEED PLANT,
00:16:04.432 --> 00:16:07.435
AND ALSO FOR THE MONARCH.
00:16:07.435 --> 00:16:10.438
GROWING WILD
IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL AREAS
00:16:10.438 --> 00:16:11.940
AND ALONG HIGHWAYS,
00:16:11.939 --> 00:16:13.941
MILKWEED PREFERS
DISTURBED LAND,
00:16:13.941 --> 00:16:16.444
AND QUICKLY TAKES OVER.
00:16:16.944 --> 00:16:19.447
IT’S A COMMON PLANT
WITH AN UNCOMMON FEATURE--
00:16:19.447 --> 00:16:20.448
IT’S TOXIC--
00:16:20.448 --> 00:16:21.950
AND SO IT PLAYS A KEY ROLE
00:16:22.450 --> 00:16:24.953
IN THE SURVIVAL
AND INGENIOUS BIOLOGY
00:16:24.952 --> 00:16:28.456
OF THE MONARCH.
00:16:28.456 --> 00:16:30.959
MILKWEED GETS ITS NAME
FROM THE THICK, WHITE LIQUID
00:16:30.958 --> 00:16:33.461
THAT APPEARS
WHEN THE STEM IS BROKEN.
00:16:33.961 --> 00:16:35.963
THE SAP CONTAINS
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES,
00:16:35.963 --> 00:16:41.469
POISONOUS TO ANIMALS,
BUT NOT TO THE MONARCH.
00:16:41.469 --> 00:16:42.470
PREDATORS RECOGNIZE
00:16:42.970 --> 00:16:43.971
THE MONARCH’S
BRIGHT ORANGE COLOUR,
00:16:43.971 --> 00:16:45.473
AND LEARN NOT TO EAT IT.
00:16:45.473 --> 00:16:48.977
[ DR. BROWER ]:
SO THE MONARCH STANDS OUT,
00:16:48.976 --> 00:16:51.479
AND, IN FACT,
IT’S ADVERTISING THE FACT
00:16:51.479 --> 00:16:53.982
AT IT’S
A HIGHLY POISONOUS BUTTERFLY,
00:16:53.981 --> 00:16:57.985
AND THE WAY IT DERIVES
THIS POISONOUS CHARACTERISTIC
00:16:57.985 --> 00:16:59.987
IS THROUGH EATING
THESE MILKWEED PLANTS,
00:16:59.987 --> 00:17:02.490
WHICH IN TURN ARE POISONOUS,
00:17:02.490 --> 00:17:03.992
AND IT TURNS OUT
00:17:03.991 --> 00:17:06.494
THAT THE MONARCH
ACTUALLY ABSORBS THESE POISONS
00:17:06.494 --> 00:17:08.997
IN ITS BODY AS A CATERPILLAR,
00:17:08.996 --> 00:17:10.998
FROM CHEWING THEM IN THE LEAVES,
00:17:10.998 --> 00:17:12.500
AND ABSORBS THEM
FROM THE LEAVES IN ITS GUT.
00:17:12.500 --> 00:17:14.502
IT GOES INTO THE BODY,
AND IT’S STORED,
00:17:14.502 --> 00:17:16.004
CARRIED THROUGH
THE CHRYSALIS STAGE
00:17:16.003 --> 00:17:18.005
TO THE ADULT,
00:17:18.005 --> 00:17:21.008
AND THE BUTTERFLIES END UP
BEING EXTREMELY POISONOUS
00:17:21.008 --> 00:17:24.011
TO BIRDS AND OTHER PREDATORS
THAT MIGHT EAT THEM.
00:17:32.019 --> 00:17:34.021
[ NARRATOR ]:
THIS YOUNG LABORATORY BLUEJAY,
00:17:34.021 --> 00:17:36.023
WHICH HAS NEVER EATEN
A MONARCH BEFORE,
00:17:36.023 --> 00:17:39.527
WILL QUICKLY LEARN
FROM THE EXPERIENCE.
00:17:39.527 --> 00:17:41.529
12 MINUTES LATER, IT VOMITS,
00:17:41.529 --> 00:17:45.033
AND WILL BE VERY CAREFUL
TO AVOID THEM IN THE FUTURE.
00:17:50.037 --> 00:17:52.039
THE COURTSHIP RITUALS
AND SEXUAL PREFERENCES,
00:17:52.039 --> 00:17:54.542
NOT TO MENTION ANATOMY
OF THE MONARCH,
00:17:55.042 --> 00:17:56.544
ARE ALSO UNIQUE.
00:17:56.544 --> 00:18:01.049
THE SUB-FAMILY, DENEANE,
TO WHICH MONARCHS BELONG,
00:18:01.048 --> 00:18:04.552
ALL HAVE SPECIALIZED PARTS
CALLED "HAIR PENCILS--"
00:18:04.552 --> 00:18:07.055
TWO TINY
FEATHER-DUSTER-LIKE ORGANS
00:18:07.054 --> 00:18:08.556
FOUND ONLY IN THE MALES.
00:18:09.056 --> 00:18:12.560
THESE TWO BLACK POUCHES
ARE LOCATED ON THE HIND WINGS
00:18:12.560 --> 00:18:14.062
AND PRODUCE PHEROMONES--
00:18:14.562 --> 00:18:16.064
CHEMICALS THAT EMIT
A UNIQUE SCENT---
00:18:16.063 --> 00:18:19.567
IRRESISTIBLE
IF YOU’RE A MONARCH.
00:18:20.067 --> 00:18:21.569
[ DR. BROWER ]: PHEROMONES,
00:18:21.569 --> 00:18:24.572
CHEMICALS WHICH ARE
SOCIAL CHEMICALS
00:18:24.572 --> 00:18:26.074
THAT ARE USED IN COURTSHIP
00:18:26.073 --> 00:18:28.576
AND OTHER SORTS OF INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS
00:18:28.576 --> 00:18:31.079
WITHIN A SPECIES.
00:18:33.080 --> 00:18:35.583
AND THE MALE
SEES A FEMALE FLYING,
00:18:35.583 --> 00:18:38.086
AND HE TAKES OFF AFTER HER,
00:18:38.586 --> 00:18:40.088
AND, EVENTUALLY,
00:18:40.087 --> 00:18:42.590
AFTER PURSUING HER
IN A VIOLENT AERIAL FLIGHT
00:18:42.590 --> 00:18:46.094
THAT MAY GO ON
FOR UP TO A COUPLE OF MINUTES,
00:18:46.093 --> 00:18:48.095
THE MALE
WILL OVERTAKE THE FEMALE
00:18:48.095 --> 00:18:51.599
AND HE WILL THEN PROTRUDE
THESE HAIR PENCILS,
00:18:51.599 --> 00:18:55.603
AND WAVE THEM BACK AND FORTH
OVER THE FEMALE’S ANTENNAE,
00:18:55.603 --> 00:18:58.106
AND HE’S TRANSFERRING
LITTLE PARTCLES
00:18:58.105 --> 00:19:00.608
THAT CONTAIN
THIS PERFUMED PHEROMONE SCENT,
00:19:01.108 --> 00:19:04.612
AND THAT INDUCES THE FEMALE
TO ALIGHT,
00:19:04.612 --> 00:19:05.613
SO SHE FLIES DOWN,
00:19:06.113 --> 00:19:07.615
HE FLIES DOWN WITH HER,
00:19:07.615 --> 00:19:10.118
AND THEN HE COUPLES.
00:19:19.126 --> 00:19:22.129
IN MEXICO, THERE ARE
SOME BIZARRE MATING BEHAVIOURS.
00:19:22.630 --> 00:19:24.132
THE MAJOR REASON FOR THIS
00:19:24.131 --> 00:19:29.136
IS BECAUSE IT’S STILL COLD
INSIDE THAT FOREST.
00:19:29.136 --> 00:19:31.639
THEY LOSE THEIR BODY HEAT
SO FAST
00:19:31.639 --> 00:19:33.641
THAT THEY DROP BELOW
FLIGHT THRESHOLD,
00:19:33.641 --> 00:19:36.644
SO THEY WILL CRAWL UP TREES
OR CRAWL UP VEGETATION,
00:19:36.644 --> 00:19:38.646
THEY’LL CRAWL TO A SUNNY SPOT,
00:19:38.646 --> 00:19:40.648
AND WE KNOW,
00:19:40.648 --> 00:19:42.150
FROM MEASURING
THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES,
00:19:42.149 --> 00:19:44.652
THAT WITHIN ABOUT 30 SECONDS,
00:19:44.652 --> 00:19:46.154
IF THEY OPEN THEIR WINGS
TO THE SUN,
00:19:46.153 --> 00:19:48.656
THEY CAN WARM THEIR BODIES
TO FLIGHT TEMPERATURE.
00:19:49.156 --> 00:19:50.157
WITHIN A COUPLE OF MINUTES,
00:19:50.157 --> 00:19:53.160
THEY’RE READY TO GO
FULL-STEAM AHEAD.
00:20:00.668 --> 00:20:03.171
THEY STAY MATED
FOR ABOUT TWO OR THREE HOURS
00:20:03.170 --> 00:20:04.171
IF IT’S THE DAY,
00:20:04.171 --> 00:20:05.172
OR OVERNIGHT.
00:20:05.673 --> 00:20:08.676
AND IT TURNS OUT
THAT A FEMALE MONARCH
00:20:09.176 --> 00:20:11.679
CAN BE MATED
UP TO AS MANY AS 15 TIMES
00:20:11.679 --> 00:20:14.682
IN THE COURSE OF HER LIFETIME.
00:20:18.686 --> 00:20:20.188
[ NARRATOR ]: AFTER MATING,
00:20:20.187 --> 00:20:21.188
THE FEMALE MONARCH
00:20:21.188 --> 00:20:22.690
WILL SEARCH FRANTICALLY
FOR MILKWEED
00:20:22.690 --> 00:20:24.692
ON WHICH TO LAY HER EGGS.
00:20:28.696 --> 00:20:31.199
SHE WILL LAY AS MANY AS 400 EGGS
00:20:31.198 --> 00:20:33.200
ON THE UNDERSIDE
OF MILKWEED LEAVES,
00:20:33.200 --> 00:20:35.202
EACH ONE CAREFULLY PLACED
00:20:35.202 --> 00:20:39.206
TO HELP ENSURE
THE SURVIVAL OF THE LARVAE.
00:20:44.712 --> 00:20:46.714
UNDER NORMAL TEMPERATURES,
00:20:46.714 --> 00:20:50.718
THESE EGGS WILL TAKE
THREE OR FOUR DAYS TO DEVELOP.
00:20:51.218 --> 00:20:53.721
A CATERPILLAR OF ABOUT
TWO MILLIMETRES LONG HATCHES.
00:20:57.725 --> 00:21:01.729
IT SHEDS ITS OLD SKIN,
FORMS A NEW ONE,
00:21:01.729 --> 00:21:04.232
EATS, AND EATS SOME MORE.
00:21:04.231 --> 00:21:07.735
THIS IS THE FIRST INSTAR,
OR STAGE, OF LARVA,
00:21:08.235 --> 00:21:11.739
WHICH LIVES ON THE MILKWEED
FOR THREE OR FOUR DAYS.
00:21:11.739 --> 00:21:16.744
IT GROWS INTO THE SECOND,
AND THE THIRD,
00:21:16.744 --> 00:21:20.748
AND THE FOURTH,
00:21:20.748 --> 00:21:23.251
AND, FINALLY, THE FIFTH--
00:21:23.751 --> 00:21:25.753
A BRILLIANTLY DESIGNED
EATING MACHINE
00:21:25.753 --> 00:21:29.757
WEIGHING IN AT 3,000 TIMES
ITS OWN BIRTH WEIGHT.
00:21:34.261 --> 00:21:36.764
[ DR. BROWER ]: TOWARDS THE END
OF THE FIFTH INSTAR,
00:21:36.764 --> 00:21:39.267
THE LARVAE STOP EATING,
00:21:39.266 --> 00:21:41.268
AND THEY EVACUATE THEIR GUTS,
00:21:41.268 --> 00:21:45.773
AND THEY THEN GO USUALLY
TO THE UNDERSIDE OF A LEAF,
00:21:46.273 --> 00:21:51.779
AND THE LARVA SPINS
A SILK DISC TO THE LEAF,
00:21:51.779 --> 00:21:54.282
AND THEN IN THE CENTRE
OF THAT DISC,
00:21:54.281 --> 00:21:57.284
IT SPINS
A BEAUTIFUL LITTLE SILK PAD.
00:21:57.284 --> 00:22:03.791
NOW, THE LARVA TURNS AROUND
AND ANCHORS ITS HIND LEGS,
00:22:03.791 --> 00:22:05.793
WHICH HAVE
THESE LITTLE HOOKS IN THEM
00:22:05.793 --> 00:22:07.795
IN THAT SILK PAD.
00:22:07.795 --> 00:22:10.298
THE LARVA THEN DROPS DOWN,
00:22:10.798 --> 00:22:14.802
AND GRADUALLY IT PULLS ITS HEAD
UP UNDERNEATH ITS BODY,
00:22:14.802 --> 00:22:19.307
AND NOW TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
IS TAKING PLACE.
00:22:22.309 --> 00:22:23.811
INSIDE THAT LARVA,
00:22:23.811 --> 00:22:27.315
THE ENTIRE
INTERNAL LARVAL TISSUE
00:22:27.314 --> 00:22:29.316
IS UNDERGOING DIGESTION.
00:22:32.319 --> 00:22:38.325
AND THEN AS THIS PROCESS
IS ABOUT MAYBE 90% COMPLETE,
00:22:38.826 --> 00:22:41.829
THE OLD LARVA
BEGINS TO SHED ITS SKIN,
00:22:41.829 --> 00:22:44.832
IT TAKES ABOUT A MINUTE.
00:22:44.832 --> 00:22:48.336
THE SKIN BREAKS
ALONG THE BACK OF THE THORAX,
00:22:48.335 --> 00:22:50.838
AND THE LARVA WRIGGLES
OUT OF THAT SKIN.
00:22:59.346 --> 00:23:00.848
[ NARRATOR ]: UNTIL THIS STAGE,
00:23:00.848 --> 00:23:02.850
JUVENILE HORMONES
HAVE KEPT THE MONARCH
00:23:02.850 --> 00:23:05.353
FROM DEVELOPING
INTO A BUTTERFLY,
00:23:05.853 --> 00:23:08.356
BUT ONCE THE CATERPILLAR
STOPS PRODUCING THESE HORMONES,
00:23:08.355 --> 00:23:10.858
THE OLD LARVAL SKIN DROPS,
00:23:10.858 --> 00:23:15.363
EXPOSING A BEAUTIFUL
JADE-GREEN CHRYSALID.
00:23:15.362 --> 00:23:17.865
INSIDE,
THE CATERPILLAR HAS DISSOLVED
00:23:17.865 --> 00:23:20.368
INTO A JUICY SUBSTANCE
00:23:20.367 --> 00:23:24.872
THAT FUELS THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ADULT BUTTERFLY.
00:23:24.872 --> 00:23:26.374
AFTER ABOUT 10 DAYS,
00:23:26.373 --> 00:23:28.876
USUALLY A COUPLE OF HOURS
AFTER DAWN,
00:23:28.876 --> 00:23:30.378
THE CHRYSALID SPLITS,
00:23:30.377 --> 00:23:33.881
AND THE FINAL
BREATHTAKING METAMORPHOSIS
00:23:33.881 --> 00:23:35.383
TAKES PLACE.
00:23:52.399 --> 00:23:54.902
USING ITS ABDOMEN
TO PUMP BLOOD INTO ITS WINGS,
00:23:54.902 --> 00:23:57.405
IT WILL SLOWLY INFLATE THEM
LIKE BALLOONS,
00:23:57.404 --> 00:24:00.407
UNTIL A MONARCH BUTTERFLY
COMES INTO BEING.
00:24:08.415 --> 00:24:09.917
ONE MIRACULOUS JOURNEY
00:24:09.917 --> 00:24:13.421
OF PERFECTLY DESIGNED
AND TIMED STAGES COMPLETED
00:24:13.420 --> 00:24:15.923
WITH ANOTHER JOURNEY
ABOUT TO BEGIN.
00:24:23.931 --> 00:24:25.933
LIKE SO MANY TOURISTS
BEFORE THEM,
00:24:25.933 --> 00:24:29.437
THE MONARCHS CROSS
ANOTHER BORDER INTO MEXICO.
00:24:29.436 --> 00:24:31.438
THEY SHARE
AN EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
00:24:31.438 --> 00:24:32.940
WITH PEOPLE.
00:24:32.940 --> 00:24:34.442
BOTH HAVE NEEDS--
00:24:34.441 --> 00:24:37.945
PEOPLE NEED WORK,
AND BUTTERFLIES NEED THE FOREST.
00:24:37.945 --> 00:24:39.947
CAN WE PROTECT
THE MONARCHS’ HABITAT
00:24:39.947 --> 00:24:41.949
WHILE AT THE SAME TIME
00:24:41.949 --> 00:24:45.453
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT
THE NEEDS OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE?
00:24:45.452 --> 00:24:48.455
GUILLERMO CASTILLEJA
OF THE WORLD WILDLIFE FUND
00:24:48.455 --> 00:24:49.957
EXPLAINS.
00:24:50.457 --> 00:24:54.962
WHAT WE HAVE IN FRONT OF US
IS A CASE OF CONSERVATION
00:24:54.962 --> 00:25:00.468
AND ALSO A CASE OF THE INTEREST
OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES
00:25:00.467 --> 00:25:02.970
TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVELIHOODS.
00:25:03.470 --> 00:25:04.972
THE QUESTION IS
00:25:04.972 --> 00:25:06.974
HOW TO MAKE THESE TWO
COMPATIBLE.
00:25:12.980 --> 00:25:15.983
[ NARRATOR ]: ROSINDO GONZALEZ
LIVES NEAR ONE OF THE RESERVES,
00:25:15.983 --> 00:25:18.986
HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS
NEAR THE TOWN OF EL ROSARIO.
00:25:18.986 --> 00:25:21.989
HE IS ONE OF
35 COMMUNITY LANDOWNERS
00:25:21.989 --> 00:25:24.492
WHO LIVE WITH THE BUTTERFLIES.
00:25:24.491 --> 00:25:27.995
EVERY DAY
DURING THE OVERWINTERING PERIOD,
00:25:27.995 --> 00:25:30.998
HE GOES TO WORK AS A GUIDE
IN THE BUTTERFLY RESERVES.
00:25:35.502 --> 00:25:37.004
ROSINDO’S JOB IN EL ROSARIO
00:25:37.004 --> 00:25:39.507
IS BOTH TO PROTECT
AND EDUCATE ABOUT THE MONARCH
00:25:39.506 --> 00:25:41.508
TO THE PEOPLE WHO COME TO VISIT
THE SANCTUARIES.
00:25:45.012 --> 00:25:48.015
SO FAR, ONLY TWO RESERVES
ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC,
00:25:48.515 --> 00:25:52.019
BUT AS MANY AS 7,000 PEOPLE
WILL COME HERE EACH DAY
00:25:52.019 --> 00:25:54.522
DURING THE PEAK
OF THE TOURIST SEASON.
00:25:58.525 --> 00:26:01.028
THE BUTTERFLIES
HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE NOVEMBER.
00:26:01.528 --> 00:26:06.033
AS SPRING APPROACHES,
THEY WILL MATE AND FLY NORTH,
00:26:06.033 --> 00:26:07.535
LEAVING ROSINDO
AND HIS NEIGHBOURS
00:26:07.534 --> 00:26:09.036
TO PLANT THEIR CORN.
00:26:17.044 --> 00:26:18.546
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
MY DREAM IS TO TRANSLATE
00:26:19.046 --> 00:26:20.548
THE REALITY OF ALL OF THIS
00:26:21.048 --> 00:26:24.552
INTO BETTER CONDITIONS
FOR OUR CHILDREN,
00:26:24.551 --> 00:26:26.553
SO THEY HAVE
MORE CHOICE OF WORK,
00:26:26.553 --> 00:26:28.055
BE MORE CAPABLE,
00:26:28.055 --> 00:26:30.057
AND ALSO CONTINUE THEIR STUDIES
00:26:30.057 --> 00:26:32.059
SO THEY COULD HAVE PROFESSIONS,
00:26:32.059 --> 00:26:36.063
AND BETTER THEMSELVES
ECONOMICALLY.
00:26:36.063 --> 00:26:38.566
THEY SHOULD ALSO BE ABLE
TO GIVE THEIR OWN CHILDREN
00:26:38.565 --> 00:26:40.067
A BETTER EDUCATION,
00:26:40.067 --> 00:26:43.070
AND OFFER THEM MORE CULTURALLY.
00:26:43.070 --> 00:26:46.073
THE BUTTERFLIES
ARE ALREADY SHOWING, YOU KNOW,
00:26:46.073 --> 00:26:49.577
THAT THEY CAN BE AN ASSET
FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES.
00:26:49.576 --> 00:26:52.079
ECOTOURISM
IS BOOMING IN THE AREA,
00:26:52.079 --> 00:26:53.581
AND I THINK THAT
00:26:53.580 --> 00:26:57.084
AS THE NEW SANCTUARIES
ARE OPEN TO TOURISM,
00:26:57.084 --> 00:26:59.086
THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES REALIZE
00:26:59.586 --> 00:27:00.587
THAT THERE IS
00:27:01.088 --> 00:27:03.090
A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT
SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THEM,
00:27:03.090 --> 00:27:07.595
AND SO WE THINK THAT
PEOPLE ARE GRADUALLY REALIZING
00:27:07.594 --> 00:27:09.596
THAT THE CONSERVATION
OF THE BUTTERFLIES
00:27:09.596 --> 00:27:12.599
COULD RESULT IN INCOME,
00:27:12.599 --> 00:27:15.602
VERY CONCRETE INCOME
FOR THOSE COMMUNITIES.
00:27:22.609 --> 00:27:24.611
[ NARRATOR ]: EVERY YEAR
IN THE STATE OF MICHOACAN,
00:27:24.611 --> 00:27:27.114
THE PEOPLE HOLD
A MONARCH BUTTERFLY FESTIVAL,
00:27:27.114 --> 00:27:31.619
CELEBRATING THE RETURN
OF THE MARIPOSA MONARCA.
00:27:47.134 --> 00:27:49.136
THE NATIONAL BIOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY INSTITUTE
00:27:49.636 --> 00:27:53.140
COORDINATES ECOTOURISM
IN THE AREA.
00:27:53.140 --> 00:27:54.141
BENIGNO MARTINEZ.
00:27:54.141 --> 00:27:57.144
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
THE BUTTERFLY IS KING
00:27:57.144 --> 00:27:59.146
FOR THE SIX MONTHS
WE HAVE IT HERE.
00:27:59.146 --> 00:28:04.151
THE COMMUNITY LIVES FROM TOURISM
FOR THOSE SIX MONTHS,
00:28:04.151 --> 00:28:06.153
SELLING HANDICRAFTS AND FOOD,
00:28:06.153 --> 00:28:07.655
WORKING AS GUIDES,
00:28:07.654 --> 00:28:10.657
AS WELL AS GETTING
A PERCENTAGE FROM PARKING,
00:28:10.657 --> 00:28:11.658
RESTROOM SERVICES,
00:28:11.658 --> 00:28:12.659
AND THE CRAFT STORE.
00:28:17.664 --> 00:28:21.668
AS A RESULT, 35 FULL-TIME JOBS
HAVE BEEN CREATED.
00:28:21.668 --> 00:28:25.172
INDIRECTLY, WE’RE TALKING ABOUT
MORE THAN 300 JOBS,
00:28:25.172 --> 00:28:26.173
AS WELL AS THE IMPACT
00:28:26.173 --> 00:28:29.176
ON THE TOTAL POPULATION
OF 10,000,
00:28:29.176 --> 00:28:30.678
WHO ALL BENEFIT
00:28:30.677 --> 00:28:33.680
FROM THESE SIX MONTHS
OF TOURISM.
00:28:36.183 --> 00:28:38.185
[ NARRATOR ]:
WHILE TOURISM IS IMPORTANT,
00:28:38.185 --> 00:28:42.690
IT CANNOT BEGIN TO ANSWER
ALL OF MEXICO’S PROBLEMS.
00:28:42.689 --> 00:28:44.691
THE CHALLENGE OF ENSURING
PEOPLE’S BASIC NEEDS
00:28:44.691 --> 00:28:46.193
IN AN IMPOVERISHED AREA
00:28:46.693 --> 00:28:51.198
ARE FURTHER COMPLICATED
BY MEXICO’S STRUGGLING ECONOMY.
00:28:51.698 --> 00:28:53.700
PRESSURES
ARE STEADILY INCREASING
00:28:53.700 --> 00:28:58.205
AS LOCAL FARMERS NEED MORE LAND
TO GROW CROPS OR RAISE CATTLE.
00:28:58.205 --> 00:29:00.708
COLLECTING FIREWOOD
AND CUTTING TREES FOR TIMBER
00:29:00.707 --> 00:29:02.709
ALL THREATEN
THE MONARCH RESERVES.
00:29:06.213 --> 00:29:08.716
[ DR. BROWER ]:
THE ACHILLES HEEL OF THE MONARCH
00:29:08.715 --> 00:29:11.718
IS THE CUTTING
OF THE OYAMEL FORESTS.
00:29:12.219 --> 00:29:14.722
ANYBODY WHO HAS EVER CAMPED
00:29:14.721 --> 00:29:17.224
KNOWS THAT IF YOU PUT
A BLANKET OVER YOUR BODY
00:29:17.224 --> 00:29:18.726
THAT IS FULL OF HOLES,
00:29:18.725 --> 00:29:20.227
THAT YOU’RE GOING TO GET COLD
AT NIGHT.
00:29:20.727 --> 00:29:22.729
MONARCHS ARE NOT ONLY
GOING TO GET COLD AT NIGHT
00:29:22.729 --> 00:29:24.731
IF THERE ARE HOLES
IN THE BLANKET,
00:29:24.731 --> 00:29:27.234
THEY’RE GOING TO BE KILLED
BECAUSE THEY FREEZE TO DEATH.
00:29:27.734 --> 00:29:30.737
LIKEWISE, THE PROBABILITY
THEY’RE GETTING WETTED
00:29:31.238 --> 00:29:32.740
DURING THE PERIODIC RAINS
00:29:32.739 --> 00:29:36.243
IS GOING TO BE INCREASED
BY THINNING THE FORESTS.
00:29:36.243 --> 00:29:40.247
THESE FORESTS IN MEXICO
ARE REMNANT FORESTS
00:29:40.247 --> 00:29:42.750
THAT WERE ONCE
MUCH MORE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED,
00:29:42.749 --> 00:29:48.255
AND THEIR NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
HAS BEEN GREATLY DIMINISHED
00:29:48.255 --> 00:29:51.759
BY EXTENSIVE,
SEVERE CLEARCUTTING
00:29:51.758 --> 00:29:53.260
IN MANY, MANY AREAS OF MEXICO,
00:29:53.260 --> 00:29:56.764
OR JUST PREDATORY LOGGING,
00:29:56.763 --> 00:29:59.766
WHERE A FEW TREES ARE TAKEN OUT
AND THE FOREST IS DAMAGED.
00:29:59.766 --> 00:30:04.271
SO WE COULD LOSE
THE WHOLE MIGRATORY PHENOMENON
00:30:04.271 --> 00:30:09.276
IF THE PRESENT RATE
OF DESTRUCTION OF THESE FORESTS
00:30:09.276 --> 00:30:11.278
IS NOT STOPPED IMMEDIATELY.
00:30:13.780 --> 00:30:15.282
[ NARRATOR ]:
BUT NOT EVERYONE AGREES
00:30:15.282 --> 00:30:16.784
ON JUST WHAT ENDANGERS
THE MONARCH.
00:30:16.783 --> 00:30:20.787
JURGEN HOTH IS A BIOLOGIST
WHO GREW UP IN MEXICO
00:30:20.787 --> 00:30:23.790
AND HAS STUDIED THE BUTTERFLY
AND ITS HABITAT.
00:30:23.790 --> 00:30:25.292
UNLIKE LINCOLN BROWER,
00:30:25.292 --> 00:30:26.794
HE BELIEVES SOME HUMAN IMPACTS
00:30:26.793 --> 00:30:28.295
MAY ACTUALLY
BENEFIT THE MONARCH.
00:30:28.795 --> 00:30:30.797
CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION,
00:30:30.797 --> 00:30:36.303
ALL THESE WORDS
THAT DENOTE STABILITY,
00:30:36.303 --> 00:30:38.806
THAT DENOTE NO CHANGE.
00:30:38.805 --> 00:30:40.807
HOWEVER, MORE AND MORE NOW,
00:30:40.807 --> 00:30:43.310
AS SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
ACCUMULATES,
00:30:43.310 --> 00:30:46.313
WE ARE LOOKING
THAT CHANGE IS MORE A RULE
00:30:46.313 --> 00:30:49.316
RATHER THAN AN EXCEPTION,
00:30:49.316 --> 00:30:52.820
SO PUTTING THAT PERSPECTIVE
INTO THIS FOREST,
00:30:52.819 --> 00:30:56.323
WE SEE THAT THE FOREST
00:30:56.323 --> 00:31:00.327
CAN BE SEEN MORE AS A MOSAIC
OF CHANGING CONDITIONS.
00:31:00.327 --> 00:31:03.831
THE TRADITIONAL WAY
FOR SEEING CONSERVATION
00:31:03.830 --> 00:31:08.335
IS TO SEE JUST NATURE
IN A VERY STATIC WAY,
00:31:08.335 --> 00:31:12.840
AND NATURE, BASICALLY,
WITHOUT PEOPLE.
00:31:13.840 --> 00:31:15.842
WITH REGARDS
TO THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,
00:31:15.842 --> 00:31:17.344
DISTURBANCE CAN BE FINE,
00:31:17.344 --> 00:31:20.347
OR CAN BE ALLOWED
IN A NATURAL SYSTEM,
00:31:20.347 --> 00:31:22.850
BUT THE REAL QUESTION
IS HOW MUCH DISTURBANCE,
00:31:22.849 --> 00:31:24.351
HOW FREQUENT, HOW EXTENSIVE,
00:31:24.851 --> 00:31:27.354
WHAT TYPE OF DISTURBING FACTORS
COULD BE ALLOWED?
00:31:36.863 --> 00:31:39.866
WE’VE GOT FOUR MONARCH SITES
IN VIEW HERE...
00:31:42.869 --> 00:31:44.871
[ NARRATOR ]: PAUL CHERUBINI
IS AN ENTOMOLOGIST
00:31:44.871 --> 00:31:46.873
WHO HAS ALSO STUDIED
THE MONARCH IN MEXICO,
00:31:46.873 --> 00:31:48.875
AS WELL AS IN THE UNITED STATES.
00:31:48.875 --> 00:31:50.377
[ CHERUBINI ]:
I AGREE WITH THE ASSESSMENT
00:31:50.377 --> 00:31:52.379
OF JURGEN HOTH
00:31:52.379 --> 00:31:56.383
THAT MONARCHS PREFER
MODERATELY DISTURBED HABITATS,
00:31:56.383 --> 00:31:57.384
AND JUST LOOKING AROUND US,
00:31:57.884 --> 00:32:00.387
YOU CAN SEE THESE TREES
ARE YOUNG TREES.
00:32:00.387 --> 00:32:02.389
THIS IS NOT
AN OLD-GROWTH VIRGIN FOREST.
00:32:02.389 --> 00:32:04.391
ARCHAEOLOGICALLY,
THERE IS EVIDENCE
00:32:04.391 --> 00:32:06.894
THAT THEY’VE BEEN SELECTIVELY
HARVESTED FOR CENTURIES
00:32:06.893 --> 00:32:08.395
AT A RATE THAT’S SO SLOW
00:32:08.895 --> 00:32:10.397
THAT THE WHOLE HILLSIDES
AREN’T LEFT BARE,
00:32:10.397 --> 00:32:12.399
AND THERE’S NO CLEARCUTTING,
00:32:12.399 --> 00:32:13.901
SO I THINK THERE’S BEEN
00:32:13.900 --> 00:32:16.403
A BALANCE OVER THE CENTURIES
THERE BETWEEN...
00:32:16.403 --> 00:32:19.406
A LIGHT BUT SUSTAINED USE
OF THE FOREST,
00:32:19.406 --> 00:32:20.908
AND THAT KIND OF USE
00:32:20.907 --> 00:32:23.910
IS COMPATIBLE
WITH THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.
00:32:23.910 --> 00:32:25.412
EVEN THOUGH
YOUR MIND MIGHT SAY
00:32:25.412 --> 00:32:27.414
THAT THE OLD-GROWTH FOREST
MUST BE THE IDEAL,
00:32:27.414 --> 00:32:30.417
AND A BREEDING HABITAT
FREE OF MAN’S INFLUENCE
00:32:30.417 --> 00:32:32.419
MUST BE IDEAL,
00:32:32.419 --> 00:32:34.421
I THINK THIS IS
JUST A FANTASY WE LIVE IN,
00:32:34.921 --> 00:32:36.423
THAT JUST LIKE
CERTAIN PEST INSECTS
00:32:36.423 --> 00:32:37.925
ARE ENHANCED BY AGRICULTURE,
00:32:37.924 --> 00:32:39.426
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:32:39.426 --> 00:32:40.928
HAPPENS TO BE
A VERY BEAUTIFUL INSECT
00:32:40.927 --> 00:32:42.429
AND FASCINATING INSECT
00:32:42.429 --> 00:32:46.433
THAT IS ALSO ENHANCED
BY MAN’S ACTIVITIES.
00:32:50.937 --> 00:32:52.939
[ NARRATOR ]: THE MONARCHS NEED
THE OYAMEL FIR FORESTS,
00:32:52.939 --> 00:32:55.942
BUT SO DO THE LOCAL PEOPLE.
00:32:55.942 --> 00:32:58.945
FOR THEM, IT IS ONE SOURCE
OF MUCH-NEEDED EMPLOYMENT.
00:33:02.449 --> 00:33:06.453
FOR A FEW, THIS HAS MEANT JOBS
CUTTING TIMBER,
00:33:06.453 --> 00:33:09.456
MAKING CHIPBOARD,
OR WOODWORKING.
00:33:11.458 --> 00:33:13.460
MOST OF ALL,
00:33:13.460 --> 00:33:16.463
THE FOREST PROVIDES WOOD
FOR COOKING AND HEATING,
00:33:16.463 --> 00:33:17.965
BUT THE BOTTOM LINE IS
00:33:17.964 --> 00:33:20.967
THAT THE OYAMEL FOREST
IS DISAPPEARING.
00:33:24.971 --> 00:33:26.973
THE MONARCH
HAS CROSSED LAKES AND RIVERS,
00:33:26.973 --> 00:33:27.974
ENDURED STORMS,
00:33:27.974 --> 00:33:29.976
AND ESCAPED
COUNTLESS OTHER HAZARDS
00:33:29.976 --> 00:33:31.978
IN ITS QUEST FOR SANCTUARY
HERE IN MEXICO,
00:33:32.479 --> 00:33:34.982
BUT NOTHING IN LIFE,
00:33:34.981 --> 00:33:36.983
CERTAINLY NOT
A SAFE ENVIRONMENT,
00:33:36.983 --> 00:33:39.986
IS GUARANTEED
FOR HUMANS OR FOR BUTTERFLIES.
00:33:45.992 --> 00:33:47.494
GLOBALLY,
FORESTS ARE BEING LOST
00:33:47.994 --> 00:33:50.497
TO FIRE, WOODCUTTING,
AND AGRICULTURE
00:33:50.497 --> 00:33:54.501
AT THE RATE OF
17 MILLION HECTARES EVERY YEAR.
00:33:54.501 --> 00:33:57.504
THAT’S AN AREA
THE SIZE OF OKLAHOMA,
00:33:57.504 --> 00:34:02.009
RESULTING IN THE LOSS
OF 27,000 SPECIES A YEAR.
00:34:02.008 --> 00:34:08.014
THAT’S 74 SPECIES EVERY DAY,
OR ONE EVERY 20 MINUTES.
00:34:10.016 --> 00:34:14.020
THE MONARCH NEEDS TO HAVE
THE OYAMEL ECOSYSTEM PROTECTED.
00:34:14.020 --> 00:34:15.522
BECAUSE
NEITHER THE LAND NOR THE FOREST
00:34:15.522 --> 00:34:17.524
IS OWNED BY THE GOVERNMENT,
00:34:17.524 --> 00:34:19.526
IT IS UP TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE
TO CARE FOR THEM.
00:34:21.027 --> 00:34:23.029
[ CASTILLEJA ]:
80% OF THE FOREST IN MEXICO
00:34:23.029 --> 00:34:26.032
IS OWNED BY THE EJIDOS,
WHICH IS LOCAL COMMUNITIES.
00:34:26.032 --> 00:34:30.537
IN THE CASE OF
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY AREA,
00:34:30.537 --> 00:34:32.039
THE SANCTUARIES,
00:34:32.038 --> 00:34:35.041
ALL OF THE LAND
IS OWNED BY THE LOCAL COMMUNITY,
00:34:35.041 --> 00:34:36.543
SO OUR APPROACH
TO CONSERVATION--
00:34:36.543 --> 00:34:38.545
THERE CANNOT BE SIMPLY,
00:34:38.545 --> 00:34:41.548
"THIS IS A NATIONAL PARK,
LET’S EXCLUDE THE PEOPLE."
00:34:41.548 --> 00:34:43.050
WE NEED TO WORK WITH THEM.
00:34:43.049 --> 00:34:45.552
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT THEIR NEEDS ARE,
00:34:45.552 --> 00:34:47.054
WHAT THEIR ASPIRATIONS ARE,
00:34:47.053 --> 00:34:49.055
WHAT THEIR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE PHENOMENON IS,
00:34:49.556 --> 00:34:53.060
AND HOW
A RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
00:34:53.059 --> 00:34:54.561
THAT THEY MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN
00:34:55.061 --> 00:34:57.564
IS COMPATIBLE
WITH THE BUTTERFLIES.
00:35:03.069 --> 00:35:04.571
[ NARRATOR ]: PADRE ANGEL
IS A CATHOLIC PRIEST
00:35:04.571 --> 00:35:07.074
AND A DEDICATED ENVIRONMENTALIST
00:35:07.073 --> 00:35:08.575
WHO HAS MADE IT
A PERSONAL MISSION
00:35:08.575 --> 00:35:10.077
TO WORK WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE
00:35:10.076 --> 00:35:13.079
TO PROTECT THE FORESTS
AND THE MONARCH.
00:35:18.585 --> 00:35:20.587
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
YES, THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:35:20.587 --> 00:35:23.590
NEEDS NOT ONLY
A SANCTUARY TO COME TO,
00:35:23.590 --> 00:35:25.592
BUT ALSO A SET OF CONDITIONS
00:35:25.592 --> 00:35:30.097
TO PROTECT ITS HABITAT
AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS,
00:35:30.096 --> 00:35:34.100
BECAUSE,
WHERE ECOLOGY IS CONCERNED,
00:35:34.100 --> 00:35:37.604
THERE ARE NO BORDERS.
00:35:37.604 --> 00:35:41.108
THEREFORE,
THE IRRATIONAL CLEARCUTTING
00:35:41.107 --> 00:35:43.109
OF A FOREST THAT SEEMS FAR AWAY
00:35:43.109 --> 00:35:50.116
NEGATIVELY AFFECTS THE HABITAT
OF THE MONARCH.
00:35:50.617 --> 00:35:52.119
IT ALSO RESTS HERE
00:35:52.118 --> 00:35:55.622
WHILE IT SEARCHES
FOR ITS SANCTUARY.
00:36:00.126 --> 00:36:03.630
EVERY YEAR, IT STAYS HERE
FOR TWO OR THREE DAYS
00:36:03.630 --> 00:36:09.136
WHILE FINDING A PLACE
TO OVERWINTER.
00:36:09.135 --> 00:36:14.641
WE COULD CALL THIS A BUFFER
OR A TRANSITION ZONE.
00:36:14.641 --> 00:36:17.644
SO WE ARE WORKING AS MUCH
00:36:17.644 --> 00:36:19.646
FOR THE PRESERVATION
OF THE BUTTERFLY
00:36:19.646 --> 00:36:23.150
AS WE ARE FOR THE LIVES
OF THE PEOPLE.
00:36:29.656 --> 00:36:32.659
[ NARRATOR ]: TO DATE,
PADRE ANGEL HAS HELPED ORGANIZE
00:36:32.659 --> 00:36:36.163
AND PLANT 17 MILLION TREES
IN THIS REGION.
00:36:36.162 --> 00:36:38.164
A VOLUNTEER EFFORT
OF THE COMMUNITY
00:36:38.164 --> 00:36:40.166
AND A GIFT
00:36:40.166 --> 00:36:44.170
FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
OF BUTTERFLIES AND PEOPLE.
00:36:58.685 --> 00:37:02.189
CONCRETE AND STEEL,
ROADS AND CITIES...
00:37:02.689 --> 00:37:04.691
AN INCREASINGLY URBANIZED
NORTH AMERICA
00:37:04.691 --> 00:37:06.693
MEANS LESS AND LESS WILD LAND.
00:37:08.695 --> 00:37:10.197
WHAT LAND IS AVAILABLE
00:37:10.196 --> 00:37:13.700
IS OFTEN CONTROLLED
WITH HERBICIDES OR MOWED DOWN.
00:37:15.702 --> 00:37:17.704
WHEN WE LOOK AT A COUNTRY FIELD,
00:37:17.704 --> 00:37:22.209
WE MAY ONLY SEE
AN UNTIDY MESS OF WEEDS,
00:37:22.208 --> 00:37:25.712
BUT TO THE MONARCH,
THIS IS SHANGRI-LA.
00:37:28.214 --> 00:37:30.717
MONARCHS MUST LAY THEIR EGGS
ON MILKWEED,
00:37:30.717 --> 00:37:33.720
BUT IT IS CONSIDERED
A NOXIOUS WEED IN ONTARIO,
00:37:34.220 --> 00:37:35.722
AND LANDOWNERS
CAN BE REQUIRED BY LAW
00:37:36.222 --> 00:37:37.223
TO REMOVE IT.
00:37:41.227 --> 00:37:43.730
PART OF THE PROBLEM
IS OUR ATTITUDE TO WEEDS--
00:37:43.730 --> 00:37:47.234
PLANTS OTHER SPECIES NEED
TO SURVIVE.
00:37:50.737 --> 00:37:52.739
JEFF SILVERTHORN
WORKS FOR THE PARKS DEPARTMENT
00:37:52.739 --> 00:37:54.741
IN KANATA, NEAR OTTAWA.
00:37:54.741 --> 00:37:56.243
THE ISSUE THAT WE HAVE
WITH MILKWEED
00:37:56.743 --> 00:37:58.245
IS ONE WHERE WE’RE TRYING
TO BALANCE IT OFF
00:37:58.244 --> 00:38:00.747
BETWEEN WHAT THE HOMEOWNER WANTS
00:38:00.747 --> 00:38:02.749
AND WHAT THE OTHER HOMEOWNER
WANTS,
00:38:02.749 --> 00:38:03.750
IN THE RESPECT THAT
00:38:04.250 --> 00:38:05.251
SOME PEOPLE LIKE TO HAVE
00:38:05.251 --> 00:38:08.755
A PURELY MANICURED, LANDSCAPED
LOT AND LAWN,
00:38:08.755 --> 00:38:10.257
AND OTHER PEOPLE LIKE TO HAVE
00:38:10.757 --> 00:38:12.259
SOMETHING THAT’S
A LITTLE MORE DIVERSIFIED
00:38:12.759 --> 00:38:13.760
IN THE WAY OF HABITAT.
00:38:13.760 --> 00:38:15.262
WHAT WE HAVE HERE
IS AN EXAMPLE
00:38:15.261 --> 00:38:18.264
OF A MANICURED SECTION
OF PARK LAND,
00:38:18.264 --> 00:38:20.266
BUT WHAT WE’RE TRYING
TO BALANCE THAT WITH
00:38:20.767 --> 00:38:22.769
IS SOMETHING
THAT’S A LOT MORE DIVERSIFIED
00:38:23.269 --> 00:38:26.272
AND CREATES A HABITAT
FOR MANY CREATURES,
00:38:26.272 --> 00:38:28.274
INCLUDING THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.
00:38:37.784 --> 00:38:39.286
[ NARRATOR ]: CHANGING ATTITUDES
00:38:39.285 --> 00:38:41.287
MEANS CREATING AWARENESS
ABOUT CHOICES,
00:38:41.788 --> 00:38:45.292
AND CREATING AWARENESS
CAN BEGIN AT A VERY YOUNG AGE.
00:38:48.294 --> 00:38:49.295
SO YOUR JOB TODAY,
00:38:49.295 --> 00:38:50.797
YOUR CHALLENGE,
00:38:50.797 --> 00:38:53.300
IS TO FIND THE MILKWEED,
00:38:53.299 --> 00:38:57.303
THE POWER THAT THE MONARCH GETS
FROM THE MILKWEED.
00:38:57.804 --> 00:39:01.308
[ NARRATOR ]: HAROLD SPANIER
IS WITH MONARCH WATCH CANADA.
00:39:01.307 --> 00:39:03.309
BY HELPING CHILDREN UNDERSTAND
THE VITAL LINK
00:39:03.309 --> 00:39:05.311
BETWEEN BUTTERFLIES
AND MILKWEED,
00:39:05.311 --> 00:39:07.313
MONARCH WATCH
IS MAKING THE CONNECTION
00:39:07.313 --> 00:39:09.816
BETWEEN CONSERVATION
AND THE MONARCH.
00:39:09.816 --> 00:39:12.319
CATTLE AND
OTHER INSECTS
00:39:12.318 --> 00:39:13.319
CAN NOT EAT
THIS PLANT
00:39:13.319 --> 00:39:15.321
OR ELSE
THEY GET SICK.
00:39:15.321 --> 00:39:16.322
[ SPANIER ]:
THIS IS A NATURE PARK
00:39:16.322 --> 00:39:18.324
ON THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL.
00:39:18.324 --> 00:39:22.328
THIS WAS DONATED
BY SOME PRIVATE CITIZENS,
00:39:22.328 --> 00:39:25.832
AND IT’S SURROUNDED
IN A LARGE URBAN AREA
00:39:25.832 --> 00:39:27.334
OF INDUSTRIAL PARKS, FACTORIES.
00:39:27.333 --> 00:39:30.336
ABOVE US ARE POWERLINES,
THERE’S TRAIN TRACKS,
00:39:30.336 --> 00:39:32.839
SURROUNDED BY A LARGE CITY.
00:39:32.839 --> 00:39:34.341
ON THE DRIVE OVER HERE
00:39:34.340 --> 00:39:37.343
WAS A LARGE
CHEMICAL SPRAYING TRUCK--
00:39:37.343 --> 00:39:38.344
HERBICIDE, PESTICIDE--
00:39:38.344 --> 00:39:39.846
TO KEEP THE LAWNS GREEN,
00:39:39.846 --> 00:39:41.848
AND IT’S INTERESTING
FOR THE KIDS
00:39:41.848 --> 00:39:42.849
WHEN THEY’RE COMING IN HERE,
00:39:42.849 --> 00:39:44.351
THEY’RE SEEING
A DIFFERENT TYPE OF GREEN,
00:39:44.350 --> 00:39:46.352
MORE WILDLIFE,
MORE ANIMALS ARE HERE,
00:39:46.352 --> 00:39:49.355
THAN THE SO-CALLED MONOCULTURE
OF GRASS.
00:39:49.355 --> 00:39:51.357
YEAH, I CAN SEE
A MONARCH.
00:39:51.357 --> 00:39:52.859
WHAT DOES IT
LOOK LIKE
00:39:52.859 --> 00:39:53.860
THROUGH THE
MAGNIFYING GLASS?
00:39:54.360 --> 00:39:55.862
COOL?
00:39:55.862 --> 00:39:57.864
PRETTY MUCH, YEAH.
00:39:58.364 --> 00:39:59.365
WHAT DOES HE
HAVE ON HIS HEAD,
00:39:59.365 --> 00:40:00.867
ANTENNAS?
00:40:00.867 --> 00:40:02.869
TWO LITTLE THINGS
RIGHT HERE.
00:40:02.869 --> 00:40:03.870
WHAT IS IT?
00:40:04.370 --> 00:40:05.371
THOSE ARE HIS JAWS.
00:40:05.371 --> 00:40:06.372
JAWS? NO KIDDING.
00:40:06.372 --> 00:40:08.875
WHERE’S THE EYEBALLS?
00:40:08.875 --> 00:40:12.379
[ NARRATOR ]:
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS, THE MONARCH,
00:40:12.378 --> 00:40:13.880
IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON
00:40:13.880 --> 00:40:18.385
AND EASILY RECOGNIZED
BUTTERFLIES IN NORTH AMERICA.
00:40:18.384 --> 00:40:20.386
BECAUSE IT HAS ADAPTED
TO SURVIVE TODAY
00:40:20.386 --> 00:40:21.888
IN SO MANY PLACES,
00:40:22.388 --> 00:40:24.891
WE ARE UNLIKELY TO LOSE
THE SPECIES ITSELF,
00:40:25.391 --> 00:40:27.894
AT LEAST FOR NOW,
00:40:27.894 --> 00:40:29.896
HOWEVER,
THE PHENOMENON OF ITS MIGRATION
00:40:29.896 --> 00:40:32.899
REMAINS A SERIOUS QUESTION.
00:40:32.899 --> 00:40:33.900
I DON’T BELIEVE
00:40:33.900 --> 00:40:35.402
IN THE ENDANGERED PHENOMENON
PROBLEM
00:40:35.401 --> 00:40:36.903
BECAUSE, IRONICALLY,
00:40:36.903 --> 00:40:38.905
BY THE SAME FACTORS
00:40:38.905 --> 00:40:42.909
THAT THEY THINK THAT HUMANS
ARE DEGRADING MONARCH HABITAT,
00:40:42.909 --> 00:40:44.911
I ACTUALLY THINK
ENHANCE MONARCH HABITAT,
00:40:44.911 --> 00:40:47.914
LIKE THEY POINT TO HERBICIDES
AND PESTICIDES
00:40:47.914 --> 00:40:50.917
THAT ARE USED ON FARMLANDS
IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES,
00:40:50.917 --> 00:40:54.921
BUT THE VERY FACT
THAT THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
00:40:54.921 --> 00:40:57.424
WAS DEFORESTED BY MAN
TO PUT IN CROPS
00:40:57.423 --> 00:41:01.427
HAS CAUSED AN EXPLOSION
OF MILKWEED GROWTH,
00:41:01.427 --> 00:41:03.930
BECAUSE MILKWEED
REQUIRES DISTURBED SOIL.
00:41:03.930 --> 00:41:08.935
THERE ARE THOSE WHO MAINTAIN
THAT THE USE OF HERBICIDES
00:41:08.935 --> 00:41:12.439
WILL KILL OFF
COMPETING VEGETATION,
00:41:12.438 --> 00:41:15.942
AND THAT MONARCHS WILL HAVE
MORE FOOD SUPPLY
00:41:15.942 --> 00:41:17.944
IN TERMS OF
LARVAL FOOD PLANTS,
00:41:17.944 --> 00:41:19.946
AND IN TERMS OF NECTAR SOURCES,
00:41:19.946 --> 00:41:21.448
WHICH ARE VERY IMPORTANT
TO SUSTAIN THEM
00:41:21.447 --> 00:41:24.450
DURING THEIR BREEDING CYCLE,
AND DURING THE FALL MIGRATION.
00:41:24.951 --> 00:41:28.955
I THINK THAT THAT ARGUMENT
IS COMPLETELY FALLACIOUS,
00:41:28.955 --> 00:41:31.958
BECAUSE WHAT DO HERBICIDES DO?
00:41:31.958 --> 00:41:35.962
HERBICIDES KILL
ALL FLOWERING PLANTS,
00:41:35.962 --> 00:41:38.965
AND FLOWERING PLANTS
HAVE NECTAR IN THEM,
00:41:38.965 --> 00:41:41.968
SO THE IDEA THAT HERBICIDES
ARE BENEFICIAL
00:41:41.968 --> 00:41:46.973
BECAUSE THEY KILL
COMPETING PLANTS FOR MONARCHS
00:41:46.973 --> 00:41:47.974
IS NONSENSE,
00:41:47.974 --> 00:41:50.477
AND IT’S NOT ONLY BAD
FOR MONARCHS,
00:41:50.476 --> 00:41:53.479
IT’S BAD FOR THE ENTIRE
ECOLOGICAL FOODCHAIN.
00:41:55.982 --> 00:41:57.984
[ NARRATOR ]:
TODAY THE WORLD USES
00:41:57.984 --> 00:42:01.488
4.1 BILLION POUNDS OF PESTICIDES
EVERY YEAR,
00:42:01.988 --> 00:42:04.991
AND MUCH OF THAT
IS USED IN NORTH AMERICA,
00:42:04.991 --> 00:42:06.993
INCLUDING MEXICO.
00:42:12.498 --> 00:42:14.500
PARATHION IS A NERVE AGENT
00:42:14.500 --> 00:42:18.004
USED TO KILL MOTHS
AND BUTTERFLIES ON CROPS--
00:42:18.004 --> 00:42:21.508
DEADLY FOR INSECTS,
DEADLY FOR PEOPLE, TOO.
00:42:22.008 --> 00:42:25.512
[ TRANSLATOR ]: THIS IS WHERE
THE BUTTERFLIES PASS
00:42:25.511 --> 00:42:28.014
ON THEIR WAY TO ANGANGEO.
00:42:28.014 --> 00:42:29.516
THEY ALL PASS HERE, FLYING HIGH,
00:42:29.515 --> 00:42:33.019
SO, YES, PROBABLY WHEN
THERE’S DUST FROM THE SPRAYING,
00:42:33.519 --> 00:42:35.021
IT COULD AFFECT THEM,
00:42:35.021 --> 00:42:37.524
BUT, YOU SEE,
HERE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE,
00:42:37.523 --> 00:42:42.028
WE HAVE NO OTHER WAY TO SURVIVE,
WE HAVE TO WORK ON THE LAND.
00:42:42.528 --> 00:42:44.030
IF WE HAD
OTHER WORK POSSIBILITIES,
00:42:44.030 --> 00:42:47.033
MAYBE, YES, WE WOULD TRY THEM.
00:42:54.040 --> 00:42:58.545
I THINK A LOT OF INSECTS
ARE SO HARDY
00:42:58.544 --> 00:43:00.546
THAT THEY’LL SURVIVE ALL RIGHT.
00:43:00.546 --> 00:43:02.048
YOU SEE, MAN--
00:43:02.048 --> 00:43:05.051
WHAT YOU ALWAYS COME BACK TO
IS COMPARE A BUTTERFLY TO MAN,
00:43:05.551 --> 00:43:07.553
AND WHAT’LL HAPPEN TO HIM?
00:43:07.553 --> 00:43:09.555
WELL, MAN IS
SUCH A STUPID ANIMAL
00:43:09.555 --> 00:43:13.059
THAT HE’LL DO THINGS
TO KILL HIMSELF.
00:43:13.059 --> 00:43:14.060
IF HE DOESN’T HAVE A WAR,
00:43:14.060 --> 00:43:16.062
WHICH IS A QUICKIE WAY
OF DOING IT,
00:43:16.062 --> 00:43:17.063
HE’LL GO AND POLLUTE A RIVER,
00:43:17.563 --> 00:43:19.065
SO I WOULD SAY
00:43:19.565 --> 00:43:20.566
I’D BE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT
00:43:20.566 --> 00:43:23.069
WHAT’S GOING TO HAPPEN
TO THE HUMAN SPECIES
00:43:23.069 --> 00:43:27.574
AS IT DOES THINGS
THAT NATURE NEVER INTENDED.
00:43:27.573 --> 00:43:29.075
I SOMETIMES WONDER
THAT IT’LL COME
00:43:29.075 --> 00:43:30.577
THAT THERE WON’T BE
ANY HUMAN SPECIES
00:43:30.576 --> 00:43:32.078
ON THIS PLANET,
00:43:32.078 --> 00:43:33.580
BUT THAT’S GOING TOO FAR,
I THINK.
00:43:34.080 --> 00:43:35.582
ONE COULD EASILY SAY
00:43:35.581 --> 00:43:38.084
THAT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
IS AN INDICATOR OF SPECIES.
00:43:38.084 --> 00:43:39.586
IF WE LOSE
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,
00:43:40.086 --> 00:43:44.090
THAT MEANS THAT WE’VE LOST
A MAJOR EFFORT AT CONSERVATION.
00:43:44.090 --> 00:43:46.593
IT’S ONE OF
THE MOST SPECTACULAR MIGRATIONS
00:43:46.592 --> 00:43:48.094
THAT TAKES PLACE
WITH ANY FORM OF ORGANISM
00:43:48.094 --> 00:43:50.096
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD,
00:43:50.096 --> 00:43:52.098
AND TO LOSE THIS
WOULD BE SUGGESTING
00:43:52.098 --> 00:43:55.101
THAT WE ARE NOT MAINTAINING
OUR STEWARDSHIP OF THIS PLANET
00:43:55.101 --> 00:43:56.102
VERY WELL.
00:43:56.102 --> 00:43:58.104
THIS IS A SOCIETY,
00:43:58.104 --> 00:44:00.106
THIS IS A SOCIETY
INCLUDING NATURE,
00:44:00.106 --> 00:44:01.608
SO THIS IS A SOCIETAL PROBLEM.
00:44:01.607 --> 00:44:04.110
CONSERVATION
IS A SOCIETAL PROBLEM,
00:44:04.110 --> 00:44:06.613
AND UNLESS WE UNDERSTAND THAT,
00:44:06.612 --> 00:44:11.117
WE WON’T HAVE ANY EFFECTIVE WAY
TO SECURE HERE,
00:44:11.117 --> 00:44:12.619
AND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY
IN THE WORLD,
00:44:12.618 --> 00:44:15.121
THE WELL-BEING
OF NATURE AND PEOPLE.
00:44:20.126 --> 00:44:22.128
[ NARRATOR ]:
HOW DO WE DETERMINE
00:44:22.128 --> 00:44:24.631
WHAT IN LIFE WE VALUE?
00:44:25.131 --> 00:44:26.633
WOULD WE MISS THE SIGHT
00:44:27.133 --> 00:44:30.136
OF A SINGLE MONARCH
IN A MEADOW?
00:44:30.636 --> 00:44:33.139
OR THE MILLIONS
IN MEXICO’S FORESTS?
00:44:35.141 --> 00:44:38.144
WHAT WOULD SUCH A LOSS MEAN?
00:45:19.185 --> 00:45:21.187
[ DR. BROWER ]:
WHY WORRY ABOUT THE MONARCH?
00:45:21.187 --> 00:45:24.190
THE MONARCH
IS CULTURALLY AS IMPORTANT
00:45:24.190 --> 00:45:27.193
AS THE COLLECTED WORKS
OF MOZART,
00:45:27.193 --> 00:45:28.695
WHICH WE REVERE,
00:45:28.694 --> 00:45:32.198
AS THE WONDERFUL CATHEDRAL
STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS IN EUROPE.
00:45:32.198 --> 00:45:35.201
WHY DO WE REVERE THOSE OBJECTS?
00:45:35.201 --> 00:45:39.706
WHY DO WE TEACH ART
TO THE NEXT GENERATION?
00:45:39.705 --> 00:45:42.708
BECAUSE
IT’S CULTURALLY IMPORTANT.
00:45:42.708 --> 00:45:46.212
WELL, THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
IS CULTURALLY IMPORTANT
00:45:46.212 --> 00:45:47.714
TO CHILDREN,
00:45:47.713 --> 00:45:48.714
TO TEACHING BIOLOGY,
00:45:49.215 --> 00:45:50.717
TO UNDERSTANDING
THE RELATIONSHIP
00:45:50.716 --> 00:45:52.718
OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS
TO EACH OTHER,
00:45:52.718 --> 00:45:54.720
AND TO THE WHOLE ENVIRONMENT,
00:45:54.720 --> 00:45:57.223
SO THE LOSS
OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:45:57.223 --> 00:45:59.225
WOULD BE ABOUT AS STUPID
00:45:59.725 --> 00:46:02.728
AS BURNING ALL THE ART TREASURES
THAT HAVE ACCUMULATED
00:46:02.728 --> 00:46:05.731
OVER THE LAST 4,000 YEARS
THAT WE REVERE.
00:46:05.731 --> 00:46:08.234
I MEAN,
THESE THINGS ARE IMPORTANT.
00:46:08.734 --> 00:46:11.737
HOW DO WE PUT THE COST
ON THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY?
00:46:12.238 --> 00:46:13.740
CULTURALLY AND EDUCATIONALLY,
00:46:13.739 --> 00:46:16.742
AND FROM THE POINT OF VIEW
OF HUMAN DECENCY,
00:46:17.243 --> 00:46:18.745
WE SHOULD DO
EVERYTHING NECESSARY
00:46:18.744 --> 00:46:21.247
TO ASSURE
THAT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
00:46:21.247 --> 00:46:22.749
MIGRATORY PHENOMENON
00:46:22.748 --> 00:46:25.251
SURVIVES.
00:46:45.771 --> 00:46:47.273
CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY:
00:46:47.773 --> 00:46:50.776
LINE 21 MEDIA SERVICES LTD.
VANCOUVER, B.C. 1997
