WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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Antarctica, frigid, barren,

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seemingly endless. On December 3rd, 1961,

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a 63-year-old women by the
name of Andrea Barnes

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set off single handedly across this
barrier of ice. On December 18th,

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the weather turned against her. A week later
on Christmas day, radio contact was lost.

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Ms. Barnes was never seen again.

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This was to be the final leg in a journey that had
started for her nearly half a century before,

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a journey ending in apparent failure.
She had not succeeded

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in proving to the world
that the earth is flat.

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It has a flat top and it shaped like a top.

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There\'s a certain amount of depth here because there
must be a vertical access on which it rotates

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and the stability of the
mass would indicate that

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uh… there must be some depth or wobble

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could very easy occur and
we know that there is none.

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It\'s a commonly held misconception that the Earth
is a spherical object that revolve around the sun,

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but the fact is of course that the Earth is a
circular dish surrounded by a barrier of ice

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that explore like Andrea Barnes had been
attempting to penetrate for centuries.

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[music]

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In 1585, a mid storm of controversy
and undercover of darkness,

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an adventurer by the name of Afton Marcella
stole out of London in hopes of being the first

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to reach the Edge of the Earth.
But he was unprepared

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for the extreme conditions. His crew
was played by scurvy and frostbite,

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food supplies ran low. Marcella
was forced to turn back

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before setting foot on Antarctica,

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so ended the first recorded expedition. But the
controversy goes back much further than that.

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Since long before the
dawn of recorded history,

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we\'ve been trying to understand the world around
us and we\'ve constantly turned to the sky

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for answers. By unlocking the keys
to the stars, the sun and the moon

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it was reasoned, we would
learn more about the Earth.

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So we remained every vigilant turning
both our persistence and our technology

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to the task at hand. But the
conclusions have not always been

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particularly well thought out.

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Two thousand years ago when Egyptian
scholar by the name Eratosthenes

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performed an experiment that he claimed proved the earth
to be a sphere. However, there are serious doubts

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about the accuracy of his data
and his scientific procedures.

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Dr. Leo Ferrari explains… Over
the Eratosthenes\' experiment

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is an experiment supposedly
conducted in the first century,

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whereby this ingenious person was
supposed to have proved, I said,

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\"The earth was a sphere of
some 4,000 miles radius.\"

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Eratosthenes one day noticed that the
sun was directly overhead in Syene,

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whereas he noticed that on the same day,
at the same time, the sun made an angle

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7.2 degree to the vertical at
Alexandria which was about

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some 530 miles away. How does
Eratosthenes in the first century say,

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\"No, what the sun was doing
on the same day in two places

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which are 530 miles apart?\" When you take

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all those same data knowing
that the earth is flat,

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in one place you have the sun directly
over head and at another place

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at the same time, at 530 miles
away, let us suppose it does make

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an angle of 7.2 degrees vertical,
then we have a right angled triangle

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which can be easily shown that the sun
is a sum of 4,000 miles up in the sky.

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These superficial even
considerations show that

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it\'s impossible, the whole thing,
it\'s the story, A fairy story made up

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and mindlessly repeated in textbooks.

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Fortunately, not all scientific arguments
are based on such questionable research.

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The Greek astronomer, Ptolemy determined
to everyone\'s satisfaction that

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the Earth is flat, circular, and
the central body in the universe.

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His theory went unchallenged for 1,200,

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not surprising really, one
need only look around.

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However, the notion that it was some
other shape gain some acceptance

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during the Renaissance. These
were in impoverished times

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most writers, artists, and scientists
could not support themselves

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through their work. They depended on
the patronage of the upper class.

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Consequently, creative and original thinking
men let their imaginations run rampant

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in order to attract support. The
fact that Leonardo da Vinci designed

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a flying machine late in the 15th century
confirms that the sky was the limit

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to which scientists would go
to impress potential backers

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and an examination of the shape
of the earth was a popular theme.

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In 1543, the Polish astronomer,
Copernicus suggested the bizarre notion

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that the Earth is a round ball that
circles the sun. But his book emphasized

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it was only a hypothesis. He
further avoided controversy

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by withholding the book for 13 years and
then by dying, on the day it was published.

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Edmond Halley the highly
esteemed British astronomer

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best known for the comet named after him proposed that
the Earth is made up of several concentric spheres

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each supporting life placed inside one another
in the manner of a Chinese box puzzle.

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Marshall B. Gardner however

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insisted that the Earth is completely hollow
except for a small sun that lights the interior.

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[music]

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The argument for all practical purposes came to an end
when the Church of England was established by law

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during the 16th century. They rejected
many laws of the ancient Catholic Church

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and to appear forward
thinking, they embrace

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many radical scientific notions prevalent at the
time including Copernicus\' Round Earth Theory.

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With this endorsement, the theory
found its way into the schools

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which were then largely controlled by the
Church. It has remained there to this day

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and many children have
accepted it without question.

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Andrea Barnes was not one of those children.
Born into an Ontario farming family

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in 1898, Andrea was a bright
child who spent much of her time

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learning about the world around her.
She was inquisitive and precocious

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and much to her teacher\'s dismay she fervently
believe the global earth concept was nonsensical

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and easily refuted. Many scientists agree
with her and are amassing evidence

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to carry on her work. There\'s all
kinds of proofs right around you

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that show that the Earth is flat. A
very simple one to think of is that

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we use plumb bobs to uh… build buildings. In
other words, to get the wall of the building

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going straight down, you\'ll take a string with a heavy
weight hanging from it and you make the building

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follow that string. That plumb bob will
point to the center of round Earth.

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That means that if you imagine that this… this was the
correct Earth, you can imagine a plumb bob held here

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would point in that direction and plumb bob
held here would point in that direction.

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That means the buildings would be
bigger on the top than at the bottom.

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It would also mean that boats would
constantly be sailing downhill.

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And invariably, in any discussion
about the shape of the Earth,

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the first argument used in support of its
rotundity is that as ship sail out to sea,

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the tops of their masts are
visible longer than the hull.

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The fact is of course that the light rays from the lower
part of the ship are no longer reaching the shore.

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When we consider this, (inaudible)
authority as Einstein postulated

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and indeed proved that light rays bend
deceptively in gravitational fields,

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it should not be surprising that the light
rays that from the lower parts of the ship

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do not succeed in reaching the shore are
incapable of entering the eye of an observer

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and so they think the part of the ship
(inaudible) light rays come is not seen.

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[sil.]

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But it was hundreds of years before Einstein\'s
time when explorers likes Sir Francis Drake

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and Ferdinand Magellan were pushing out the
boundaries of the known world and it wasn\'t easy.

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As they ventured further and further from established
trade routes, the fear of coming to the edge of the world

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and falling off became a very real one.

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Sailors became increasingly apprehensive
about joining such an expedition.

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So Copernicus\' notion that the Earth was a ball you
couldn\'t fall off of was readily embraced by businessmen.

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And when Magellan\'s crew claim to
have circum navigated the globe

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in 1522, it was seen as a new
piece in the scientific puzzle,

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but more importantly it was seen as a strong
psychological boost for free enterprise.

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It\'s also been seen as a
huge publicity stunt.

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[sil.]

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The sailor thinks that he\'s traveling
around the Earth this way,

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when in effect he\'s traveling
around the Earth this way

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and he\'s creating a circle. He\'s… he\'s
moving in a continuous direction around.

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He goes through the various parts of the circle and he
comes back where he start from, so around this way.

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Does running around your neighborhood
proved that the neighborhood is round?

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By the time Andrea was in
her teens, her brother Andy

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had already decided to go into the
transportation business and many of her friends

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had turned to nursing as a vocation.

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But Andrea devoted her time to exploring
the world around her and to questioning.

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She was vehemently opposed to the use
of globes in schools and formed a group

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to protest what she referred to
as a load of old codswallop.

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They demonstrated in a
manner they felt symbolic.

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But Andrea soon realized the
only way people would listen was

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if she made a trip to the edge and brought
back proof. And so on her 16th birthday,

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she set off across the snowy deserts
of Antarctica with little more

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than a borrowed pair of skis.
However, like Marcellus

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some 300 years earlier she was
unprepared for the harsh conditions

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and was soon forced to turn back. She tried
to raise money for a larger expedition,

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but her course was overshadowed
by the outbreak of World War I

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and it became more important to worry about maintaining
one stake in the world than arguing over its shape.

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[music]

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Although they never met,
Andrea\'s mentor was this man,

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Samuel Birley Rowbotham, better known
throughout the scientific community

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as Parallax. In 1881, he
had published this book,

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\'Earth not a Globe.\' Outlining dozens of
experiments performed over many years,

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it quickly became the standard
authority for antigloburalists.

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Perhaps the most significant experiments

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were those carried out on a canal
known as the Old Bedford Level,

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located in Cambridgeshire, England, the canal is perfectly
straight over an uninterrupted six mile stretch.

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While there, Parallax
conducted many experiments

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all towards one conclusion to prove that
the surface of the water in the canal

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was indeed perfectly flat.

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In one experiment, a boat carrying a
flag rode from one bridge to another

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six miles away. An
observer with a telescope

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placed eight inches above the surface of the water found
that the flag and the boat were distinctly visible

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throughout the entire distance.
If the Earth is a sphere

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with the circumference of 25,000 miles,
then over a distance of six miles,

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the second bridge should mathematically
be 16 feet below the observer\'s eye line.

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[music]

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But in spite of the mathematical evidence, any
further attempts to restore belief in the flat Earth

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seem doomed by one of the supposed great
moments in modern scientific achievement.

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[sil.]

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At last, after thousands of years
of uncertainty, man was able to get

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far enough away from the earth to have a good
look at it in all its resplendent beauty.

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It did appear curved and photographs
were brought back for all to see.

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However, according to experts these
photographs are much less conclusive

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than one might think. Einstein told us that
light actually is attracted by gravity.

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In other words, the path of light is not
straight in a strong gravitational field.

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So uh… astronauts looking at the
Earth uh… see a curved Earth,

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but what they don\'t realize is… is
that it\'s not the Earth that\'s curved,

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it\'s the light taking a curved path from the earth
because of the strong gravitational field of the Earth

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that makes the Earth look curved. So you\'re
saying that those photographs from space

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that the Apollo Mission brought back don\'t
represent the earth as it really is?

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Of course they represent the Earth as
it really is as seen by curved light

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and so those photographs from
space are entirely correct

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and it\'s just that what has to be taken into
account when we take data from those photographs

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is that light traveling through
space is curved by gravity

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and so it\'ll make straight things appear curved. And
you know it also make curve things appear straight.

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So you have to be very careful when you use light to
measure things in a… in a very high gravitational field.

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They\'re going up and the astronaut thinks
he\'s leveling off this way going around,

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but in effect he\'s leveling off this
way and he goes around in a circle,

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this, like so. The farther out he goes,

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the less he sees of the Earth. He makes a bigger
circle, he can make as big a circle as he like

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and which is in effect exactly the same as if he was
going around the world this way and going out farther,

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he makes a bigger… bigger, a larger orbit.

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Through time lapse photography,
the velocity of these clouds

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has been dramatically increased. While they
were actually drifting over the mountains

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at approximately 27 miles per hour,
they now have the appearance of

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moving at well over 100, four
times their normal speed.

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If the clouds were stationary and the Earth was
revolving underneath them, this is how it would appear

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if the Earth was spinning at 100
miles per hour. Yet we\'re told that

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the Earth is spinning at
ten times that speed.

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Consider this, those who maintain
that the Earth is a globe that spin

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suggest that people standing at the
equator are being whirled around

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at approximately 1,000 miles an hour. They further
maintain that the Earth is spinning around the sun

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at a speed of 67,000 miles per hour

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and that our sun is supposedly racing
around the center of our galaxy

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at some 600,000 miles per hour.

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And yet, you and I both know that on many days it\'s
possible to stand outside without a single hair

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being messed up by the breeze. You put
your hand outside a… a window of… of a car

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which is going even at 80 kilometers per hour, terrific
wind goes blasting by and pushes your hand back,

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imagine putting your hand outside the window of
a car that\'s going 1,600 kilometers per hour,

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it would just take your hand right off.
With a sphere of a 4,000 miles radius

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being a… a spun round once every 24 hours, a
little bit of calculations will show that

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that person there is being spun
around at about a 1,000 miles an hour

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and he doesn\'t know it? I mean,
this is obvious nonsense.

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You\'re going in a merry-go-round and it
goes I doubt more than ten miles an hour

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and you get off all dizzy, you mean to tell me
that people can be spun around as something of

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approximately a 1,000 miles an hour and not know it,
why? If this is so, this whole room that we\'re in

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is supposedly being spun around at something
of approximately that order of speed

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and we don\'t know it? There\'s all kinds of evidence
for the phenomena what\'s called Continental Drift.

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This means that the… the
continents are able to move

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as if they\'re floating on a fluid.
Now if the Earth is… is spherical

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and if its spinning can any… anybody knows that if
this is spinning very… very… very first like that,

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that the continents should all
be located at the equator

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because centrifugal force would move the
continents from the poles to the middle.

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One of the real big problems that it
maybe a little bit easier to understand,

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sound doesn\'t travel nearly that first.

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So for example, if you\'re at the equator
and you wanted shout to warn somebody,

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it\'s quite possible they could never
hear you because if you are shouting,

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say the Earth is spinning in this direction
and you\'re shouting in that direction,

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the sound could never catch up to the person
who\'s of course being carried away by the Earth.

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In October of 1929, Andrea
again tried to focus

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the world\'s attention on the controversy
by proving the notion the Earth spins

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to be absolute nonsense. It was reasoned that
if a dirigible was to go aloft in England

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and hold itself perfectly static
then by the accepted theory,

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the Earth should rotate underneath it and New York
should come into view some four or five hours later.

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[music]

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
In fact, England was never lost form view.
The dirigible eventually ran low on fuel

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
and had to land. Andrea insisted
she had made her point.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
But New York wasn\'t paying attention
that day. The stock market crash

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
monopolized the headlines then
and for some time to come.

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
Andrea had again been upstaged.
Instead of going

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
spinning around… around this way and
going around, it goes up and down.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
Now when the Earth is up
here and this is the sun,

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
no rays, dark. The Earth
is down here, daylight.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
When the earth is here, relative to the sun

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
and it\'s going up, sunset, into night.

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
Reaches the top of its pattern,
path, comes back down again

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
and sunrise.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
[music]

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
Now the interesting things happen at the ends
of the Earth. You see, when you go from any car

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
on a car trip from point A to point B,
you\'re moving through what\'s called space

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
and it takes time to get through
space, but if… if there is space,

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
there must also be non-space. It\'s kind of like
saying, \"If there is wet, there must be dry,\"

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
you can\'t have one without
the other, it\'s obvious.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
So when you get the end of the pizza model of
the Earth, you\'re actually moving from space

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
into non-space and you can move
through non-space in no time.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
So it takes time to move through space, but
it takes no time to move through non-space.

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
So a lot of things are affected by this.
For example, satellites,

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
as they cross the Earth, they will
then go into this non-space region,

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
they will instantly then be able to reappear back
where they started by taking a non-space route.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
The moon does this, the sun does
this and stars even do this

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
at a very… very slow rate moving from space
into non-space, then reappearing back

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
where they started from. This is
due to probably of reflectivity

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
and complementarity that is
a well-known phenomenon.

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
[music]

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
By November of 1938,

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
Andrea was prepared for her second attempt
to reach the edge. A consortium of financers

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
were providing her with the plane and a large
enough crew to make a legitimate go of it.

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
And so once again, an opportunistic
Andrea found herself in Antarctica

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
and once again fate was against her.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
A freak spring blizzard
took them by surprise.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
They were unable to leave base camp
much less make a trip to the edge.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
The entire expedition was
very nearly wiped out.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
[music]

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
That was the last attempt Andrea made

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
until 23 years later when she set
off alone by snowmobile in 1961.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
Until recently, that was
the end of the story.

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
[music]

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
Early this year, a researcher
stationed in Antarctica

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
to study weather patterns, found a
snowmobile partially buried in a snow bank.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
It had run out of fuel and there
were no signs of Andrea anywhere.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
But he did find these, a camera and a note.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
The note says only, \"I have been there,

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
the debate finally comes to
an end.\" signed Andrea B.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
It had survived the frozen
elements for nearly 30 years.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
Unfortunately, the researcher inadvertently
opened the camera exposing the film inside,

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
any pictures were lost and Ms.
Barnes\' trip is still very much

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
shrouded in mystery. There was no
description of what she had seen

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
or how far away it was. But if
we are to believe the note,

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
then Andrea Barnes was very likely
the first person in history

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:05.000
to visit the edge of the Earth.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
What you don\'t know you
eliminate and that is…

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
that\'s my opinion is what the… the globular
Earth theories have done, they just eliminated

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
what they didn\'t know. The more honest approach is the flat earth
approach where we say, \"Well, we don\'t know what\'s at the ends,

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:35.000
but… but the ends are there.\"