00:00:00.984 --> 00:00:04.428
(BELL RINGING AND MUSIC PLAYING)

00:00:04.428 --> 00:00:39.020


00:00:39.020 --> 00:00:45.170
- It is the most magnificent
structure on this earth.

00:00:45.170 --> 00:00:52.460


00:00:52.460 --> 00:00:58.312
A full human brain, that
you can hold in one hand.

00:00:58.312 --> 00:01:01.920


00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:03.755
Nothing can compare with it.

00:01:03.755 --> 00:01:07.080


00:01:07.080 --> 00:01:10.140
Those cells can produce ideas.

00:01:10.140 --> 00:01:13.700


00:01:13.700 --> 00:01:16.892
Have you ever thought how a
cell could produce an idea?

00:01:16.892 --> 00:01:20.840


00:01:20.840 --> 00:01:24.140
This is who you really are.

00:01:24.140 --> 00:01:26.385
Take away the brain, you
take away the person.

00:01:26.385 --> 00:01:30.190


00:01:30.190 --> 00:01:35.220
I've spent more than 60
years studying the brain.

00:01:35.220 --> 00:01:38.760


00:01:38.760 --> 00:01:40.090
And it was pure joy.

00:01:40.090 --> 00:01:47.510


00:01:47.510 --> 00:01:50.100
Don't you just love the brain?

00:01:50.100 --> 00:02:05.630


00:02:05.630 --> 00:02:08.350
- Marian Diamond's
lectures on YouTube

00:02:08.350 --> 00:02:12.260
have over 1.7
million views, making

00:02:12.260 --> 00:02:17.210
her the second most popular
college professor in the world.

00:02:17.210 --> 00:02:19.530
- Before Marian
Diamond's research,

00:02:19.530 --> 00:02:22.640
the accepted scientific
understanding of the brain

00:02:22.640 --> 00:02:26.240
was profoundly mistaken
on a key point.

00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:28.370
- Joining us now,
Dr. Marian Diamond.

00:02:28.370 --> 00:02:30.620
She has spent 30 years
studying the brain...

00:02:30.620 --> 00:02:34.510
- Konnichiwa, Marian Diamond.

00:02:34.510 --> 00:02:36.650
- Marian Diamond is the
author of the first study

00:02:36.650 --> 00:02:39.570
ever published about the
brain of Albert Einstein.

00:02:39.570 --> 00:02:43.610
- It is my pleasure to introduce
Professor Marian Diamond.

00:02:43.610 --> 00:02:48.030


00:02:48.030 --> 00:02:52.560
- So, welcome to our great
university at Berkeley.

00:02:52.560 --> 00:02:56.450
How many of you
have studied brains?

00:02:56.450 --> 00:03:00.180
How many have
studied human brains?

00:03:00.180 --> 00:03:02.760
How many have seen
a human brain?

00:03:02.760 --> 00:03:05.870
For those who haven't
seen a brain...

00:03:05.870 --> 00:03:10.140
Well when you see a
lady with a hat box,

00:03:10.140 --> 00:03:12.152
you don't know what
she's carrying, do you?

00:03:12.152 --> 00:03:17.940


00:03:17.940 --> 00:03:18.850
And there you are.

00:03:18.850 --> 00:03:22.460


00:03:22.460 --> 00:03:27.240
Did you know this is what you
hope you look like inside?

00:03:27.240 --> 00:03:30.180
The major parts -- you
see the cerebrum --

00:03:30.180 --> 00:03:33.240
these deal with higher
cognitive processing for you

00:03:33.240 --> 00:03:36.750
to be thinking about what
you want to do this evening.

00:03:36.750 --> 00:03:40.050
It may be coming out
from your frontal lobe.

00:03:40.050 --> 00:03:42.870
Then you have a little
brain, a cerebellum.

00:03:42.870 --> 00:03:45.540
How many of you've heard
about the cerebellum?

00:03:45.540 --> 00:03:48.420
Things are just
flooding into my brain

00:03:48.420 --> 00:03:52.430
right now, to share
the marvelous things

00:03:52.430 --> 00:03:54.970
that this brain can do.

00:03:54.970 --> 00:03:57.430
This three pound mass
that sits in there.

00:03:57.430 --> 00:04:07.490


00:04:07.490 --> 00:04:10.380
Everybody wants a better brain.

00:04:10.380 --> 00:04:11.690
There's no doubt.

00:04:11.690 --> 00:04:14.360
If there's an opportunity
to improve your brain,

00:04:14.360 --> 00:04:17.089
you want to be there.

00:04:17.089 --> 00:04:21.500
And so, five items
that we have found

00:04:21.500 --> 00:04:25.310
are essential for
a better brain.

00:04:25.310 --> 00:04:27.860
I think of all the
millions of things,

00:04:27.860 --> 00:04:33.510
but five shown in our work.

00:04:33.510 --> 00:04:35.890
And the first was diet.

00:04:35.890 --> 00:04:38.390
The second was exercise.

00:04:38.390 --> 00:04:41.320
The third was challenge.

00:04:41.320 --> 00:04:44.960
And the fourth was newness.

00:04:44.960 --> 00:04:46.640
And the fifth, we've added love.

00:04:46.640 --> 00:04:57.010


00:04:57.010 --> 00:05:00.970
- When somebody comes along
with an entirely new idea that

00:05:00.970 --> 00:05:06.280
shatters the old one, this
shatters a very important part

00:05:06.280 --> 00:05:09.280
of us, part of our
internal world.

00:05:09.280 --> 00:05:12.720
And, by nature of the
beast, it's bitterly fought.

00:05:12.720 --> 00:05:16.130


00:05:16.130 --> 00:05:19.670
- Scientific advance doesn't
occur on a linear continuum.

00:05:19.670 --> 00:05:23.300
It occurs in fits and
stops and jolts and cliffs

00:05:23.300 --> 00:05:26.570
and abrupt changes.

00:05:26.570 --> 00:05:30.649
And I think Marian's work was
a classic example of that.

00:05:30.649 --> 00:05:32.690
I think most people would
have said, "Why are you

00:05:32.690 --> 00:05:34.070
doing that dumb experiment?

00:05:34.070 --> 00:05:38.630
You're just wasting a lot of
rats and a lot of rat food."

00:05:38.630 --> 00:05:41.150
Fast forward, guess what?

00:05:41.150 --> 00:05:43.880
That work has really
spawned an entire generation

00:05:43.880 --> 00:05:47.200
of research, helped
initiate this whole field.

00:05:47.200 --> 00:05:49.400


00:05:49.400 --> 00:05:52.610
- Marian Diamond is
one of the founders

00:05:52.610 --> 00:05:55.490
of modern neuroscience.

00:05:55.490 --> 00:05:59.000
Over the course of her career,
concepts which we now take

00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:00.210
for granted --

00:06:00.210 --> 00:06:03.390
such as brain plasticity
and enrichment --

00:06:03.390 --> 00:06:06.680
were controversial
scientific battlegrounds

00:06:06.680 --> 00:06:09.140
where she and her
team challenged

00:06:09.140 --> 00:06:12.702
the accepted theories about
the brain's potential.

00:06:12.702 --> 00:06:15.930


00:06:15.930 --> 00:06:19.710
Back in the 1960s, the
scientific consensus

00:06:19.710 --> 00:06:23.400
was that genetics determine
how your brain turns out.

00:06:23.400 --> 00:06:27.000
That your brain's nature
is something you inherit --

00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:30.120
genetic determinism,
which viewed the brain

00:06:30.120 --> 00:06:32.880
as static, fixed.

00:06:32.880 --> 00:06:35.640
The brain's maximum potential?

00:06:35.640 --> 00:06:41.000
Determined at birth
and unchangeable.

00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:42.830
- Well, certainly
all the experts

00:06:42.830 --> 00:06:47.090
in the field until that time
had taught, and taught us,

00:06:47.090 --> 00:06:51.710
that the brain followed a
genetically programmed pathway

00:06:51.710 --> 00:06:52.960
of development.

00:06:52.960 --> 00:06:56.180
And that when it reached the
point where it was programmed

00:06:56.180 --> 00:06:58.520
to reach, that was it.

00:06:58.520 --> 00:07:00.710
And then the next step
was a gradual decline

00:07:00.710 --> 00:07:02.540
as one got older.

00:07:02.540 --> 00:07:06.260
And Marian's work went
so against the grain,

00:07:06.260 --> 00:07:09.530
it was totally anti what we
had all learned to accept.

00:07:09.530 --> 00:07:12.740


00:07:12.740 --> 00:07:17.840
- At age 31 Dr. Diamond
was a part-time researcher,

00:07:17.840 --> 00:07:20.870
part-time lecturer,
and mother of three,

00:07:20.870 --> 00:07:23.090
with another on the way.

00:07:23.090 --> 00:07:26.330
She joined a team of three
University of California

00:07:26.330 --> 00:07:29.330
Berkeley researchers who
were looking for evidence

00:07:29.330 --> 00:07:33.500
that the brain is affected
by one's environment

00:07:33.500 --> 00:07:37.420
and not pre-determined
only by genetics.

00:07:37.420 --> 00:07:41.520
They would work together
for the next 15 years.

00:07:41.520 --> 00:07:45.370
- Krech and Rosenzweig where
psychologists and Bennett

00:07:45.370 --> 00:07:47.120
was the chemist.

00:07:47.120 --> 00:07:53.200
And I filled out the team
by becoming the anatomist.

00:07:53.200 --> 00:07:58.140
Ideally, I would like to be
working with human brains.

00:07:58.140 --> 00:08:01.890
I have yet to find anyone who's
willing to give me their brain

00:08:01.890 --> 00:08:03.520
to work with.

00:08:03.520 --> 00:08:06.330
Is this audience any
different from the others

00:08:06.330 --> 00:08:08.100
that I talk with?

00:08:08.100 --> 00:08:11.530
Therefore we go to
a smaller animal --

00:08:11.530 --> 00:08:12.030
the rat.

00:08:12.030 --> 00:08:14.410


00:08:14.410 --> 00:08:16.680
- The studies were simple
yet they were elegant,

00:08:16.680 --> 00:08:17.870
like many great experiments.

00:08:17.870 --> 00:08:20.654
She simply had
animals in an enriched

00:08:20.654 --> 00:08:21.945
and a non-enriched environment.

00:08:21.945 --> 00:08:24.320
And an enriched environment
meant that in their cages

00:08:24.320 --> 00:08:29.030
they had more toys and balls
and wheels to play with.

00:08:29.030 --> 00:08:32.750
- To raise rats in these...
what she called "enriched

00:08:32.750 --> 00:08:34.460
environments" --

00:08:34.460 --> 00:08:38.240
which I think of as the Disney
World of rat environments,

00:08:38.240 --> 00:08:40.520
with lots of toys
and lots of areas

00:08:40.520 --> 00:08:41.539
to run around --

00:08:41.539 --> 00:08:46.910
and simply ask, what does that
do to the brain's anatomy?

00:08:46.910 --> 00:08:50.420
- We have what we call
an enriched environment.

00:08:50.420 --> 00:08:52.550
It may not seem enriched to you.

00:08:52.550 --> 00:08:54.050
But for rats...

00:08:54.050 --> 00:08:57.740
We have 12 rats living
together in a large cage

00:08:57.740 --> 00:09:02.540
and they have novelty stimulus
objects to interact with.

00:09:02.540 --> 00:09:06.980
They each have a brother
in a standard colony,

00:09:06.980 --> 00:09:09.860
or the impoverished condition --

00:09:09.860 --> 00:09:14.090
no toys and no other rats.

00:09:14.090 --> 00:09:16.190
- A simple investigation --

00:09:16.190 --> 00:09:20.180
three environments,
three sets of brains.

00:09:20.180 --> 00:09:23.870
Then after 80 days, compare.

00:09:23.870 --> 00:09:26.510
If genetics determines
brains, they

00:09:26.510 --> 00:09:29.090
would all be the same size.

00:09:29.090 --> 00:09:33.020
But if there is any measurable
anatomical difference,

00:09:33.020 --> 00:09:36.980
that would decisively
demonstrate the importance

00:09:36.980 --> 00:09:38.330
of the environment.

00:09:38.330 --> 00:09:43.005
- But I didn't know how I was
going to measure the anatomy.

00:09:43.005 --> 00:09:45.610
How to do it?

00:09:45.610 --> 00:09:47.320
I tried cutting
out a little piece

00:09:47.320 --> 00:09:51.810
of the prime area of the brain.

00:09:51.810 --> 00:09:56.120
That didn't suit the bill.

00:09:56.120 --> 00:09:58.890
So I just slice the
whole brain across.

00:09:58.890 --> 00:10:03.710


00:10:03.710 --> 00:10:14.520
Then you can pick up the outer
layers of the cerebral cortex

00:10:14.520 --> 00:10:17.088
and just measure them
under the microscope.

00:10:17.088 --> 00:10:22.374


00:10:22.374 --> 00:10:25.310
Sure, it takes months
and months to do this.

00:10:25.310 --> 00:10:26.720
People said when
I started, "Well

00:10:26.720 --> 00:10:29.490
that'll take you two years
to get a good answer."

00:10:29.490 --> 00:10:31.920
I said, I don't care, as
long as we get the answer.

00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:35.130


00:10:35.130 --> 00:10:36.140
It all took time.

00:10:36.140 --> 00:10:52.100


00:10:52.100 --> 00:10:57.050
Our most important finding
showed that with enrichment,

00:10:57.050 --> 00:11:00.410
the brain increased dimensions.

00:11:00.410 --> 00:11:04.450
And with impoverishment,
it decreased.

00:11:04.450 --> 00:11:08.480
A 6% difference.

00:11:08.480 --> 00:11:10.640
It was thrilling.

00:11:10.640 --> 00:11:14.030
I ran across campus
to show Dr. Krech.

00:11:14.030 --> 00:11:16.640
You don't see me normally
running across campus,

00:11:16.640 --> 00:11:18.530
but this is something
that'd never been

00:11:18.530 --> 00:11:20.710
on this earth before.

00:11:20.710 --> 00:11:23.795
He looked at me and said,
"This will change science."

00:11:23.795 --> 00:11:27.870


00:11:27.870 --> 00:11:32.210
Yes, the brain does
change with experience.

00:11:32.210 --> 00:11:34.280
Nobody else had made
such measurements

00:11:34.280 --> 00:11:36.290
and found these results.

00:11:36.290 --> 00:11:38.090
We were terribly
excited about it.

00:11:38.090 --> 00:11:41.110


00:11:41.110 --> 00:11:43.990
- This scientific
breakthrough was remarkable.

00:11:43.990 --> 00:11:46.270
Not because Marian
was the only scientist

00:11:46.270 --> 00:11:49.300
to suggest these new
ideas, but because she

00:11:49.300 --> 00:11:53.350
was the first with
evidence, data,

00:11:53.350 --> 00:11:58.180
actual measurements in a real
brain that confirmed the brain

00:11:58.180 --> 00:12:01.690
is not entirely
determined at birth.

00:12:01.690 --> 00:12:06.190
It changes, responds,
reorganizes --

00:12:06.190 --> 00:12:09.480
the scientific term
is "plasticity."

00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:12.270
And in the years
since, brain plasticity

00:12:12.270 --> 00:12:14.910
has emerged as one
of the core concepts

00:12:14.910 --> 00:12:18.800
in modern neuroscience.

00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:22.430
- Brain plasticity is the
idea that the environment,

00:12:22.430 --> 00:12:26.940
the outside world, can actually
change the brain's anatomy,

00:12:26.940 --> 00:12:29.000
physiology, and function.

00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:31.460
- What it means is
that the brain is not

00:12:31.460 --> 00:12:33.616
a fixed, immutable structure.

00:12:33.616 --> 00:12:35.700


00:12:35.700 --> 00:12:39.400
So, for instance, one
study was the size

00:12:39.400 --> 00:12:41.530
of the spatial memory
areas in the brain become

00:12:41.530 --> 00:12:45.570
bigger in taxi cab drivers.

00:12:45.570 --> 00:12:47.940
- Another example --

00:12:47.940 --> 00:12:51.210
regions of the cortex
associated with playing music

00:12:51.210 --> 00:12:53.910
are larger in musicians
than non-musicians.

00:12:53.910 --> 00:12:57.940


00:12:57.940 --> 00:13:00.580
Short term plasticity --

00:13:00.580 --> 00:13:03.190
if you wear a
blindfold for two days,

00:13:03.190 --> 00:13:07.120
your visual cortex reorganizes
to process sound and touch.

00:13:07.120 --> 00:13:10.380


00:13:10.380 --> 00:13:15.390
With stroke patients, plasticity
enables healthy brain cells

00:13:15.390 --> 00:13:18.630
to take over the functions
of damaged brain areas,

00:13:18.630 --> 00:13:21.900
allowing recovery of lost
abilities such as speech,

00:13:21.900 --> 00:13:24.240
movement, and perception.

00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:27.850
- Plasticity actually
means increased growth

00:13:27.850 --> 00:13:31.440
of those nerve cell
processes, increased numbers

00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:34.110
of connections to
provide substrate

00:13:34.110 --> 00:13:37.710
for this increased amount
of information coming in.

00:13:37.710 --> 00:13:39.720
So your brain
actually structurally

00:13:39.720 --> 00:13:44.160
changes, functionally
changes, information

00:13:44.160 --> 00:13:46.150
carrying capacity changes.

00:13:46.150 --> 00:13:50.010
- So there is a remarkable
and wonderful potential

00:13:50.010 --> 00:13:50.910
in the human brain.

00:13:50.910 --> 00:13:52.165
- And that's the beauty of it.

00:13:52.165 --> 00:13:58.830


00:13:58.830 --> 00:14:02.280
- What plasticity
reveals is that we are

00:14:02.280 --> 00:14:05.720
the masters of our own minds.

00:14:05.720 --> 00:14:09.150
That each one of
us, as individuals,

00:14:09.150 --> 00:14:15.510
has the potential to change our
brains, to become the person

00:14:15.510 --> 00:14:18.120
we want to be.

00:14:18.120 --> 00:14:21.750
What we do, day to
day, minute to minute,

00:14:21.750 --> 00:14:25.330
grows and builds our brain.

00:14:25.330 --> 00:14:27.630
What a gift.

00:14:27.630 --> 00:14:33.570
And what a responsibility, as
we literally create our personal

00:14:33.570 --> 00:14:37.060
masterpiece --

00:14:37.060 --> 00:14:38.340
our mature brain.

00:14:38.340 --> 00:14:43.930


00:14:43.930 --> 00:14:48.270
When that paper was
published, 1964,

00:14:48.270 --> 00:14:53.500
I spoke to the American
Association of Anatomists.

00:14:53.500 --> 00:14:57.400
First big conference that
I had ever spoken at.

00:14:57.400 --> 00:15:01.840
There weren't too many
women on the agenda.

00:15:01.840 --> 00:15:04.710
When I finished, a
man in the back row --

00:15:04.710 --> 00:15:08.860
it was a big auditorium
-- stood up and shouted,

00:15:08.860 --> 00:15:11.178
"Young lady, the
brain cannot change!"

00:15:11.178 --> 00:15:14.520


00:15:14.520 --> 00:15:16.770
- People didn't
think the brain was

00:15:16.770 --> 00:15:19.840
capable of any
degree of plasticity.

00:15:19.840 --> 00:15:22.230
That the brain could
change because you were

00:15:22.230 --> 00:15:23.510
in some sort of environment?

00:15:23.510 --> 00:15:25.620
That's nonsense.

00:15:25.620 --> 00:15:27.660
- And my colleague,
very brilliant

00:15:27.660 --> 00:15:31.110
Argentinian, he got
red in the face.

00:15:31.110 --> 00:15:32.820
He says, "This can't happen."

00:15:32.820 --> 00:15:36.120
- That was a difficult
place to be for anybody,

00:15:36.120 --> 00:15:39.190
let alone a lone woman.

00:15:39.190 --> 00:15:41.750
- Fortunately, I was taught
to repeat your experiments.

00:15:41.750 --> 00:15:44.710
So I wasn't afraid to say it.

00:15:44.710 --> 00:15:49.540
I said, I'm sorry sir, but
we had an initial experiment

00:15:49.540 --> 00:15:52.390
and a duplication experiment
that showed that it could.

00:15:52.390 --> 00:15:59.020


00:15:59.020 --> 00:16:01.020
- In fact, she was right.

00:16:01.020 --> 00:16:04.360
And the scientific culture
at that point was wrong.

00:16:04.360 --> 00:16:07.030
- Not only she reproduced
it, but many other people.

00:16:07.030 --> 00:16:10.060
And now a whole new
kind of generation...

00:16:10.060 --> 00:16:13.500
- Marian Diamond rang
the bell and helped

00:16:13.500 --> 00:16:16.394
initiate this whole field.

00:16:16.394 --> 00:16:18.060
- And the interesting
thing is that it's

00:16:18.060 --> 00:16:25.040
taken close to two generations
for the enrichment paradigm

00:16:25.040 --> 00:16:28.160
to be really accepted and to
be a whole new active area

00:16:28.160 --> 00:16:29.220
of research.

00:16:29.220 --> 00:16:32.750
But from my point of
view, more importantly,

00:16:32.750 --> 00:16:36.350
to be sort of
noiselessly integrated

00:16:36.350 --> 00:16:40.510
into the structure of life,
a part of our culture.

00:16:40.510 --> 00:16:43.770
- Enriched environment.

00:16:43.770 --> 00:16:48.600
From Dr. Diamond's
research, to the mass media,

00:16:48.600 --> 00:16:53.030
to child care facilities
across the country, to China,

00:16:53.030 --> 00:16:55.500
where her ideas have been
distributed in pamphlets

00:16:55.500 --> 00:16:57.630
by the millions --

00:16:57.630 --> 00:17:00.750
it all started here.

00:17:00.750 --> 00:17:02.970
- And now that we've
begun to appreciate

00:17:02.970 --> 00:17:06.869
the plasticity of
our cerebral cortex,

00:17:06.869 --> 00:17:09.930
we must learn to
use this knowledge

00:17:09.930 --> 00:17:13.440
through enriching the
environment for everyone

00:17:13.440 --> 00:17:14.470
at any age.

00:17:14.470 --> 00:17:19.119


00:17:19.119 --> 00:17:21.250
- So, how?

00:17:21.250 --> 00:17:25.030
How to create an enriched
environment for oneself

00:17:25.030 --> 00:17:27.940
and one's brain?

00:17:27.940 --> 00:17:31.240
Dr. Diamond distilled her
advice for a better brain

00:17:31.240 --> 00:17:33.340
into one simple phrase.

00:17:33.340 --> 00:17:36.970
- ...with this little phrase,
that goes for the brain as well

00:17:36.970 --> 00:17:38.290
as for muscles --

00:17:38.290 --> 00:17:40.390
"You use it or you lose it."

00:17:40.390 --> 00:17:42.430
- Use it or lose it.

00:17:42.430 --> 00:17:45.040
- Dr. Diamond,
use it or lose it?

00:17:45.040 --> 00:17:46.760
- That's essentially
what we believe.

00:17:46.760 --> 00:17:49.720
- With use, you grow branches.

00:17:49.720 --> 00:17:55.090
With disuse, sitting around
doing nothing, you lose it.

00:17:55.090 --> 00:17:58.690
- The idea is that if
you want a healthy brain,

00:17:58.690 --> 00:18:01.310
you go challenge
yourself intellectually.

00:18:01.310 --> 00:18:03.760
You travel, you exercise.

00:18:03.760 --> 00:18:07.260
You do all of these things
that engage your brain

00:18:07.260 --> 00:18:10.690
into something, because you
either use it or you're going

00:18:10.690 --> 00:18:12.050
to lose those functions.

00:18:12.050 --> 00:18:16.480
The brain, as Marian has shown,
is plastic and is dynamic.

00:18:16.480 --> 00:18:18.430
Which means do something new.

00:18:18.430 --> 00:18:21.490
Go find this piece of your brain
that you haven't used before

00:18:21.490 --> 00:18:24.520
and challenge it.

00:18:24.520 --> 00:18:27.580
- Since her pioneering
work, literally thousands

00:18:27.580 --> 00:18:30.610
of successful methods of
enrichment have been studied

00:18:30.610 --> 00:18:34.110
and identified by
other scientists --

00:18:34.110 --> 00:18:39.540
reading aloud to children,
running, meditation,

00:18:39.540 --> 00:18:43.110
bilingualism, playing
a musical instrument,

00:18:43.110 --> 00:18:46.140
staying socially connected.

00:18:46.140 --> 00:18:49.680
And negative factors
that impair the brain --

00:18:49.680 --> 00:18:57.850
childhood poverty, fear, trauma,
isolation, sleep deprivation,

00:18:57.850 --> 00:19:02.680
low socioeconomic status,
protein deficiency.

00:19:02.680 --> 00:19:07.720
And, of course, if you want
the ideal enriched environment,

00:19:07.720 --> 00:19:11.030
what better place
than the classroom?

00:19:11.030 --> 00:19:17.740
- My name is Marian
Diamond and I've

00:19:17.740 --> 00:19:21.340
been teaching here
for many decades

00:19:21.340 --> 00:19:26.740
because I love to awaken
students to anatomy.

00:19:26.740 --> 00:19:31.180
- In 2005, UC Berkeley
put Dr. Diamond's Intro

00:19:31.180 --> 00:19:35.150
to Anatomy course on YouTube.

00:19:35.150 --> 00:19:38.240
Five years later,
thanks to the internet,

00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:40.820
her's was the second most
popular college course

00:19:40.820 --> 00:19:43.520
in the world --

00:19:43.520 --> 00:19:47.510
1.7 million hits on YouTube.

00:19:47.510 --> 00:19:51.050
- How many of you know the
structural and functional unit

00:19:51.050 --> 00:19:54.990
of the lung, without
which you cannot breathe?

00:19:54.990 --> 00:19:58.970


00:19:58.970 --> 00:20:00.570
- Anatomy's hard to learn.

00:20:00.570 --> 00:20:02.130
- Second question.

00:20:02.130 --> 00:20:05.010
How many of you know the
structural and functional unit

00:20:05.010 --> 00:20:10.260
of compact bone, without which
your bones would collapse.

00:20:10.260 --> 00:20:15.660
You'd just be a puddle
of protoplasm there.

00:20:15.660 --> 00:20:17.670
How many know the structural
and functional unit

00:20:17.670 --> 00:20:20.130
of compact bone?

00:20:20.130 --> 00:20:22.580
We do need a class, don't we?

00:20:22.580 --> 00:20:24.540
- There's just so
much vocabulary,

00:20:24.540 --> 00:20:26.070
so many different items...

00:20:26.070 --> 00:20:28.290
- Start with the
skeletal system.

00:20:28.290 --> 00:20:30.600
Now we're going to
put the muscles on it.

00:20:30.600 --> 00:20:32.280
Your blood vascular system.

00:20:32.280 --> 00:20:33.060
Lymphatic system.

00:20:33.060 --> 00:20:34.060
Your respiratory system.

00:20:34.060 --> 00:20:34.646
Cardiology.

00:20:34.646 --> 00:20:35.270
Nervous system.

00:20:35.270 --> 00:20:36.450
Spinal nerves.

00:20:36.450 --> 00:20:38.610
(DR. DIAMOND'S
VOICE OVERLAPPING)

00:20:38.610 --> 00:20:44.490


00:20:44.490 --> 00:20:49.350
- ...and in the worst hands it
could be as boring as reading

00:20:49.350 --> 00:20:52.140
last year's tax laws.

00:20:52.140 --> 00:20:55.170
- With subject
matter this daunting,

00:20:55.170 --> 00:20:57.530
what makes this
class so popular?

00:20:57.530 --> 00:21:03.700
- Your cardiac muscle beats
about 72 times per minute.

00:21:03.700 --> 00:21:07.590
Now, I have to do this so
that you really know it.

00:21:07.590 --> 00:21:11.250
We're going to close
our first 72 times.

00:21:11.250 --> 00:21:14.430
See how your hand
feels after one minute.

00:21:14.430 --> 00:21:16.620
1, 2, 3, come on.

00:21:16.620 --> 00:21:19.260
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

00:21:19.260 --> 00:21:20.610
You've got fibrillation.

00:21:20.610 --> 00:21:26.440
42...42, 43, 44, 45...

00:21:26.440 --> 00:21:27.810
You're not doing it back there.

00:21:27.810 --> 00:21:29.520
57, 58, 59.

00:21:29.520 --> 00:21:31.710
This is a hands-on
science class.

00:21:31.710 --> 00:21:33.300
57, 58, 59...

00:21:33.300 --> 00:21:35.820
...70, 71, 72.

00:21:35.820 --> 00:21:40.620
Can you imagine, your heart
does that for 100 years?

00:21:40.620 --> 00:21:42.090
And never stops?

00:21:42.090 --> 00:21:45.541
(MUSIC PLAYING)

00:21:45.541 --> 00:21:53.450


00:21:53.450 --> 00:21:57.080
- I can remember that first
day of the first class I ever

00:21:57.080 --> 00:21:57.935
took with her.

00:21:57.935 --> 00:22:00.710


00:22:00.710 --> 00:22:04.550
I saw a science rock star.

00:22:04.550 --> 00:22:08.390
She made science and
learning personal.

00:22:08.390 --> 00:22:12.170
She made us think about
why we were learning.

00:22:12.170 --> 00:22:14.550
Why do you want to
learn about anatomy?

00:22:14.550 --> 00:22:16.100
- Acetabulum.

00:22:16.100 --> 00:22:17.420
Say it.

00:22:17.420 --> 00:22:20.330
I want you to talk, because
when you get out of this class

00:22:20.330 --> 00:22:22.492
you're going to have
to use these terms.

00:22:22.492 --> 00:22:24.950
You'll say, "I see them on the
page but I never used them."

00:22:24.950 --> 00:22:26.060
Right?

00:22:26.060 --> 00:22:30.239
So I squeeze and squeeze
to get you to talk.

00:22:30.239 --> 00:22:32.030
By the end of the
semester, you're talking.

00:22:32.030 --> 00:22:34.238
Right now you just sit with
your mouths open and sort

00:22:34.238 --> 00:22:35.000
of look at me.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.410
But I know it can be done
because we do it every year

00:22:39.410 --> 00:22:41.240
and I have to work just as hard.

00:22:41.240 --> 00:22:45.530
If I have second graders and
ask them, they're all talking.

00:22:45.530 --> 00:22:47.300
They're all shouting.

00:22:47.300 --> 00:22:48.230
You get inhibited.

00:22:48.230 --> 00:22:50.090
You're afraid to be wrong.

00:22:50.090 --> 00:22:52.570
And we're saying
it's OK to be wrong.

00:22:52.570 --> 00:22:53.720
Speak up.

00:22:53.720 --> 00:22:54.528
What's it called?

00:22:54.528 --> 00:22:56.440
- Acetabulum.

00:22:56.440 --> 00:22:57.550
- Thank you.

00:22:57.550 --> 00:22:59.020
- "Dear Professor
Diamond, I just

00:22:59.020 --> 00:23:02.170
wanted to write to thank you for
allowing your anatomy teaching

00:23:02.170 --> 00:23:05.800
sessions to be streamed online.

00:23:05.800 --> 00:23:07.270
Dear Dr. Diamond.

00:23:07.270 --> 00:23:08.880
Good morning Mrs. Diamond.

00:23:08.880 --> 00:23:11.050
Good day, my name
is Anita Ferguson.

00:23:11.050 --> 00:23:13.150
I'm a home-school mom.

00:23:13.150 --> 00:23:14.800
I'm a UK ex-pat.

00:23:14.800 --> 00:23:17.020
I'm a high school student
from Pennsylvania..."

00:23:17.020 --> 00:23:17.680
"Geneva."

00:23:17.680 --> 00:23:18.430
"Hong Kong."

00:23:18.430 --> 00:23:20.040
"University of
Michigan student."

00:23:20.040 --> 00:23:21.850
Reaching all these people.

00:23:21.850 --> 00:23:24.220
- 1.7 million hits on YouTube.

00:23:24.220 --> 00:23:25.150
Think about that.

00:23:25.150 --> 00:23:28.180
People are going out of their
way to learn from this woman.

00:23:28.180 --> 00:23:30.195
It really is special
that she can do that.

00:23:30.195 --> 00:23:31.570
- She always used
the blackboard.

00:23:31.570 --> 00:23:33.010
That was way more engaging.

00:23:33.010 --> 00:23:35.800
I still have my notebook
that I got from her class.

00:23:35.800 --> 00:23:37.240
- And I write
things on the board

00:23:37.240 --> 00:23:39.470
because it gives you
a chance to think.

00:23:39.470 --> 00:23:41.140
It's not old fashioned.

00:23:41.140 --> 00:23:44.200
It's through years and
years of studying education

00:23:44.200 --> 00:23:45.880
and how you learn.

00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:49.870
And you learn with kinesthetic
sense when you write.

00:23:49.870 --> 00:23:51.730
So it's in your handwriting.

00:23:51.730 --> 00:23:53.410
If I just flash
a slide up there,

00:23:53.410 --> 00:23:55.810
you have no time to
put it in what we call

00:23:55.810 --> 00:23:59.150
your "association cortex."

00:23:59.150 --> 00:24:02.870
So by the time you write it
out, you can remember it.

00:24:02.870 --> 00:24:05.440
- She really understands
how to teach students.

00:24:05.440 --> 00:24:11.114
- I usually take students
to lunch when we have time.

00:24:11.114 --> 00:24:12.280
And we've got a little time.

00:24:12.280 --> 00:24:15.670
And the way I can today
is I throw out the chalk

00:24:15.670 --> 00:24:18.420
and whoever gets the chalk
will go to lunch today.

00:24:18.420 --> 00:24:21.000
And I try not to hit you in
the head when I throw it.

00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:24.500


00:24:24.500 --> 00:24:25.750
You want to go to lunch today?

00:24:25.750 --> 00:24:28.980
- Of course!

00:24:28.980 --> 00:24:30.230
- Who does that?

00:24:30.230 --> 00:24:32.880
What professor does that?

00:24:32.880 --> 00:24:36.800
- Dr. Diamond, so many
things I want to talk about.

00:24:36.800 --> 00:24:40.160
My name is actually
a Sanskrit name...

00:24:40.160 --> 00:24:43.340
- "Dear Dr. Diamond,
I really enjoy

00:24:43.340 --> 00:24:46.810
to know more and more about the
body, and especially my body."

00:24:46.810 --> 00:24:49.200


00:24:49.200 --> 00:24:49.860
- Our bodies.

00:24:49.860 --> 00:24:53.820


00:24:53.820 --> 00:24:55.950
The subject is ourselves.

00:24:55.950 --> 00:24:58.855


00:24:58.855 --> 00:24:59.355
Us.

00:24:59.355 --> 00:25:02.110


00:25:02.110 --> 00:25:05.020
What we really are.

00:25:05.020 --> 00:25:09.390
Anatomy reveals
and reawakens us.

00:25:09.390 --> 00:25:13.027
You ever thought so much
about your nose before?

00:25:13.027 --> 00:25:14.735
Right there in front
of you all day long.

00:25:14.735 --> 00:25:20.010


00:25:20.010 --> 00:25:25.050
Look at the human body, and
what it offers us in knowledge,

00:25:25.050 --> 00:25:26.380
and constantly changing.

00:25:26.380 --> 00:25:30.350


00:25:30.350 --> 00:25:32.460
I've studied it, back in...

00:25:32.460 --> 00:25:34.400
when did I see my first brain?

00:25:34.400 --> 00:25:37.040
I guess when I was 15.

00:25:37.040 --> 00:25:40.630
And here I am, 85.

00:25:40.630 --> 00:25:48.020
And still find it remarkable,
and worth teaching and sharing

00:25:48.020 --> 00:25:49.310
with students.

00:25:49.310 --> 00:25:52.730
All right, well I expect
you all to get A's now.

00:25:52.730 --> 00:25:55.850
I've done my job,
you've got to do yours.

00:25:55.850 --> 00:25:57.200
And then remember it!

00:25:57.200 --> 00:25:59.290
That will really be fine.

00:25:59.290 --> 00:26:07.300


00:26:07.300 --> 00:26:10.340
Don't you want to learn
about what makes you, you?

00:26:10.340 --> 00:26:15.040


00:26:15.040 --> 00:26:19.560
- We have so many unanswered
questions about the brain.

00:26:19.560 --> 00:26:22.000
What is thought?

00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:24.880
How are memories made?

00:26:24.880 --> 00:26:29.530
If you had to choose one brain
to study in the entire world,

00:26:29.530 --> 00:26:31.017
whose brain would you choose?

00:26:31.017 --> 00:26:40.960


00:26:40.960 --> 00:26:44.790
No one doubts the genius
of Albert Einstein.

00:26:44.790 --> 00:26:50.620
But what in his brain enabled
him to think so deeply?

00:26:50.620 --> 00:26:53.650
- I read in Science magazine
that Einstein's brain

00:26:53.650 --> 00:26:55.840
was in a box.

00:26:55.840 --> 00:26:58.210
I asked him if I could have
four pieces, because we

00:26:58.210 --> 00:27:01.120
were studying human
brains in normal males

00:27:01.120 --> 00:27:03.541
and I wanted to compare
those areas with his.

00:27:03.541 --> 00:27:06.190


00:27:06.190 --> 00:27:08.530
They said "Fine."

00:27:08.530 --> 00:27:13.240
Three years, there were
my four pieces of brain.

00:27:13.240 --> 00:27:16.050
So we studied them.

00:27:16.050 --> 00:27:20.700
- In 1984, 29 years after
his death, Marian Diamond

00:27:20.700 --> 00:27:23.760
and her associates were
the first ever to publish

00:27:23.760 --> 00:27:28.470
research on the brain
of Albert Einstein.

00:27:28.470 --> 00:27:33.870
In hindsight it seems obvious,
but no one else had done it.

00:27:33.870 --> 00:27:37.410


00:27:37.410 --> 00:27:41.510
In science, if you want to
get answers that matter,

00:27:41.510 --> 00:27:46.380
you have to find your way
to the right question.

00:27:46.380 --> 00:27:51.280
It's not easy to find
a question so powerful

00:27:51.280 --> 00:27:53.670
that the answer
makes a difference.

00:27:53.670 --> 00:28:04.840


00:28:04.840 --> 00:28:08.940
- See, that's something that
there's one of in the world.

00:28:08.940 --> 00:28:13.222
I've got Einstein's
brain on my screensaver.

00:28:13.222 --> 00:28:17.545


00:28:17.545 --> 00:28:20.350
How did one feel in
looking at Einstein's brain

00:28:20.350 --> 00:28:23.290
for the first time?

00:28:23.290 --> 00:28:25.376
It was a total
emotional experience.

00:28:25.376 --> 00:28:27.830


00:28:27.830 --> 00:28:33.440
One of thrill, exhilaration, and
yet one of apprehension of what

00:28:33.440 --> 00:28:35.150
we were really doing --

00:28:35.150 --> 00:28:38.050
stepping into the unknown of
one of the most brilliant minds

00:28:38.050 --> 00:28:40.235
that's ever existed.

00:28:40.235 --> 00:28:41.906
Would you like to
see Einstein's brain?

00:28:41.906 --> 00:28:44.680
- Yes.

00:28:44.680 --> 00:28:51.860
- And so we found that he has
more glial cells per neuron

00:28:51.860 --> 00:28:55.250
than the average man.

00:28:55.250 --> 00:28:58.980
So these are the nerve
cells and these are

00:28:58.980 --> 00:29:02.400
the nuclei of the glial cells.

00:29:02.400 --> 00:29:05.500
- Her hypothesis and measurement
of the elevated number

00:29:05.500 --> 00:29:08.590
of glial cells in
Einstein's brain

00:29:08.590 --> 00:29:14.310
fueled a controversy about
the role of glial cells.

00:29:14.310 --> 00:29:16.570
- Brains are built of
two kinds of cells --

00:29:16.570 --> 00:29:18.570
nerve cells and glial cells.

00:29:18.570 --> 00:29:21.360
And all these years we've
thought that glial cells were

00:29:21.360 --> 00:29:22.970
just the support cells --

00:29:22.970 --> 00:29:27.480
the nurse cells, so to
speak -- for the nerve cell.

00:29:27.480 --> 00:29:30.780
- What Dr. Diamond had
noticed in her research

00:29:30.780 --> 00:29:34.260
was that when rats are raised
in enriched environments,

00:29:34.260 --> 00:29:37.680
their brains grew, but
also showed increased

00:29:37.680 --> 00:29:40.710
numbers of glial cells.

00:29:40.710 --> 00:29:43.710
- I took that with a
hypothesis that Einstein

00:29:43.710 --> 00:29:48.150
would have more glial cells per
neuron than the average male.

00:29:48.150 --> 00:29:51.360
And we found he had
significantly more.

00:29:51.360 --> 00:29:53.880
Caused a stir all
over the world,

00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:56.554
in the first place that it
was a woman who found it.

00:29:56.554 --> 00:30:00.730


00:30:00.730 --> 00:30:04.420
- The popular
press was thrilled.

00:30:04.420 --> 00:30:07.420
But many scientists were
highly critical of Dr. Diamond.

00:30:07.420 --> 00:30:17.740


00:30:17.740 --> 00:30:20.440
- It goes on and on.

00:30:20.440 --> 00:30:24.130
"Before it turned into
what Diamond sometimes

00:30:24.130 --> 00:30:27.160
called a monstrous
experience, it

00:30:27.160 --> 00:30:30.010
started as a simple
case of curiosity.

00:30:30.010 --> 00:30:32.600


00:30:32.600 --> 00:30:34.460
Findings were provocative.

00:30:34.460 --> 00:30:35.900
Einstein's brain..."

00:30:35.900 --> 00:30:39.200
- Some criticized the
quality of the 11 younger

00:30:39.200 --> 00:30:43.330
average human brains used
for the comparative study.

00:30:43.330 --> 00:30:46.180
Others objected because
apparently Einstein

00:30:46.180 --> 00:30:49.180
never gave permission to
have his own brain preserved

00:30:49.180 --> 00:30:50.940
and studied.

00:30:50.940 --> 00:30:54.510
But mainly the criticism was
for making any suggestion

00:30:54.510 --> 00:30:56.820
about the function
of the glial cell

00:30:56.820 --> 00:30:59.930
based on Einstein's brain alone.

00:30:59.930 --> 00:31:03.070
- It's not easy to go out on a
limb on something as important

00:31:03.070 --> 00:31:06.356
as that, but science
leads the way.

00:31:06.356 --> 00:31:12.310


00:31:12.310 --> 00:31:16.610
- The time where everybody...
all the neuroscientists rushed

00:31:16.610 --> 00:31:19.580
to study neurons, which are
kind of the workhorses...

00:31:19.580 --> 00:31:22.220
or people thought of them as
the workhorse of the brain.

00:31:22.220 --> 00:31:24.950
But Marian Diamond,
her work focused

00:31:24.950 --> 00:31:28.430
on the glial cells
that are always

00:31:28.430 --> 00:31:30.200
described as the support cells.

00:31:30.200 --> 00:31:34.730
Kind of like the ugly
stepsister of the brain cells.

00:31:34.730 --> 00:31:38.420
Well now we realize
that these glia cells,

00:31:38.420 --> 00:31:40.730
including the glial
cells that Marian found

00:31:40.730 --> 00:31:45.720
in Einstein's brain, are doing
more than support functions --

00:31:45.720 --> 00:31:49.070
including cognitive
functions, roles in memory,

00:31:49.070 --> 00:31:52.460
roles in critical aspects
of brain function.

00:31:52.460 --> 00:31:56.090
And so the finding in
Einstein was one of the first

00:31:56.090 --> 00:31:59.270
to herald the
current renaissance

00:31:59.270 --> 00:32:02.880
in our study of glia cells
and their importance.

00:32:02.880 --> 00:32:05.120
For example, now
there are magazines

00:32:05.120 --> 00:32:06.460
devoted to the glial cell.

00:32:06.460 --> 00:32:08.540
Institutes that
study glia cells.

00:32:08.540 --> 00:32:12.440
There are granting agencies
that focus on glia.

00:32:12.440 --> 00:32:15.360
Twenty years ago, this
would be unheard of.

00:32:15.360 --> 00:32:18.890
- Twenty-five years
after the Einstein study,

00:32:18.890 --> 00:32:23.090
here's footage of a living
glial network communicating via

00:32:23.090 --> 00:32:25.040
transmissions of calcium --

00:32:25.040 --> 00:32:28.370
direct evidence that glia
are active participants

00:32:28.370 --> 00:32:29.488
in brain function.

00:32:29.488 --> 00:32:32.240


00:32:32.240 --> 00:32:35.675
Another paradigm-changing
scientific breakthrough.

00:32:35.675 --> 00:32:41.010


00:32:41.010 --> 00:32:43.450
- With Marian, the
brain just wasn't

00:32:43.450 --> 00:32:48.990
this glob of neurons
and myelin, and glia.

00:32:48.990 --> 00:32:52.160
The brain was this
wonderful, wonderful thing.

00:32:52.160 --> 00:32:56.520
And capable of so many things,

00:32:56.520 --> 00:32:58.750
including being capable of love.

00:32:58.750 --> 00:33:02.166
(ROMANTIC MUSIC PLAYING)

00:33:02.166 --> 00:33:10.470


00:33:10.470 --> 00:33:12.670
- When I teach
students, it's always

00:33:12.670 --> 00:33:15.340
a great pleasure to bring
up some of the things

00:33:15.340 --> 00:33:19.180
that Marian has produced,
or things that she does.

00:33:19.180 --> 00:33:21.070
But the thing they're
most interested in --

00:33:21.070 --> 00:33:22.945
and this of course
is human nature --

00:33:22.945 --> 00:33:24.640
is not what she
has done, what I've

00:33:24.640 --> 00:33:26.560
done, but our relationship.

00:33:26.560 --> 00:33:29.050


00:33:29.050 --> 00:33:30.540
When do we see each other?

00:33:30.540 --> 00:33:31.150
What do we do?

00:33:31.150 --> 00:33:33.640
How do we feel about it?

00:33:33.640 --> 00:33:36.920
Never underestimate
the personal,

00:33:36.920 --> 00:33:39.625
the emotional, the limbic.

00:33:39.625 --> 00:33:45.970


00:33:45.970 --> 00:33:48.930
Marian is my mate in
every sense of the word,

00:33:48.930 --> 00:33:53.300
even though we are
apart most of the time.

00:33:53.300 --> 00:33:56.090
We spend our lives
350 miles apart.

00:33:56.090 --> 00:33:59.290
Marian, of course,
at UC Berkeley.

00:33:59.290 --> 00:34:01.160
And I'm a professor
here at UCLA.

00:34:01.160 --> 00:34:03.910


00:34:03.910 --> 00:34:08.600
And so we put up with this kind
of interrupted relationship.

00:34:08.600 --> 00:34:13.850
And yet, over 30 plus
years it has worked for us.

00:34:13.850 --> 00:34:16.805
Marian of course is my second
wife, my second marriage.

00:34:16.805 --> 00:34:19.969


00:34:19.969 --> 00:34:23.360
At that time, Marian was
married to a very fine man --

00:34:23.360 --> 00:34:26.270
a nuclear physicist,
Dick Diamond.

00:34:26.270 --> 00:34:30.060
Four children, the youngest
had just left home.

00:34:30.060 --> 00:34:33.969
She was in the
process of separating.

00:34:33.969 --> 00:34:39.940
It was 1979 and Marian's
group, for some reason

00:34:39.940 --> 00:34:42.330
they invited me up.

00:34:42.330 --> 00:34:44.909
- So how did you meet Arnold?

00:34:44.909 --> 00:34:46.860
- How did I meet him?

00:34:46.860 --> 00:34:50.159
He came to give a
lecture in my course.

00:34:50.159 --> 00:34:53.010
- I don't know what I expected,
but I certainly found a very

00:34:53.010 --> 00:34:56.130
dynamic, blond-haired
young lady.

00:34:56.130 --> 00:34:59.100
She was truly the golden
California girl who

00:34:59.100 --> 00:35:00.810
had a head on her shoulders.

00:35:00.810 --> 00:35:05.010
- He had lost his wife about
three years previously.

00:35:05.010 --> 00:35:06.370
- I met Marian...

00:35:06.370 --> 00:35:09.600
- He had taken care
of her for 27 years.

00:35:09.600 --> 00:35:12.780
- ...and it was a
wonderful reawakening.

00:35:12.780 --> 00:35:14.890
- I was driving him
up from the airport.

00:35:14.890 --> 00:35:16.810
"Oh, everything's so beautiful."

00:35:16.810 --> 00:35:21.000
He was like a bird
coming out of a cage.

00:35:21.000 --> 00:35:22.680
He just loved the Bay Area.

00:35:22.680 --> 00:35:23.530
He loved everything.

00:35:23.530 --> 00:35:26.889
And that was really
very different than most

00:35:26.889 --> 00:35:27.555
male scientists.

00:35:27.555 --> 00:35:29.420
They're not emotional.

00:35:29.420 --> 00:35:31.260
- And I apparently
was a surprise to her,

00:35:31.260 --> 00:35:34.320
because she expected somebody
very formal in a bow tie.

00:35:34.320 --> 00:35:40.050
- Then he gave a beautiful talk
on how the thalamic gates open

00:35:40.050 --> 00:35:40.870
to the cortex.

00:35:40.870 --> 00:35:44.670
- Well I think that perhaps the
most important thing that we

00:35:44.670 --> 00:35:47.010
have shared, and
continue to share,

00:35:47.010 --> 00:35:48.300
is our love of the brain.

00:35:48.300 --> 00:35:51.150
- He knew his neural, and he
was kind, and he was fine.

00:35:51.150 --> 00:35:53.340
- And then she had
some exercises to do,

00:35:53.340 --> 00:35:54.510
she had a class.

00:35:54.510 --> 00:35:58.500
- I told him, I'm sorry,
but I have a tai chi lesson.

00:35:58.500 --> 00:36:00.600
- And she wondered if
I'd wait in the library.

00:36:00.600 --> 00:36:03.180
- He says, "I want to go to
your tai chi lesson with you."

00:36:03.180 --> 00:36:06.930
Nobody had ever gone to
my tai chi lesson with me.

00:36:06.930 --> 00:36:08.640
- I ended up on the
floor in my suit coat

00:36:08.640 --> 00:36:10.170
doing exercises with them.

00:36:10.170 --> 00:36:11.283
- So you fell a love?

00:36:11.283 --> 00:36:12.230
- Yes.

00:36:12.230 --> 00:36:15.590
(UPBEAT MUSIC PLAYING)

00:36:15.590 --> 00:36:22.810


00:36:22.810 --> 00:36:26.160
- We were married down
here, as a matter of fact

00:36:26.160 --> 00:36:28.650
right at the end of the pool.

00:36:28.650 --> 00:36:33.400
And as I recall, next morning
early I put Marian on a plane

00:36:33.400 --> 00:36:34.960
because she had
to teach that day.

00:36:34.960 --> 00:36:39.560


00:36:39.560 --> 00:36:44.100
- Anybody told you that
love is good for the brain?

00:36:44.100 --> 00:36:46.340
- Only Marian Diamond
would use love in science.

00:36:46.340 --> 00:36:53.230
- Scientists don't study that,
because it sounds too squishy.

00:36:53.230 --> 00:36:54.790
But there's something there.

00:36:54.790 --> 00:36:58.390
- Marian began her
research on love

00:36:58.390 --> 00:37:01.870
as a methodological
solution to a very real

00:37:01.870 --> 00:37:04.000
scientific challenge.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:06.010
- We got our rats
up to 600 days --

00:37:06.010 --> 00:37:07.765
equivalent to
60-year-old people.

00:37:07.765 --> 00:37:09.265
We put them in
enriched environments

00:37:09.265 --> 00:37:13.240
and impoverished environments,
and we showed changes.

00:37:13.240 --> 00:37:15.970
And I was invited to the
German Academy of Sciences

00:37:15.970 --> 00:37:16.890
to report this.

00:37:16.890 --> 00:37:20.380
And one old German professor
said, "Your California rats

00:37:20.380 --> 00:37:21.298
aren't very old."

00:37:21.298 --> 00:37:25.120


00:37:25.120 --> 00:37:27.160
And I said, all right,
we've got to see

00:37:27.160 --> 00:37:30.720
what we can do to keep our
rats a little older than that

00:37:30.720 --> 00:37:34.090
and show that enrichment
will affect them.

00:37:34.090 --> 00:37:38.500
What was missing, I felt,
was what we call TLC --

00:37:38.500 --> 00:37:40.810
tender loving care.

00:37:40.810 --> 00:37:44.582
So we decided to give
loving care to our rats.

00:37:44.582 --> 00:37:45.540
And how did we do that?

00:37:45.540 --> 00:37:48.070
My technician and
I would take a rat

00:37:48.070 --> 00:37:50.240
while their cages
were being cleaned

00:37:50.240 --> 00:37:53.700
and we'd hold them against
our chests and we'd pet them,

00:37:53.700 --> 00:37:54.855
and we'd talk to them.

00:37:54.855 --> 00:37:56.980


00:37:56.980 --> 00:38:02.860
We dared, in scientific
publications, to say "love."

00:38:02.860 --> 00:38:08.720
Because when our rats got
their love, they lived longer.

00:38:08.720 --> 00:38:12.820
We got them up to 900 days.

00:38:12.820 --> 00:38:15.970
But the point is, we
could still show changes

00:38:15.970 --> 00:38:18.790
in the brain in rats
that were equivalent

00:38:18.790 --> 00:38:20.990
to 90-year-old people.

00:38:20.990 --> 00:38:26.260
At 900 days of age, we
found distinct significant

00:38:26.260 --> 00:38:29.590
differences between the
enriched and the non-enriched.

00:38:29.590 --> 00:38:33.980


00:38:33.980 --> 00:38:37.710
The plasticity of the
brain was there, we found,

00:38:37.710 --> 00:38:40.410
actually at any age --

00:38:40.410 --> 00:38:44.730
young, middle age,
and extremely old age.

00:38:44.730 --> 00:38:47.380


00:38:47.380 --> 00:38:48.757
- It is a message of hope.

00:38:48.757 --> 00:38:52.650


00:38:52.650 --> 00:38:55.770
Here we have data,
contemporary data

00:38:55.770 --> 00:38:59.460
which suggests that the best
may still be yet to come.

00:38:59.460 --> 00:39:03.300
- We always kidded why Arnie
and I continue at this.

00:39:03.300 --> 00:39:04.970
Can we say our ages?

00:39:04.970 --> 00:39:08.160
- Couple of
900-day-old rats here.

00:39:08.160 --> 00:39:11.430
- It's that very basic,
simple concept --

00:39:11.430 --> 00:39:14.440
use it or lose it.

00:39:14.440 --> 00:39:17.610
If you don't use it, you lose
these precious nerve cells

00:39:17.610 --> 00:39:21.030
that make up our brain.

00:39:21.030 --> 00:39:25.700
Getting that concept
across to everybody

00:39:25.700 --> 00:39:29.420
helps them whether they're
five years of age or close

00:39:29.420 --> 00:39:31.760
to 100 years of age.

00:39:31.760 --> 00:39:33.490
Would you like to
put on your gloves

00:39:33.490 --> 00:39:36.200
so you can look at a brain?

00:39:36.200 --> 00:39:37.460
These are your gloves.

00:39:37.460 --> 00:39:39.050
Those are your daddy's gloves.

00:39:39.050 --> 00:39:41.300
And these are my gloves.

00:39:41.300 --> 00:39:46.190
- I met Dr. Diamond in 1987 when
I was a freshman at Berkeley.

00:39:46.190 --> 00:39:51.020
And she gave a one hour
lecture when I was 18,

00:39:51.020 --> 00:39:53.780
and that talk inspired
me to go into medicine.

00:39:53.780 --> 00:39:57.660
Now I'm a pathologist, using
what she taught me every day.

00:39:57.660 --> 00:40:00.320


00:40:00.320 --> 00:40:04.050
But now I have a
four-year-old daughter.

00:40:04.050 --> 00:40:07.975
Indigo's not going to be able
to take the classes that I took.

00:40:07.975 --> 00:40:10.610


00:40:10.610 --> 00:40:12.800
My daughter has asked
me questions like,

00:40:12.800 --> 00:40:15.320
"Is your heart
beating all the time?"

00:40:15.320 --> 00:40:18.470
So I wanted her to come and
talk to the professor who

00:40:18.470 --> 00:40:19.465
inspired me.

00:40:19.465 --> 00:40:21.080
- Going to do this
and take out...

00:40:21.080 --> 00:40:24.060


00:40:24.060 --> 00:40:25.710
That's going to
drip for a minute,

00:40:25.710 --> 00:40:28.220
so I'll try to not make
too much of a mess.

00:40:28.220 --> 00:40:31.410


00:40:31.410 --> 00:40:33.840
And you know what?

00:40:33.840 --> 00:40:37.840
Now your brain is
looking at another brain.

00:40:37.840 --> 00:40:40.025
You feel it doing that?

00:40:40.025 --> 00:40:43.650
Does it know that it is?

00:40:43.650 --> 00:40:47.850
- I think about my daughter and
it gives me a new perspective

00:40:47.850 --> 00:40:50.460
on my admiration for what
Dr. Diamond has gone through

00:40:50.460 --> 00:40:51.690
to get where she is.

00:40:51.690 --> 00:40:56.190
And I hope that she can
inspire a whole new generation

00:40:56.190 --> 00:40:58.470
of women scientists.

00:40:58.470 --> 00:41:00.570
- Now, how do you hear?

00:41:00.570 --> 00:41:03.090
This little part
here is hearing.

00:41:03.090 --> 00:41:05.110
And if I take that out...

00:41:05.110 --> 00:41:11.020


00:41:11.020 --> 00:41:14.510
So you see, that's the beauty of
all of this part of the brain.

00:41:14.510 --> 00:41:17.240
It has different functions.

00:41:17.240 --> 00:41:21.740
Now you're talking, so this part
of your brain is working well.

00:41:21.740 --> 00:41:24.520
You're hearing me, right?

00:41:24.520 --> 00:41:25.523
And what's this doing?

00:41:25.523 --> 00:41:28.435


00:41:28.435 --> 00:41:30.834
Is your's working well there?

00:41:30.834 --> 00:41:31.500
How do you know?

00:41:31.500 --> 00:41:32.900
The back of your brain, there.

00:41:32.900 --> 00:41:34.710
- Because I can see.

00:41:34.710 --> 00:41:35.820
- You can see.

00:41:35.820 --> 00:41:37.950
Good for you.

00:41:37.950 --> 00:41:39.330
Isn't that fun?

00:41:39.330 --> 00:41:41.970
To think all of that's
going on in your head?

00:41:41.970 --> 00:41:53.770


00:41:53.770 --> 00:41:56.580
This can be seeing and this can
be hearing and this can be...

00:41:56.580 --> 00:42:00.870
Oh, the satisfaction
of learning.

00:42:00.870 --> 00:42:06.030
I look back now, I remember
when I was a first-year graduate

00:42:06.030 --> 00:42:10.320
student, studying brains.

00:42:10.320 --> 00:42:12.450
Wanting to.

00:42:12.450 --> 00:42:15.480
It wasn't that common.

00:42:15.480 --> 00:42:22.990
The medical school class had
five girls out of 105 students.

00:42:22.990 --> 00:42:26.860
- In 1953, Marian Diamond
was the first woman

00:42:26.860 --> 00:42:29.110
to earn a PhD in Anatomy

00:42:29.110 --> 00:42:32.320
from the University of
California Berkeley.

00:42:32.320 --> 00:42:36.130
- Later, when we first
started to write up my work,

00:42:36.130 --> 00:42:39.140
putting the titles at
the top of the page,

00:42:39.140 --> 00:42:41.910
Krech put his and put
mine in parentheses.

00:42:41.910 --> 00:42:45.730
And I said, David,
what are you doing?

00:42:45.730 --> 00:42:48.200
And he says, "But I've never
written with a woman before.

00:42:48.200 --> 00:42:50.560
I didn't know what to do."

00:42:50.560 --> 00:42:53.710
I said, well I did the work.

00:42:53.710 --> 00:42:56.890
And he changed it immediately.

00:42:56.890 --> 00:43:01.250
I mean, he was really
my friend all along.

00:43:01.250 --> 00:43:04.550
But we had a lot of education
to do when you bring

00:43:04.550 --> 00:43:06.890
a woman into a male field.

00:43:06.890 --> 00:43:11.290


00:43:11.290 --> 00:43:14.890
- There were other incidents
of gender discrimination

00:43:14.890 --> 00:43:19.750
in Marian's career, but she
didn't like to talk about them.

00:43:19.750 --> 00:43:24.520
What she would say instead
was, "Never learn bitterness,

00:43:24.520 --> 00:43:26.980
because you are the
only one who suffers."

00:43:26.980 --> 00:43:44.235


00:43:44.235 --> 00:43:45.690
- Hello, Dr. Marian.

00:43:45.690 --> 00:43:48.070
- Hello, Marian, how are you?

00:43:48.070 --> 00:43:49.040
I am Lao.

00:43:49.040 --> 00:43:50.810
Do you still recognize me?

00:43:50.810 --> 00:43:54.400


00:43:54.400 --> 00:43:58.220
- We worked for years and
years on how the environment

00:43:58.220 --> 00:43:59.228
affects the brain.

00:43:59.228 --> 00:44:01.440


00:44:01.440 --> 00:44:05.750
We had established how the brain
can change with good diets,

00:44:05.750 --> 00:44:09.370
and with exercise and so forth.

00:44:09.370 --> 00:44:13.690
But we had only been
working with rat brains,

00:44:13.690 --> 00:44:16.210
and I wanted to go
to human beings.

00:44:16.210 --> 00:44:19.585


00:44:19.585 --> 00:44:24.010
What I wanted to study were
the most impoverished children

00:44:24.010 --> 00:44:25.740
I could think of in the world.

00:44:25.740 --> 00:44:30.730


00:44:30.730 --> 00:44:36.160
- She called it the
Enrichment in Action Project.

00:44:36.160 --> 00:44:41.530
- The monks in the local convent
were feeding them once a day.

00:44:41.530 --> 00:44:43.210
They lived in the forest.

00:44:43.210 --> 00:44:44.830
They had no houses.

00:44:44.830 --> 00:44:45.570
They begged.

00:44:45.570 --> 00:44:48.850


00:44:48.850 --> 00:44:49.750
Tragic.

00:44:49.750 --> 00:44:51.520
- She started to
apply everything

00:44:51.520 --> 00:44:54.880
she knew about the rats
and changing their brains

00:44:54.880 --> 00:44:58.720
with enriched environments,
but applying it to people.

00:44:58.720 --> 00:45:01.150
- This was applied science.

00:45:01.150 --> 00:45:04.330
Different from anything
I'd done before.

00:45:04.330 --> 00:45:09.760
Leaving the lab for the
messiness of the real world.

00:45:09.760 --> 00:45:11.410
It wasn't research.

00:45:11.410 --> 00:45:14.470
It wasn't for
publication in a journal.

00:45:14.470 --> 00:45:18.730
I wanted to see if our new
understanding of the brain

00:45:18.730 --> 00:45:23.370
would really make a
difference in people's lives.

00:45:23.370 --> 00:45:28.740
Applying scientific knowledge
to practical problems --

00:45:28.740 --> 00:45:29.945
that's what I wanted.

00:45:29.945 --> 00:45:33.470


00:45:33.470 --> 00:45:35.150
So we've learned
with our experiments

00:45:35.150 --> 00:45:37.940
that you have to feed the brain
before it can do anything.

00:45:37.940 --> 00:45:41.510
So we said diet was number one.

00:45:41.510 --> 00:45:43.820
- Marian's Enrichment
in Action Program

00:45:43.820 --> 00:45:47.480
continued for over 10 years.

00:45:47.480 --> 00:45:49.730
She raised the money for it.

00:45:49.730 --> 00:45:53.390
She traveled back and forth
to Cambodia repeatedly.

00:45:53.390 --> 00:45:55.640
She put to use the
principles of enrichment

00:45:55.640 --> 00:45:58.910
from her research findings.

00:45:58.910 --> 00:46:04.630
This was science
and philanthropy.

00:46:04.630 --> 00:46:07.720
- You should see them
now, 10 years later.

00:46:07.720 --> 00:46:14.400
- Now I just finished the exam
of the university in year two.

00:46:14.400 --> 00:46:19.300
And next month
start year three...

00:46:19.300 --> 00:46:22.600
- Five of the students
are finishing college,

00:46:22.600 --> 00:46:25.120
and more are on their way.

00:46:25.120 --> 00:46:28.180
A whole different life.

00:46:28.180 --> 00:46:34.400
And now we want this to be role
models for the next generation.

00:46:34.400 --> 00:46:36.670
And that's what it looks
like is going to happen.

00:46:36.670 --> 00:46:40.070
- I just graduated from
high school this month.

00:46:40.070 --> 00:46:43.240
And even the English, before I
don't know how to say "Hello"

00:46:43.240 --> 00:46:45.100
but now I can read and write.

00:46:45.100 --> 00:46:48.530
(TRANQUIL MUSIC PLAYING)

00:46:48.530 --> 00:47:04.690


00:47:04.690 --> 00:47:05.190
- Science.

00:47:05.190 --> 00:47:08.690


00:47:08.690 --> 00:47:11.930
To stimulate the brain.

00:47:11.930 --> 00:47:13.576
To improve your life.

00:47:13.576 --> 00:47:39.472


00:47:39.472 --> 00:47:44.740
I just think it's magic the way
things work out with cooking.

00:47:44.740 --> 00:47:49.188
It's absolutely essential
to measure things correctly.

00:47:49.188 --> 00:47:52.180


00:47:52.180 --> 00:47:54.264
Women scientists
make good cooks.

00:47:54.264 --> 00:47:57.600


00:47:57.600 --> 00:48:00.225
Did you ever raise chickens?

00:48:00.225 --> 00:48:03.570
Back in La Crescenta
where I grew up,

00:48:03.570 --> 00:48:09.270
where we had chickens and
goats and fruit trees,

00:48:09.270 --> 00:48:10.450
we always were barefoot.

00:48:10.450 --> 00:48:12.360
And we always wore
our little sun suits,

00:48:12.360 --> 00:48:15.490
because it was healthy for you.

00:48:15.490 --> 00:48:18.900
So there were six of us and
we are all different sizes,

00:48:18.900 --> 00:48:20.255
and I was the youngest.

00:48:20.255 --> 00:48:23.720
(UPBEAT MUSIC PLAYING)

00:48:23.720 --> 00:48:48.990


00:48:48.990 --> 00:48:53.670
You never know when you're
going to get a new idea.

00:48:53.670 --> 00:48:57.990
When I was young, I went
up and sat in the hills.

00:48:57.990 --> 00:49:02.760
I said, I'm just a little speck
of sand in this big world.

00:49:02.760 --> 00:49:04.000
What do I really want?

00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:07.740


00:49:07.740 --> 00:49:09.930
When I saw my first brain...

00:49:09.930 --> 00:49:13.080
I saw that when I was about 15.

00:49:13.080 --> 00:49:16.110
One morning my father
asked if I wanted

00:49:16.110 --> 00:49:18.990
to go with him to the Los
Angeles County Hospital.

00:49:18.990 --> 00:49:22.320
He was going to be
visiting a patient.

00:49:22.320 --> 00:49:25.395
And so we were going down
the corridor, passing rooms,

00:49:25.395 --> 00:49:30.140
but one room had the
door a little ajar.

00:49:30.140 --> 00:49:35.390
And on the table inside
the room was a human brain.

00:49:35.390 --> 00:49:38.700


00:49:38.700 --> 00:49:44.020
Just the sight of that
brain, and I said,

00:49:44.020 --> 00:49:46.300
those cells can create ideas.

00:49:46.300 --> 00:49:49.290


00:49:49.290 --> 00:49:51.200
And that was
embedded in my life.

00:49:51.200 --> 00:49:54.310
And it still is, and we
still don't know how.

00:49:54.310 --> 00:49:57.130
But it was enough
to know that if I

00:49:57.130 --> 00:49:59.560
was going to study something,
I wanted to study brains.

00:49:59.560 --> 00:50:02.110


00:50:02.110 --> 00:50:05.910
It just blew my mind, the
fact that a cell could

00:50:05.910 --> 00:50:06.745
create an idea.

00:50:06.745 --> 00:50:11.300


00:50:11.300 --> 00:50:12.850
- Did that stay with
you consciously,

00:50:12.850 --> 00:50:14.490
do you think, from then on?

00:50:14.490 --> 00:50:16.710
- Oh, very definitely.

00:50:16.710 --> 00:50:18.610
I mean, it still does.

00:50:18.610 --> 00:50:21.070
And we still don't know.

00:50:21.070 --> 00:50:25.880
And we don't know what
questions to ask to find out.

00:50:25.880 --> 00:50:29.890
The marvelous things
that this brain can do.

00:50:29.890 --> 00:50:31.540
The beauty of the brain,

00:50:31.540 --> 00:50:33.400
the art of the brain,

00:50:33.400 --> 00:50:34.505
as well as its science.

00:50:34.505 --> 00:50:37.190


00:50:37.190 --> 00:50:39.570
And that's what I
loved and still do.

00:50:39.570 --> 00:50:58.750


00:50:58.750 --> 00:51:04.450
All right, I'm going to read
my letter about my status

00:51:04.450 --> 00:51:07.780
with my field at the moment.

00:51:07.780 --> 00:51:10.960
"To my colleagues and friends.

00:51:10.960 --> 00:51:16.000
First and foremost let me begin
by expressing my sincerest

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:19.990
appreciation to each and every
one of you who I have had

00:51:19.990 --> 00:51:22.000
the privilege of
sharing your..."

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:26.480
- Good evening, ladies and
gentlemen and dear friends.

00:51:26.480 --> 00:51:28.470
I was asked to speak
because I've known

00:51:28.470 --> 00:51:30.980
Marian Diamond for 41 years.

00:51:30.980 --> 00:51:34.000
- "Though I'd love to
continue as before,

00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:36.310
I think I'd better
pay attention to what

00:51:36.310 --> 00:51:39.490
my anatomy is telling me now."

00:51:39.490 --> 00:51:42.940
Thank you for coming,
each one of you.

00:51:42.940 --> 00:51:45.970
Very, very fond
memories attached to...

00:51:45.970 --> 00:51:50.680
"I want to be remembered as a
vital, competent teacher, who

00:51:50.680 --> 00:51:54.880
loves sharing with her
students and providing

00:51:54.880 --> 00:51:59.350
useful information,
rather than one who is

00:51:59.350 --> 00:52:02.680
possibly slower and uncertain

00:52:02.680 --> 00:52:04.506
mentally and physically.

00:52:04.506 --> 00:52:08.140


00:52:08.140 --> 00:52:13.170
You know how much I will
miss you, each one of you.

00:52:13.170 --> 00:52:16.420
With affectionate
best wishes, Marian."

00:52:16.420 --> 00:52:27.300


00:52:27.300 --> 00:52:31.370
I'm not the lady I
was 20 years ago.

00:52:31.370 --> 00:52:34.600
But I'm not going to
hang on to the negatives.

00:52:34.600 --> 00:52:36.460
I never have.

00:52:36.460 --> 00:52:39.400
I would appreciate
a professor that I

00:52:39.400 --> 00:52:42.880
had that recognized
that we're changing

00:52:42.880 --> 00:52:44.210
and we're getting older.

00:52:44.210 --> 00:52:47.680
- In a sense, we're trying
to understand, what is

00:52:47.680 --> 00:52:49.810
this new time of life called?

00:52:49.810 --> 00:52:52.300
Age or extreme age?

00:52:52.300 --> 00:52:55.210
Mankind, in general,
has not had the chance

00:52:55.210 --> 00:52:57.490
to experience it before.

00:52:57.490 --> 00:52:59.950
And Marian is, I think,
very wise in wanting

00:52:59.950 --> 00:53:04.960
to nurture the image
that she has represented

00:53:04.960 --> 00:53:07.410
for her students.

00:53:07.410 --> 00:53:12.360
She is not only
neuroanatomy and anatomy,

00:53:12.360 --> 00:53:15.300
but the love of these topics.

00:53:15.300 --> 00:53:18.450
And I think they
carry away that love.

00:53:18.450 --> 00:53:21.870
And that's how she wants
to be remembered --

00:53:21.870 --> 00:53:26.370
as a passionate,
interacting individual.

00:53:26.370 --> 00:53:29.380
And I'm all for it.

00:53:29.380 --> 00:53:30.160
- Thank you.

00:53:30.160 --> 00:53:33.790


00:53:33.790 --> 00:53:36.160
I do not understand
why all people

00:53:36.160 --> 00:53:41.440
don't want to be teachers,
at least part of a lifetime.

00:53:41.440 --> 00:53:43.780
I thoroughly enjoy
talking to students

00:53:43.780 --> 00:53:49.034
of any age who want to learn
and feel the light go on.

00:53:49.034 --> 00:53:52.492
(MUSIC PLAYING)

00:53:52.492 --> 00:54:07.830


00:54:07.830 --> 00:54:15.430
- Marian has taught science to
an estimated 60,000 students.

00:54:15.430 --> 00:54:17.575
Enough to fill this stadium.

00:54:17.575 --> 00:54:20.560


00:54:20.560 --> 00:54:23.470
Not even counting her
YouTube audience --

00:54:23.470 --> 00:54:26.970
60,000 in-person,
over all her years.

00:54:26.970 --> 00:54:30.260


00:54:30.260 --> 00:54:33.860
This is her legacy.

00:54:33.860 --> 00:54:38.990
Beyond any single discovery will
be the continued discoveries

00:54:38.990 --> 00:54:42.320
from any of the people
who studied with her

00:54:42.320 --> 00:54:46.976
and experienced the
joy of curiosity.

00:54:46.976 --> 00:54:56.540


00:54:56.540 --> 00:55:01.610
- Marian Diamond introduced
me to a topic that

00:55:01.610 --> 00:55:04.670
has fascinated me for
a whole career now,

00:55:04.670 --> 00:55:08.670
and probably for
the rest of my life.

00:55:08.670 --> 00:55:12.320
And today I have my own hatbox.

00:55:12.320 --> 00:55:22.560
And I introduce the brain in
that same way to my students.

00:55:22.560 --> 00:55:31.160
And it's like bringing
her into my classroom.

00:55:31.160 --> 00:55:37.760
And that's the best way
that I can honor her

00:55:37.760 --> 00:55:42.490
and all that she's
given not only to me,

00:55:42.490 --> 00:55:45.160
but to the thousands
of students that have

00:55:45.160 --> 00:55:46.624
come through her classroom.

00:55:46.624 --> 00:55:49.410


00:55:49.410 --> 00:55:51.750
- Don't you just love the brain?

00:55:51.750 --> 00:55:55.100
(MUSIC PLAYING)