00:38.105 --> 00:41.609
-WE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE
TAKEN OVER THE WHOLE PLANET.

00:41.608 --> 00:43.610
BUT NOW WE MUST
LEARN TO SHARE IT,

00:43.610 --> 00:46.113
OR ELSE WE WILL LOSE IT.

00:46.113 --> 00:48.616
WE HAVE TO OUTGROW TRIBALISM,

00:48.615 --> 00:51.118
PATRIARCHY, ALL OUR OLD WAYS.

00:51.118 --> 00:53.621
AND WE HAVE TO MOVE FAST,

00:53.620 --> 00:56.123
BECAUSE WE’RE
RUNNING OUT OF TIME.

01:31.658 --> 01:33.660
THIS IS A SMALL PLANET,

01:33.660 --> 01:36.663
BUT THERE ARE MORE THAN
180 COUNTRIES OUT THERE.

01:36.663 --> 01:39.166
OVER A THOUSAND
BIG ETHNIC GROUPS.

01:39.166 --> 01:42.169
6 BILLION LARGE
INTELLIGENT PRIMATES,

01:42.169 --> 01:46.674
ALL STILL FULLY EQUIPPED
WITH THE OLD PRIMATE REFLEX
TO GET TOGETHER IN GROUPS

01:46.673 --> 01:49.176
AND TREAT EVERYBODY
ELSE AS AN ENEMY.

01:49.176 --> 01:52.179
WE CAN’T AFFORD THIS
KIND OF BEHAVIOUR ANYMORE.

01:52.179 --> 01:54.181
OUR NUMBERS, OUR WEAPONS,

01:54.181 --> 01:56.684
ABOVE ALL OUR CONSUMPTION
HAVE ALL GROWN SO GREAT

01:56.683 --> 02:00.187
THAT WE’RE NOW IN ACUTE
DANGER OF DESTROYING
OUR OWN ENVIRONMENT.

02:00.187 --> 02:02.690
BUT THE OLD TRIBAL
CODE STILL SAYS,

02:02.689 --> 02:06.193
"PUT YOUR OWN PEOPLE FIRST AND
THE HELL WITH EVERYBODY ELSE."

02:06.193 --> 02:08.696
IF WE CAN’T BREAK THIS PATTERN,

02:08.695 --> 02:11.698
WE’RE PROBABLY
DONE FOR AS A SPECIES.

02:11.698 --> 02:13.700
BUT CAN WE?

02:13.700 --> 02:15.702
WHAT WE NEED IS A TEST CASE,

02:15.702 --> 02:18.205
A PLACE WHERE TRIBALISM
HAS HAD FREE REIN,

02:18.205 --> 02:21.709
A MICROCOSM WITH ALL
THE DIVISIONS OF THE
WORLD IN A SINGLE COUNTRY.

02:21.708 --> 02:25.212
A PLACE WHERE THEY NOW HAVE
TO COOPERATE DESPITE ALL THAT,

02:25.212 --> 02:27.214
OR ELSE GO UNDER TOGETHER.

02:27.214 --> 02:29.216
AND THERE IS SUCH A MICROCOSM.

02:29.216 --> 02:32.219
IT’S CALLED SOUTH AFRICA.

02:36.223 --> 02:40.227
SOUTH AFRICA HAS
40 MILLION PEOPLE.

02:40.227 --> 02:43.230
THEY BELONG TO A DOZEN
MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS,

02:43.230 --> 02:46.734
FROM AFRIKANERS AND PUNJABIS
TO JEWS AND ZULUS.

02:46.733 --> 02:50.237
AND THEY SPEAK 11
DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.

02:50.237 --> 02:52.239
SOME OF SOUTH AFRICA’S
PEOPLE LIVE IN THE 1st WORLD.

02:52.239 --> 02:54.241
MANY MORE LIVE IN THE 3rd WORLD.

02:54.741 --> 02:58.245
AND THERE’S A LONG
HISTORY OF WAR AND
RACISM AND OPPRESSION,

02:58.245 --> 03:00.247
ALL IN A COUNTRY THAT’S ONLY

03:00.247 --> 03:02.750
TWICE THE SIZE OF FRANCE.

03:02.749 --> 03:05.752
IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND
    THE TRIBAL MIND,

03:05.752 --> 03:08.255
THIS IS A GOOD PLACE TO START.

03:21.268 --> 03:24.271
IT’S A PARTICULARLY GOOD PLACE
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY

03:24.271 --> 03:27.274
HAS EMBARKED ON A HEROIC
EFFORT TO MOVE BEYOND TRIBALISM.

03:27.274 --> 03:32.279
THE ALL-RACE ELECTIONS
IN APRIL 1994 PUT AN
END TO TRIBAL POLITICS

03:32.279 --> 03:35.783
IN SOUTH AFRICA, AT
LEAST IN PRINCIPLE.

03:44.791 --> 03:47.794
SO WE FOLLOWED A VERY
SPECIAL GROUP OF MEN AND WOMEN

03:47.794 --> 03:50.297
THROUGH THE FINAL YEAR
BEFORE THE ELECTION.

03:58.305 --> 04:02.810
THESE ARE THE OFFICES
    OF A NEWSPAPER CALLED
VRYE WEEKBLAD, THE FREE WEEKLY.

04:03.310 --> 04:06.814
-YOU KNOW, I’M GOING TO RUN
A STORY ON APLA THIS WEEK.

04:06.813 --> 04:09.316
AND I’M NOT JUST GOING TO
RUN THE STORY, YOU KNOW,

04:09.316 --> 04:12.319
WITHOUT A COMMENT FROM BENNY.

04:12.319 --> 04:16.323
[GWYNNE DYER]: IT IS
1993, AND WHITE RULE

04:16.823 --> 04:18.325
HAS JUST 1 YEAR LEFT.

04:33.840 --> 04:36.343
[GWYNNE DYER]: MAX DU PREEZ
CREATED THIS NEWSPAPER

04:36.343 --> 04:38.846
TO SAY THE THINGS THAT
NO OTHER PAPER WOULD SAY,

04:38.845 --> 04:42.849
AND TO SAY THEM IN AFRIKAANS,
THE LANGUAGE OF
THE RULING TRIBE.

04:42.849 --> 04:45.852
PEARLIE JOUBERT IS TYPICAL
OF THE JOURNALISTS HE HIRED.

04:45.852 --> 04:48.355
THEY’RE YOUNG,
THEY WORK FOR PEANUTS,

04:48.355 --> 04:52.359
AND THEY DON’T GIVE A DAMN
FOR ANYBODY IN AUTHORITY,
    INCLUDING MAX.

05:09.376 --> 05:14.381
[GWYNNE DYER]: THESE ARE
PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE PROCESS
OF SHEDDING THEIR TRIBAL SKINS.

05:14.381 --> 05:18.385
WALLY MBHELE IS THE
PAPER’S ONLY BLACK REPORTER.

05:18.385 --> 05:21.388
HE WAS BORN A ZULU,

05:21.888 --> 05:23.890
BUT HE SEES HIMSELF
AS A SOUTH AFRICAN.

05:23.890 --> 05:27.394
MAX DU PREEZ

05:27.394 --> 05:29.897
AND PEARLIE JOUBERT
ARE AFRIKANERS.

05:31.898 --> 05:34.901
THEY TOO ARE TRYING TO GROW
INTO A BROADER LOYALTY.

05:43.410 --> 05:47.915
TRIBAL THINKING IS THE TERRITORY
OF THE SPLIT-LEVEL MIND.

05:47.914 --> 05:52.919
US, WHO ARE REAL HUMAN
BEINGS WITH FULL HUMAN RIGHTS.

05:52.919 --> 05:57.424
AND THEM, WHO ARE LESS THAN
FULLY HUMAN AND DON’T REALLY
HAVE RIGHTS.

05:57.424 --> 06:01.428
YOU CAN EVEN KILL THEM
IF THEY GET IN YOUR WAY.

06:05.932 --> 06:08.435
BUT NOW THE TRIBAL
SYSTEM IS IMPLODING.

06:08.435 --> 06:11.438
AND NOBODY KNOWS WHETHER
THE COUNTRY IS HEADING

06:11.438 --> 06:14.441
FOR THE 1st ELECTION WHERE
EVERYONE HAS AN EQUAL VOTE,

06:14.441 --> 06:16.443
OR FOR A CIVIL WAR.

06:20.447 --> 06:22.449
[ANC ORATOR]

06:29.456 --> 06:32.960
AS A ZULU, WALLY MBHELE
REALLY SHOULDN’T BE HERE.

06:32.959 --> 06:35.462
IN FACT, IT MAKES HIM
A POTENTIAL TARGET,

06:35.462 --> 06:37.464
BECAUSE THE ZULU
TRIBAL LEADERSHIP

06:37.464 --> 06:40.968
IS LITERALLY AT WAR WITH THE
PARTY THAT’S HOLDING THIS RALLY.

06:40.967 --> 06:42.969
[WALLY MBHELE]:
I HAVE BEEN DOING

06:43.470 --> 06:45.472
A LOT OF STORIES ABOUT
POLITICAL VIOLENCE.

06:45.472 --> 06:48.475
IF YOU ARE A TOWNSHIP RESIDENT,

06:48.475 --> 06:52.479
YOU DON’T KNOW WHETHER YOU’LL
BE ALIVE THE FOLLOWING DAY.

06:52.479 --> 06:54.982
VIOLENCE HAS BECOME ENDEMIC

06:55.482 --> 06:57.985
IN SOUTH AFRICA.

06:58.485 --> 07:00.988
[GWYNNE DYER]: VIOLENCE IS
ENDEMIC IN ALL OF HUMAN HISTORY,

07:00.987 --> 07:03.490
BECAUSE IT’S A TOOL OF POWER.

07:03.490 --> 07:06.994
TRIBALISM COULD
NOT WORK WITHOUT IT.

07:13.500 --> 07:17.504
10 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE
WITHIN AN HOUR’S DRIVE
OF DOWNTOWN JOHANNESBURG.

07:19.506 --> 07:22.009
A LARGE MINORITY ARE WHITE,

07:22.008 --> 07:25.011
AND THEY ALMOST ALL DRIVE
TO WORK IN THEIR OWN CARS.

07:27.514 --> 07:30.517
THEY LIVE IN LARGE
COMFORTABLE HOUSES

07:30.517 --> 07:33.520
IN SUBURBS THAT
SPREAD FOR MILES.

07:33.520 --> 07:37.024
AND MOST OF THEM HAVE SERVANTS.

07:37.023 --> 07:39.526
BUT OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS,

07:39.526 --> 07:42.029
WALLS HAVE GONE UP AROUND
ALMOST ALL THE HOUSES.

07:42.028 --> 07:46.032
BECAUSE ONE TRIBE’S GAIN
IS ANOTHER TRIBE’S LOSS.

07:51.538 --> 07:54.541
IN THE BLACK TOWNSHIPS
AROUND JOHANNESBURG,

07:54.541 --> 07:57.044
UNEMPLOYMENT IS 45%.

07:57.043 --> 08:00.547
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
HERE OWN NOTHING.

08:00.547 --> 08:04.551
SO THERE ARE A LOT OF
DESPERATE PEOPLE AROUND.

08:10.557 --> 08:12.559
BY 1993,

08:12.559 --> 08:17.064
JOHANNESBURG HAS BECOME THE
MURDER CAPITAL OF THE WORLD.

08:17.063 --> 08:21.067
THERE ARE DOZENS OF KILLINGS
A DAY IN THIS CITY.

08:21.067 --> 08:24.070
BUT NOW CHANGE IS
COMING TO SOUTH AFRICA.

08:24.070 --> 08:28.074
AND VRYE WEEKBLAD IS A
KEY PART OF THE PROCESS.

08:28.074 --> 08:32.078
-I’M LOOKING FOR A FEMALE
THAT I COULD SPEAK TO

08:32.078 --> 08:35.081
IN CONNECTION WITH
WOMEN AND POLITICS.

08:35.081 --> 08:38.585
I’VE TRIED THE ANC AND...

08:38.585 --> 08:40.587
WITHOUT ANY LUCK.

08:40.587 --> 08:42.589
NOW I’M DESPERATE.

08:44.591 --> 08:47.094
BECAUSE THEY’RE ALL
OUT OR IN MEETINGS,

08:47.093 --> 08:50.096
OR THEY HAVE TO CONSULT
BEFORE THEY CAN TALK TO ME.

08:52.599 --> 08:55.102
AND I WAS LOOKING FOR TANJUI,

08:55.101 --> 08:59.606
I THINK YOU JUST
GAVE ME A NUMBER...

08:59.606 --> 09:02.609
WELL, SHE’S NOT
AVAILABLE APPARENTLY.

09:02.609 --> 09:05.112
AND JANET LOVE ISN’T AVAILABLE.

09:05.111 --> 09:07.113
AND VRYNAGAN WHALLI
ISN’T AVAILABLE...

09:07.113 --> 09:09.616
AND DO YOU WANT
TO HEAR SOME MORE?

09:12.619 --> 09:16.623
SO PLEASE GIVE ME A
COMMUNIST TO SPEAK TO.

09:16.623 --> 09:18.625
OKAY, THANK YOU.

09:18.625 --> 09:20.127
BYE BYE!

09:22.128 --> 09:24.130
TAKE IT AWAY!

09:26.633 --> 09:32.639
THE WHOLE FUCKING DAY I’VE
SPENT TRYING TO GET HOLD OF
ONE WOMAN IN THE FUCKING ANC.

09:32.639 --> 09:34.641
"NO, SHE’S NOT IN."

09:34.641 --> 09:36.643
"NO, SHE’S TAKING TEA."

09:36.643 --> 09:38.645
"NO, SHE’S IN A MEETING."

09:38.645 --> 09:40.647
[AFRIKAANS]

09:48.655 --> 09:50.657
[GWYNNE DYER]: MOST OF THE
PEOPLE AROUND THIS TABLE

09:51.157 --> 09:53.159
BELONG TO THE WHITE TRIBE
THAT INVENTED APARTHEID

09:53.660 --> 09:56.163
AND RULED SOUTH AFRICA
FOR ALMOST 50 YEARS.

09:59.666 --> 10:01.668
VRYE WEEKBLAD WAS THE 1st PAPER

10:01.668 --> 10:05.172
TO TAKE THE AFRIKANER
ESTABLISHMENT ON

10:05.171 --> 10:07.674
IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE.

10:08.174 --> 10:10.677
AND MANY OTHER AFRIKANERS SEE
THE PEOPLE WHO WORK FOR IT

10:10.677 --> 10:13.680
AS TRAITORS.

10:13.680 --> 10:16.183
-I’VE ALWAYS LIKED TO
INTERVIEW PEOPLE THAT I LIKE.

10:16.182 --> 10:18.685
[GWYNNE DYER]: MAX DU
PREEZ IS THE CHIEF TRAITOR.

10:18.685 --> 10:23.190
-IT’S A PITY THERE
    AREN’T MANY OF THEM.
-THERE AREN’T MANY OF THEM...

10:25.692 --> 10:29.196
[GWYNNE DYER]: DU PREEZ
FOUNDED VRYE WEEKBLAD IN 1988.

10:29.195 --> 10:31.698
-WE HAD A VERY AGGRESSIVE,

10:31.698 --> 10:34.201
CONFRONTATIONIST SORT OF STYLE,

10:34.200 --> 10:36.703
BECAUSE THAT WAS WHAT
WAS NEEDED, YOU KNOW:

10:36.703 --> 10:38.705
INSULT THE POLITICAL LEADERS.
AND WE INSULTED THEM

10:39.205 --> 10:41.207
IN THEIR FACES, AND
WE CALLED THEM NAMES.

10:41.207 --> 10:44.210
THE AFRIKANER ESTABLISHMENT
WAS COMPLETELY STUNNED.

10:44.210 --> 10:46.212
NOTHING LIKE THAT
HAD EVER HAPPENED;

10:46.212 --> 10:48.214
THEY DIDN’T KNOW
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.

10:48.214 --> 10:50.717
IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS
OF OUR EXISTENCE,

10:50.717 --> 10:52.719
WE WERE CHARGED CRIMINALLY

10:52.719 --> 10:55.222
37 TIMES.

10:55.221 --> 10:57.223
IT’S AN ALL-TIME RECORD...

10:57.223 --> 10:59.225
PROBABLY ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

10:59.225 --> 11:02.228
AND THE POINT WHERE THE WORLD

11:02.729 --> 11:06.233
AND ALL OTHER SOUTH AFRICAN
NEWSPAPERS STARTED TAKING
    US SERIOUSLY

11:06.232 --> 11:09.235
WAS WHEN WE BROKE THE STORY

11:09.235 --> 11:11.738
OF THE POLICE DEATH SQUADS
    AND DIRK COETSEE.

11:11.738 --> 11:15.242
[GWYNNE DYER]: DIRK
COETSEE COMMANDED THE
POLICE DEATH SQUAD.

11:15.241 --> 11:18.244
BUT MOST WHITE SOUTH
AFRICANS REFUSED TO BELIEVE

11:18.244 --> 11:23.249
THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT
WAS DELIBERATELY MURDERING
PEOPLE WHO OPPOSED THE REGIME.

11:23.249 --> 11:27.754
[MAX DU PREEZ]: AND FOR THE
1st TIME, WE HAD THE LEADER
OF THE DEATH SQUAD SAYING,

11:27.754 --> 11:30.257
"HERE I AM, THIS IS MY
FACE, THIS IS MY NAME,

11:30.256 --> 11:32.759
THIS IS MY HISTORY AND
THIS IS WHAT I HAVE DONE."

11:32.759 --> 11:36.763
OVER PAGES AND PAGES
AND PAGES. THAT WAS A
BOMBSHELL IN THIS COUNTRY.

11:36.763 --> 11:38.765
IT WAS A TURNING POINT
IN TERMS OF POLITICS,

11:38.765 --> 11:41.268
IT WAS A TURNING POINT IN
TERMS OF THE SECURITY SERVICES,

11:41.267 --> 11:43.269
THE SECURITY FORCES
IN THIS COUNTRY,

11:43.269 --> 11:46.773
AND CERTAINLY ALSO FOR THIS
NEWSPAPER A TURNING POINT.

11:57.784 --> 12:02.789
[GWYNNE DYER]: ON THIS DAY,
WALLY MBHELE IS WORKING ON
A STORY ABOUT REFUGEES:

12:02.789 --> 12:06.293
SOUTH AFRICAN CITIZENS,
BORN AN HOUR’S DRIVE

12:06.292 --> 12:07.794
FROM WHERE WALLY
HIMSELF GREW UP,

12:07.794 --> 12:11.298
WHO’VE HAD TO FLEE THEIR
HOMES IN NATAL PROVINCE.

14:23.429 --> 14:28.935
[GWYNNE DYER]: SOUTH AFRICA
AND BOSNIA AND SOMALIA
AND NORTHERN IRELAND.

14:28.935 --> 14:32.439
AND THE 1st WORLD WAR,
AND THE 2nd WORLD WAR,

14:32.438 --> 14:36.943
AND THE VIETNAM WAR,
AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI WARS.

14:36.943 --> 14:41.448
THE BIGGER TRIBES
    FIGHT BIGGER WARS
BUT THE PRINCIPLE IS THE SAME.

14:43.950 --> 14:46.953
BARAGWANATH HOSPITAL,
AT THE ENTRANCE TO SOWETO,

14:46.953 --> 14:49.956
THE BIGGEST BLACK
TOWNSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA.

14:49.956 --> 14:54.961
[RADIO]: A BLOODY WEEK-END: AT
LEAST 68 LIVES LOST TO VIOLENCE.

14:54.961 --> 14:57.964
[GWYNNE DYER]: TRIBALISM
IS A POLITICAL TECHNIQUE

14:58.464 --> 15:01.467
HUMAN BEINGS DEVISED SO
WE COULD LIVE IN BIG GROUPS.

15:01.467 --> 15:03.469
A VERY EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE,

15:03.469 --> 15:05.471
BUT VERY NASTY.

15:05.471 --> 15:06.973
-WHERE WERE YOU SHOT?

15:06.973 --> 15:13.480
-THE WHOLE POINT OF TRIBES IS
TO TURN MILLIONS OF INDIVIDUALS

15:13.479 --> 15:16.482
WHO DON’T EVEN KNOW ONE ANOTHER

15:16.482 --> 15:18.985
INTO A SINGLE POWERFUL
IMPERSONAL ENTITY.

15:18.985 --> 15:20.987
AND VIOLENCE BECOMES
IMPERSONAL TOO.

15:20.987 --> 15:25.492
NOW THE PERSON WHO KILLS YOU
DOESN’T EVEN KNOW YOUR NAME;

15:25.491 --> 15:27.493
HE KNOWS YOUR TRIBE,

15:27.493 --> 15:30.997
OR YOUR RACE, OR YOUR RELIGION.
AND THAT’S ENOUGH.

15:35.501 --> 15:38.004
TAKE THE ZULUS, FOR EXAMPLE.

15:38.004 --> 15:43.510
2 CENTURIES AGO, THE ZULUS
WERE A SINGLE CLAN OF ONLY
    1,500 PEOPLE,

15:44.010 --> 15:47.013
QUIETLY HERDING CATTLE
IN THE HILLS OF NATAL.

15:49.515 --> 15:53.019
THERE WERE NO BIG TRIBES
IN SOUTH AFRICA THEN.

15:53.019 --> 15:56.022
BUT IN THE EARLY 1800’s, A
MILITARY GENIUS CALLED SHAKA

15:56.022 --> 15:59.526
TURNED THE ZULUS INTO
A DISCIPLINED ARMY.

16:00.026 --> 16:03.530
A STEP THAT ZULUS
    OF LATER GENERATIONS
RE-ENACT AT THE DROP OF A HAT.

16:05.531 --> 16:11.037
WITH THEIR NEW KIND OF ARMY,
THE ZULUS BEGAN CONQUERING
THE NEIGHBOURING CLANS.

16:11.037 --> 16:14.040
SHAKA QUICKLY OVERRAN
MOST OF NATAL.

16:14.040 --> 16:17.043
AND THEN SOMETHING
ODD HAPPENED.

16:19.045 --> 16:25.552
THE PEOPLE WHOM HE HAD CONQUERED
STARTED TO THINK OF THEMSELVES
AS ZULUS TOO.

16:25.551 --> 16:28.054
TERROR PLAYED A PART
IN IT, OF COURSE.

16:28.054 --> 16:30.557
BUT SO DID THE INTOXICATING
    SENSE OF IMPORTANCE

16:30.556 --> 16:33.559
THAT COMES FROM BEING PART OF
SOMETHING SO BIG AND POWERFUL.

16:33.559 --> 16:35.561
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE

16:35.561 --> 16:38.564
ACTUALLY BEGAN TO BELIEVE THAT
THEY BELONGED TO THE SAME GROUP.

16:38.564 --> 16:42.568
SO THE ZULUS SUDDENLY
BECAME A FULLY-FLEDGED TRIBE.

16:42.568 --> 16:45.071
OR "NATION", IF YOU
LIKE THAT WORD BETTER.

16:45.571 --> 16:47.573
AND IT WASN’T JUST THE ZULUS.

16:47.573 --> 16:49.575
THE WARS FORCED ALL THE CLANS

16:50.076 --> 16:53.079
TO MERGE INTO BIG TRIBES.

16:53.079 --> 16:58.084
AND IN OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES,
THESE NEW TRIBES, SOTHO AND
    XHOSA AND ZULU,

16:58.084 --> 17:01.087
MIGHT HAVE ENDED UP AS A BUNCH
OF SEPARATE BLACK NATIONS.

17:01.087 --> 17:06.092
THE MAP OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
WOULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE THE
    MAP OF EUROPE.

17:06.092 --> 17:09.095
BUT IT WAS NOT TO BE.

17:09.095 --> 17:12.098
INSTEAD THE EUROPEANS ARRIVED,

17:12.098 --> 17:15.101
AND CONQUERED ALL
THE BLACK KINGDOMS.

17:20.606 --> 17:23.609
IN WHITE-RULED SOUTH AFRICA,

17:23.609 --> 17:27.113
BLACKS WERE DRAWN INTO
THE CITIES AS CHEAP LABOUR,

17:27.113 --> 17:30.116
AND THEIR TRIBAL IDENTITIES
    WERE PAVED OVER.

17:30.116 --> 17:33.620
ALL BLACKS WERE TREATED THE
SAME, REGARDLESS OF TRIBE,

17:33.619 --> 17:37.623
AND TREATED VERY BADLY.

17:37.623 --> 17:41.627
EVENTUALLY, IT DROVE THEM TO
A REVOLUTIONARY CONCLUSION:

17:41.627 --> 17:45.631
THAT THE ONLY WAY TO OVERCOME
OPPRESSIVE WHITE TRIBALISM

17:45.631 --> 17:48.134
WAS TO HAVE NO TRIBES AT ALL.

17:48.134 --> 17:51.137
ONE PERSON, ONE VOTE.

17:53.139 --> 17:57.143
THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
WAS FOUNDED 80 YEARS AGO,

17:57.143 --> 18:00.647
ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT EVERYBODY
WHO LIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA,

18:00.646 --> 18:02.648
BLACK OR WHITE,

18:02.648 --> 18:05.151
MUST HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS.

18:05.151 --> 18:08.655
NO SPECIAL RACIAL PRIVILEGES,
NO TRIBAL DISTINCTIONS.

18:08.654 --> 18:11.157
FROM THE 60’s ON,

18:11.157 --> 18:14.160
THE ANC WAS BANNED
AND PERSECUTED.

18:14.160 --> 18:17.664
BUT IT’S JAILED LEADER,
NELSON MANDELA, CAME TO EMBODY

18:17.663 --> 18:19.665
THE NON-TRIBAL IDEAL.

18:19.665 --> 18:22.668
AND WITH THE RELEASE
OF MANDELA IN 1990,

18:22.668 --> 18:25.671
THE ANC WAS FINALLY
ON THE ROAD TO POWER.

18:29.675 --> 18:34.680
HOWEVER, THERE WILL ALWAYS
BE SOMEBODY TRYING TO BUILD
    A POLITICAL CAREER

18:34.680 --> 18:36.682
ON APPEALS TO TRIBALISM.

18:36.682 --> 18:38.684
AND THE TRIBAL IDENTITIES
    WERE STILL THERE,

18:39.185 --> 18:40.687
UNDERNEATH THE PAVEMENT.

18:43.689 --> 18:47.193
IT WAS THE WHITE GOVERNMENT THAT
APPOINTED MANGOSOTHO BUTHELEZI

18:47.193 --> 18:50.196
AS LEADER OF THE
ZULU TRIBAL HOMELAND.

18:50.196 --> 18:53.199
AND BUTHELEZI PLAYED
RIGHT INTO THEIR HANDS:

18:53.199 --> 18:58.705
HE BUILT UP HIS POWER BASE BY
CREATING A ZULU NATIONALIST
MOVEMENT CALLED INKATHA.

18:58.704 --> 19:02.708
-...AND THEREFORE YOU
CAN TRUST ME, BECAUSE
I’VE NEVER TOLD YOU LIES.

19:02.708 --> 19:07.213
-BUTHELEZI CAME TO
EMBODY THE TRIBAL IDEAL.

19:07.213 --> 19:10.216
BUT MANY ZULUS REJECTED
IT AND BACKED THE ANC.

19:10.716 --> 19:12.718
SO IN THE EARLY 90’s,

19:12.718 --> 19:14.720
A KIND OF BLACK
CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT,

19:14.720 --> 19:18.724
AND IT BECAME CLEAR
THAT WHITE HARD-LINERS
IN THE SECURITY FORCES

19:18.724 --> 19:22.228
HAD BEEN PASSING ARMS AND
MONEY TO INKATHA FOR YEARS.

19:24.730 --> 19:30.236
AS THE ELECTION NEARED,
THE MOST PARANOID RUMOURS
WERE TAKEN SERIOUSLY.

20:16.282 --> 20:20.787
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE ANC
WAS NOT PLOTTING TO
ASSASSINATE BUTHELEZI.

20:20.786 --> 20:25.791
IN FACT, IT WAS DOING EVERYTHING
IT COULD TO PERSUADE HIM TO TAKE
PART IN THE ELECTION.

20:25.791 --> 20:29.795
BUT OUT IN THE TOWNSHIPS,
THE SITUATION WAS AWFUL,

20:29.795 --> 20:34.300
WITH INKATHA AND ANC SUPPORTERS
KILLING ONE ANOTHER,

20:34.300 --> 20:36.302
AND ELEMENTS OF THE POLICE
PROVOKING MORE VIOLENCE

20:36.802 --> 20:38.804
IN THE HOPE OF MAKING
ELECTIONS IMPOSSIBLE.

20:38.804 --> 20:41.807
ON THIS DAY, IN SEPTEMBER 1993,

20:41.807 --> 20:44.310
WALLY MBHELE IS IN KATLEHONG,

20:44.310 --> 20:46.312
A BIG TOWNSHIP EAST
OF JOHANNESBURG.

20:46.812 --> 20:51.817
-THIS IS ONE AREA WHICH HAS
BEEN HIT HARD BY VIOLENCE.

20:51.817 --> 20:58.324
CLOSE TO 1,000 PEOPLE
HAVE ALREADY DIED THIS
YEAR IN VIOLENCE.

20:58.324 --> 21:01.327
SO THEY ARE CALLING
THE STAY-AWAY

21:01.327 --> 21:05.832
TO PROTEST AGAINST
THE CONTINUING VIOLENCE.

21:05.831 --> 21:10.336
THEY ARE ALSO PROTESTING AGAINST
THE POLICE’S HANDLING
OF THE SITUATION.

21:12.338 --> 21:18.845
THIS PLACE HAS BECOME
NOTHING LESS OF A WAR ZONE.

21:18.844 --> 21:20.846
NOW IT’S MILITARY TRUCKS...

21:20.846 --> 21:23.349
POLICE TRUCKS, YOU KNOW,

21:23.349 --> 21:29.355
WHICH MAKES IT COMPLETELY
A TOWNSHIP UNDER SIEGE.

21:31.357 --> 21:33.359
IT’S QUITE DIFFICULT.

21:39.865 --> 21:42.868
I’M REALLY SCARED.
I’M REALLY SCARED...

21:42.868 --> 21:46.872
BECAUSE THIS VIOLENCE, IT
HAS COME TO LIVE WITH US.

21:56.882 --> 22:01.387
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE POLICE CLAIM
THEY SEE AK-47S IN THE CROWD.

22:01.387 --> 22:04.891
THEY FIRE INTO THE CROWD:
4 PEOPLE ARE SHOT.

22:04.890 --> 22:09.395
AND INKATHA KILLS 3 OTHER
PEOPLE IN KATLEHONG LATER
    IN THE AFTERNOON,

22:09.395 --> 22:12.899
WHILE THE POLICE ARE
NOWHERE TO BE SEEN.

22:18.904 --> 22:21.407
[WALLY MBHELE]:
THOSE ARE THE PEOPLE

22:21.407 --> 22:25.912
WE SHOULD BE LOOKING
TO FOR SAFETY,

22:25.911 --> 22:28.414
FOR PEACE, FOR LAW AND ORDER.

22:28.914 --> 22:33.419
BUT THEY SEEM TO BE THE SAME
PEOPLE WHO START VIOLENCE.

22:33.419 --> 22:40.426
AND IF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE
SUPPOSED TO MAINTAIN LAW
        AND ORDER,

22:40.426 --> 22:45.932
TO CREATE A SITUATION OF PEACE,
CONDUCT THEMSELVES IN THAT WAY,

22:45.931 --> 22:49.435
IT MAKES ONE HOPELESS
FOR THE WHOLE SITUATION.

22:49.435 --> 22:55.942
THERE’S NO WAY ONE CAN LOOK
FOR... YOU KNOW, FOR SAFETY.

22:55.941 --> 22:59.445
THEY SHOULD BE
MAINTAINING PEACE, BUT...

22:59.445 --> 23:01.948
THEY SEEM TO BE
CREATING VIOLENCE.

23:01.947 --> 23:04.450
MORE AND MORE VIOLENCE.

23:06.452 --> 23:10.456
IT’S A HOPELESS
SITUATION, HONESTLY.

23:14.960 --> 23:18.964
[GWYNNE DYER]: MAX DU PREEZ’S
FAMILY HAS BEEN 14 GENERATIONS
IN SOUTH AFRICA.

23:18.964 --> 23:22.468
AND HE WAS BORN IN THE
RURAL AFRIKANER HEARTLAND.

23:22.468 --> 23:26.973
BUT THEN HE GOT A JOB AS A
JOURNALIST IN JOHANNESBURG,

23:26.972 --> 23:31.977
AND HIS PAPER SENT HIM
TO COVER THE SOWETO’S
STUDENT UPRISING OF 1976.

23:31.977 --> 23:34.980
IT CHANGED HIS LIFE.

23:34.980 --> 23:40.486
[MAX DU PREEZ]: LOOKING AT
15, 16-YEAR-OLD BLACK KIDS

23:40.486 --> 23:44.490
STANDING IN A GROUP IN
CONFRONTATION WITH THE POLICE.

23:44.490 --> 23:47.994
AND THE POLICE WOULD
DRAW A LINE AND SAY:

23:47.993 --> 23:51.497
"ANY PERSON WHO STEPS OVER
THIS LINE WILL BE KILLED."

23:51.497 --> 23:55.501
AND THERE WOULD
BE A LITTLE MUTTER,

23:55.501 --> 24:00.506
AND THEN A KID WOULD STAND UP
AND RAISE HIS FIST IN THE AIR
AND WALK OVER THE LINE...

24:00.506 --> 24:02.008
AND HE WOULD BE KILLED,

24:02.007 --> 24:07.513
AND HIS BODY WOULD
LIE THERE ON THAT LINE.

24:07.513 --> 24:11.017
AND AFTER A COUPLE OF MINUTES
THE NEXT GUY WOULD COME AND
HE WOULD DO THE SAME THING.

24:11.016 --> 24:13.519
AND I STOOD THERE AND
I COULDN’T BELIEVE THIS.

24:15.521 --> 24:21.527
AND FOR THE 1st TIME
I REALIZED, REALLY,
THAT THE ONLY WAY

24:21.527 --> 24:23.529
IS AN OPEN DEMOCRACY.

24:29.535 --> 24:32.038
I THINK EVERYTHING
IN THIS COUNTRY

24:32.037 --> 24:34.540
SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD
IN TERMS OF HISTORY.

24:34.540 --> 24:37.043
CERTAINLY THE AFRIKANER MIND,
THE AFRIKANER MENTALITY,

24:37.042 --> 24:39.545
APARTHEID, SHOULD
BE UNDERSTOOD...

24:39.545 --> 24:42.548
LET’S CUT THE SERMON
SHORT AND SAY...

24:44.550 --> 24:49.055
NOBODY’S HISTORY HAD
BEEN AS DISTORTED AS
THE AFRIKANER’S HISTORY,

24:49.054 --> 24:51.557
BECAUSE HE WROTE MOST
OF HIS OWN HISTORY.

24:51.557 --> 24:57.063
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE FIRST
EUROPEANS ARRIVED IN SOUTH
AFRICA 350 YEARS AGO.

24:57.062 --> 25:00.566
THEY WERE NOT A TRIBE
YET, NOT EVEN A CLAN.

25:00.566 --> 25:04.070
JUST A FEW HUNDRED
IMPOVERISHED DUTCH FAMILIES,

25:04.069 --> 25:06.572
AND SOME FRENCH AND GERMANS.

25:06.572 --> 25:10.076
THE SETTLERS SPREAD
INLAND FROM CAPE TOWN

25:10.075 --> 25:13.579
AND SOON THEY LOST TOUCH
WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD.

25:13.579 --> 25:17.083
SURROUNDED BY CHILDREN,
SERVANTS AND SLAVES,

25:17.082 --> 25:19.585
THEY LIVED ON THEIR
ISOLATED FARMS,

25:19.585 --> 25:22.088
AS THOUGH THE MIDDLE
AGES HADN’T ENDED.

25:22.087 --> 25:27.092
THEY CALLED THEMSELVES
BOERS, FARMERS,

25:27.092 --> 25:30.095
BUT THEY WERE REALLY MORE
LIKE MINIATURE MEDIEVAL BARONS:

25:30.095 --> 25:31.597
JUST AS POOR,

25:31.597 --> 25:33.599
JUST AS IGNORANT,

25:33.599 --> 25:36.102
JUST AS INDEPENDENT.

25:36.101 --> 25:38.604
AND THEN THE DREAM TIME ENDED.

25:38.604 --> 25:41.607
THEY FELL UNDER BRITISH RULE.

25:43.609 --> 25:48.114
IN THE 1830’s, TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF BOERS ABANDONED THEIR FARMS

25:48.113 --> 25:50.115
AND HEADED NORTH INTO
THE UNKNOWN INTERIOR

25:50.115 --> 25:53.118
OF THE CONTINENT TO GET AWAY
FROM THE ENGLISH RELIGION,

25:53.619 --> 25:56.122
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
AND ENGLISH LAW.

25:56.121 --> 25:59.625
IT WAS CALLED "THE GREAT TREK".

25:59.625 --> 26:03.629
-THEY DIDN’T WANT TO
GET RID OF THEIR SLAVES
AS THEY WERE ORDERED TO.

26:03.629 --> 26:06.632
MANY OF THEM WERE
RUNNING AWAY FROM THE LAW.

26:06.632 --> 26:08.634
THEY WERE A ROUGH BUNCH...

26:08.634 --> 26:10.636
THEY WERE A REAL ROUGH BUNCH.

26:10.636 --> 26:12.638
THEY WERE A BUNCH
OF ILLITERATE PEOPLE.

26:12.638 --> 26:15.141
A LOT OF INCEST GOING ON...

26:15.140 --> 26:19.645
GOD FEARING IN A SENSE,
BUT THEY HAD NO PREACHERS,
THEY COULDN’T READ THE BIBLE.

26:19.645 --> 26:23.649
YOU KNOW, FOR YEARS, THEY
TREKKED WITH OX WAGONS
THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS.

26:23.649 --> 26:25.651
NOW I THINK THAT IS GREAT.

26:25.651 --> 26:28.154
I LOVE THE PART OF THE HISTORY.

26:28.153 --> 26:31.156
[GWYNNE DYER]: LOOKING BACK,
AFRIKANERS

26:31.156 --> 26:33.659
OF LATER GENERATIONS
SAW THE GREAT TREK

26:33.659 --> 26:36.662
AS THE MOMENT WHEN THEIR
TRIBE BECAME SELF-CONSCIOUS,

26:36.662 --> 26:38.164
AND LOVINGLY
RECREATED IT ON FILM.

26:38.163 --> 26:42.167
THEY ESPECIALLY LOVED RETELLING
THE STORY OF BLOOD RIVER,

26:42.167 --> 26:46.171
THE BATTLE THAT SEALED
THEIR CONQUEST OF THE BLACK
POPULATION OF THE INTERIOR.

26:59.685 --> 27:02.188
THEY SET UP MANY LITTLE
REPUBLICS IN THE INTERIOR,

27:02.187 --> 27:05.691
BUT THE TRUTH IS
THAT THEY WERE NOT

27:05.691 --> 27:07.193
A TRIBE YET.

27:07.192 --> 27:10.696
"2 AFRIKANERS EQUALS 2
REPUBLICS", THEY USED TO SAY.

27:10.696 --> 27:15.201
THE WHOLE POINT OF THE GREAT
TREK WAS TO TURN THEIR BACKS
ON THE WORLD AGAIN.

27:17.703 --> 27:20.706
BUT THE WORLD CAME AFTER THEM.

27:33.719 --> 27:37.223
GOLD WAS DISCOVERED
AROUND JOHANNESBURG IN 1886.

27:37.222 --> 27:39.725
AND A DOZEN YEARS LATER,
THE BRITISH EMPIRE CAME NORTH

27:39.725 --> 27:42.728
TO SEIZE CONTROL OF IT
IN THE BOER WAR.

27:42.728 --> 27:45.731
THE AFRIKANER ARMIES WERE
DESTROYED WITHIN A YEAR,

27:45.731 --> 27:49.235
BUT THE BOERS THEN LAUNCHED
A GUERILLA WAR OF RESISTANCE.

27:49.234 --> 27:51.737
THE BRITISH ONLY QUELLED
THAT, IN THE END,

27:51.737 --> 27:54.740
BY BURNING MOST OF THE
AFRIKANERS’ VILLAGES AND FARMS,

27:54.740 --> 27:57.743
AND ROUNDING UP THE FAMILIES
OF THE RESISTERS.

27:57.743 --> 28:01.747
AFRIKANERS WERE THE FIRST
PEOPLE IN HISTORY TO BE PUT
INTO CONCENTRATION CAMPS.

28:03.749 --> 28:08.254
6,000 WOMEN AND 20,000
CHILDREN DIED OF HUNGER

28:08.253 --> 28:11.757
AND DISEASE IN THE
CONCENTRATION CAMPS:

28:11.757 --> 28:15.761
ALMOST ONE TENTH OF THE ENTIRE
AFRIKANER POPULATION
OF THE REPUBLICS.

28:15.761 --> 28:20.266
AND AFTER THE SURRENDER
IN 1902, THE SURVIVORS HAD
PRACTICALLY NOTHING LEFT:

28:20.265 --> 28:23.769
NO HOMES, NO MONEY,
NO INDEPENDENCE.

28:23.769 --> 28:25.771
-[MAX DU PREEZ]: THE WAR

28:25.771 --> 28:29.775
DEVASTATED THE PEOPLE. PEOPLE
WERE FORCED TO THE CITIES,

28:29.775 --> 28:33.779
TO WORK AS LABOURERS IN THE
MINES, WHICH THEY DIDN’T KNOW.

28:33.779 --> 28:35.781
IT WAS COMPLETELY ALIEN.

28:35.781 --> 28:37.283
THEY WERE HUMILIATED.

28:37.282 --> 28:39.785
PEOPLE STARTED FEELING,

28:39.785 --> 28:42.788
"OKAY. WE SPEAK THE SAME
LANGUAGE, WE HATE THE
SAME PEOPLE..."

28:43.288 --> 28:45.791
THERE WAS A SENSE OF...

28:45.791 --> 28:48.794
"LET US CREATE A NATION", OR
AS THEY CALL IT MORE CORRECTLY,

28:48.794 --> 28:51.297
A VOLK.

28:51.296 --> 28:52.798
A PEOPLE.

28:55.300 --> 28:59.304
WE HAVE WHAT WE CALL VOLKSSPELE;
IT’S OUR FOLK DANCES.

28:59.304 --> 29:03.308
NOW I CAN DO EVERYTHING
IN FOLK DANCING.

29:03.308 --> 29:05.811
I KNOW IT ALL, I KNOW
ALL THE DIFFERENT DANCES,

29:05.811 --> 29:07.813
I CAN SING IT ALL,
I GREW UP WITH IT.

29:07.813 --> 29:09.815
I DID IT EVERY WEEK OF MY LIFE.

29:09.815 --> 29:13.819
IT’S THE ONLY SOCIAL INTERACTION
I HAD WITH WOMEN UNTIL I WAS
IN HIGH SCHOOL.

29:13.819 --> 29:17.823
ONCE A WEEK YOU WERE
ALLOWED TO GO AND DO
FOLK DANCING, RIGHT?

29:17.823 --> 29:22.328
AND IT WAS QUITE A SHOCK FOR
ME TO REALIZE, BUT IT’S A CON.

29:27.833 --> 29:30.836
AFRIKAANS FOLK DANCING,
    VOLKSSPELE,

29:30.836 --> 29:34.840
WAS MANUFACTURED IN THE 30’s
BY A DOCTOR PELLISIER.

29:34.840 --> 29:37.843
HE WENT TO GERMANY

29:37.843 --> 29:40.846
AND HE COPIED A LOT OF FOLK
DANCES IN GERMANY, TOOK MOST
OF THEIR MELODIES...

29:40.846 --> 29:43.849
AND THEY WROTE LYRICS FOR IT.

29:43.849 --> 29:46.852
SO EVEN NOW, AFRIKAANS FOLK
SONGS ARE MOSTLY GERMAN SONGS

29:46.852 --> 29:49.855
FROM THE HITLER ERA
AND JUST BEFORE.

29:49.855 --> 29:52.358
SO IT IS COMPLETELY,
COMPLETELY ARTIFICIAL.

30:00.866 --> 30:03.869
[GWYNNE DYER]: IT TOOK ABOUT
30 YEARS TO TURN THE AFRIKANERS

30:03.869 --> 30:06.372
INTO A DISCIPLINED UNITED TRIBE.

30:06.371 --> 30:10.375
BY THE TIME THEY PUT UP
THIS MONUMENT TO THEIR
ANCESTORS IN 1938,

30:10.375 --> 30:12.878
THE JOB WAS DONE.

30:12.878 --> 30:16.882
THE WAY THE AFRIKANERS
FABRICATED THEIR NATIONAL
IDENTITY WAS NOT MUCH DIFFERENT

30:16.882 --> 30:20.386
FROM THE WAY ITALIANS OR
AMERICANS DID IT IN THE
PREVIOUS CENTURY:

30:20.385 --> 30:23.388
MYTHS, FLAGS, ANTHEMS
AND MONUMENTS.

30:23.388 --> 30:25.891
SO WHY DID IT TURN OUT
    SO NASTY HERE?

30:25.891 --> 30:29.395
WELL, REMEMBER THAT ALL THESE
IDENTITIES ARE QUITE ARTIFICIAL.

30:29.394 --> 30:31.897
FAMILIES ARE REAL,
CLANS ARE REAL,

30:31.897 --> 30:35.901
BUT LARGER GROUPS,
TRIBES AND NATIONS, ARE
ALWAYS A KIND OF FICTION.

30:35.901 --> 30:37.903
AND IT’S A HARD
FICTION TO MAINTAIN.

30:37.903 --> 30:40.906
THAT’S WHY WE ALL LIVE
OUR LIVES SUBMERGED IN
NATIONALIST PROPAGANDA

30:40.906 --> 30:42.908
OF ONE KIND OR ANOTHER.

30:42.908 --> 30:45.911
[MAX DU PREEZ]: THEY WERE TOLD
BY THEIR RELIGIOUS LEADERS

30:46.411 --> 30:49.915
THAT, "THEY ARE
THE CHOSEN PEOPLE".

30:49.915 --> 30:53.919
THESE BASICALLY
GOOD PEOPLE, BECAUSE ALL
PEOPLE ARE BASICALLY GOOD,

30:53.919 --> 30:57.923
WERE HUDDLED INTO A
LITTLE CORNER WHERE
THEY STARTED BELIEVING

30:57.923 --> 31:03.929
IN THIS EXTREMIST,
XENOPHOBIC KIND OF IDEOLOGY.

31:04.429 --> 31:06.431
IN A SENSE, IN A SENSE
LIKE NAZI GERMANY.

31:06.431 --> 31:10.936
AND THAT’S WHERE THINGS WENT
UTTERLY AND COMPLETELY WRONG.

31:12.938 --> 31:18.444
[SPEECHMAKER]: THE POLICY
OF SEPARATE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE NATIONAL PARTY IS NOT

31:18.443 --> 31:20.946
AND HAS NEVER BEEN A DENIAL

31:20.946 --> 31:25.451
OF HUMAN VALUES OR HUMAN RIGHTS.

31:25.450 --> 31:27.953
ON THE CONTRARY!

31:27.953 --> 31:35.461
IT HAS CREATED SEPARATE
FACILITIES FOR EACH RACIAL GROUP

31:35.460 --> 31:37.963
TO ENJOY.

31:37.963 --> 31:45.471
NOBODY WILL BE ALLOWED
TO TOUCH OR TO TAKE AWAY

31:45.470 --> 31:48.974
THAT WHICH BELONGS TO US.

31:48.974 --> 31:50.976
[APPLAUSE AND CHEERING]

32:00.485 --> 32:04.990
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE NATIONAL
 PARTY TOOK POWER IN 1948.

32:04.990 --> 32:06.992
AND FOR THE NEXT 40 YEARS,

32:06.992 --> 32:11.497
3 MILLION AFRIKANERS
EXERCISED TOTAL CONTROL

32:11.496 --> 32:13.498
OVER A COUNTRY OF
40 MILLION PEOPLE.

32:13.498 --> 32:19.004
IT WAS AN AWESOME DEMONSTRATION
OF THE SHEER POWER OF TRIBALISM.

32:28.513 --> 32:32.017
IF HUMAN BEINGS
WERE AS BLOODY-MINDED
AS THEY SOMETIMES SEEM,

32:32.017 --> 32:36.522
DURBAN HARBOUR WOULD HAVE
BEEN A WAR ZONE BY 1993.

32:36.521 --> 32:41.526
IT WAS NOT. AND ONE OF THE
MAIN REASONS WAS SANCTIONS.

32:41.526 --> 32:50.035
BEGINNING IN THE 1960’s, OTHER
COUNTRIES PUT RESTRICTIONS ON
TRADE WITH SOUTH AFRICA.

32:50.035 --> 32:53.038
APARTHEID WAS JUST TOO
OFFENSIVE TO THE IDEAS
OF EQUALITY AND JUSTICE

32:53.538 --> 32:55.540
THAT WERE GAINING
GROUND ELSEWHERE.

32:55.540 --> 32:58.543
SANCTIONS CRIPPLED
SOUTH AFRICA’S ECONOMY

32:58.543 --> 33:01.546
AND CREATED HUGE
UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG BLACKS.

33:01.546 --> 33:03.548
BUT SANCTIONS DID
WORK IN THE END,

33:03.548 --> 33:06.551
AND THE REASONS THEY SUCCEEDED
ARE VERY ENCOURAGING.

33:06.551 --> 33:11.056
THEY WORKED BECAUSE ENOUGH
PEOPLE ELSEWHERE CARED ABOUT
HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

33:11.056 --> 33:14.059
AND GOT THE SANCTIONS IMPOSED
IN THE FIRST PLACE.

33:14.059 --> 33:17.062
AND THEY WORKED BECAUSE WHEN
THE SYSTEM FINALLY CRACKED,

33:17.062 --> 33:19.565
ENOUGH PEOPLE HERE BELIEVED
    IN EQUALITY TOO,

33:19.564 --> 33:22.067
AND WORKED DAY AND NIGHT
TO STOP THE TRANSITION

33:22.067 --> 33:25.070
FROM COLLAPSING INTO A TRIBAL
AND RACIAL POWER STRUGGLE.

33:25.070 --> 33:29.575
THE CONCEPT OF EQUAL RIGHTS
IS TAKING ROOT IN THE
MOST UNLIKELY SOIL.

33:32.077 --> 33:36.081
TRIBALISTS ALWAYS TRY
TO CONTROL EDUCATION.

33:36.081 --> 33:38.584
AND PEARLIE JOUBERT
GOT THE FULL TREATMENT.

33:38.583 --> 33:40.585
SHE WAS BORN IN
THE WESTERN CAPE,

33:40.585 --> 33:43.588
1,000 km FROM JOHANNESBURG
AND SHE WENT TO STELLENBOSCH,

33:43.588 --> 33:48.593
A CONSERVATIVE
AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY.

33:48.593 --> 33:51.596
BUT BY THE LATE 80’s,
IT WAS OBVIOUS THAT
SOMETHING WAS WRONG.

33:51.596 --> 33:55.600
-I MEAN, THERE WASN’T ANYTHING
MAJOR THAT MADE ME REALIZE,

33:55.600 --> 33:59.604
"FUCK! I’M SITTING HERE,
RIDING MY BICYCLE,

33:59.604 --> 34:04.109
"GOING TO LISTEN TO ESOTERIC
THINGS LIKE WITTGENSTEIN

34:04.109 --> 34:07.112
LYING IN THE TRENCHES
WRITING THE TRACTATUS..."

34:07.112 --> 34:11.617
YOU SORT OF COME IN,
YOU SEE PEOPLE LIVING
LIKE PIGS IN KAIMUNDI.

34:11.616 --> 34:15.620
THE COLOURED STUDENTS ON CAMPUS,
THE LITTLE GROUP OF THEM,

34:15.620 --> 34:21.626
THEY HAD ONE HOSTEL WAY
OFF CAMPUS, ONLY ONE.

34:21.626 --> 34:24.629
AND THEY COULDN’T STAY IN TOWN
BECAUSE OF THE GROUP AREAS ACT.

34:25.130 --> 34:29.134
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE ANC WAS
STILL ILLEGAL IN SOUTH AFRICA.

34:29.634 --> 34:33.638
AND ITS IDEAS ABOUT
A NON-TRIBAL DEMOCRACY
WERE BANNED IN THE SCHOOLS.

34:33.638 --> 34:38.143
BUT WHEN THE KIDS GREW UP,
THEY WERE AMBUSHED BY REALITY.

34:38.143 --> 34:42.648
-I REMEMBER THE ONE THING
THAT REALLY, REALLY MADE ME
THE MOST VIOLENTLY ANGRY,

34:42.647 --> 34:45.650
WAS TO DISCOVER HOW MANY
PEOPLE HAD LIED TO ME.

34:45.650 --> 34:48.153
LIKE IN TERMS OF
LEARNING HISTORY:

34:48.153 --> 34:53.659
WE NEVER, EVER, EVER LEARNED
ONE THING ABOUT THE ANC.

34:53.658 --> 34:56.161
IT WAS AS THOUGH
IT WASN’T THERE!

34:56.161 --> 35:00.666
I MEAN, YOU THINK BACK OF
SITTING IN SCHOOL FOR 12 YEARS

35:00.665 --> 35:03.168
AND TAKING HISTORY AS A SUBJECT.

35:03.168 --> 35:06.171
AND THEN YOU JUST THINK...

35:06.171 --> 35:12.678
HOW COULD THEY LIE
TO THIS EXTENT TO US?

35:12.677 --> 35:16.181
[GWYNNE DYER]: PEARLIE WAS
DRAWN INTO THE PROTEST MOVEMENT,

35:16.181 --> 35:19.685
AND EVENTUALLY, INEVITABLY
    SHE WAS ARRESTED.

35:19.684 --> 35:23.188
-AS THE POLICE JUMPED OUT, THEY
SORT OF LINED UP IN FRONT OF US.

35:23.688 --> 35:27.192
AND THEN, THE GUY THAT
LANDED UP RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME

35:27.192 --> 35:29.695
WAS AT SCHOOL WITH ME
    FOR 12 YEARS,

35:29.694 --> 35:32.197
AND HIS NICKNAME
USED TO BE "BULLET".

35:32.197 --> 35:38.704
AND WE WERE WEARING T-SHIRTS
WITH MARGARET RUITERS - THE
WOMAN THAT GOT SHOT -

35:38.703 --> 35:40.705
WITH HER FACE ON,

35:40.705 --> 35:43.708
AND IN THE BACK IT WAS SAYING,
"BULLETS WON’T STOP US."

35:43.708 --> 35:47.712
AND BULLET WAS STANDING
HERE WITH A COCKED GUN
RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME.

35:47.712 --> 35:51.216
THAT WAS HORRIBLE... UGH!
THAT WAS ABSOLUTELY HORRIBLE

35:51.216 --> 35:54.219
BECAUSE I JUST GOT
THIS IMPRESSION OF US
SITTING TOGETHER AT SCHOOL,

35:54.219 --> 35:58.724
AND THEN WHAT HAPPENED, THAT
I’M HERE AND YOU’RE HERE
IN A POLICE UNIFORM

35:58.723 --> 36:04.229
AIMING A GUN AT MPUMI AND ME
AND LESLIE AND WHOEVER...

36:04.229 --> 36:06.732
-IT CAUSED QUITE A STIR,
BUT IT’S INTERESTING...

36:06.731 --> 36:10.235
I DID GET SOME SUPPORT OF
SOME OF MY FRIENDS, YOU KNOW.

36:10.235 --> 36:14.239
[GWYNNE DYER]: ANNALEEN
JOUBERT, PEARLIE’S MOTHER,
WAS A SCHOOLTEACHER AT THE TIME.

36:14.239 --> 36:17.242
-"DON’T WORRY,
SHE’LL GET OVER IT." OR...

36:17.242 --> 36:18.744
-PATRONIZING.

36:18.743 --> 36:21.246
-YES, BUT NOT ALL.
SOME OF THEM WERE QUITE NICE.

36:21.246 --> 36:25.751
I REMEMBER OOM WALLY...
HE’S AN OLD MAN,

36:25.750 --> 36:27.752
HE’S A FRIEND OF MY FATHER’S.

36:27.752 --> 36:30.755
IT WAS SO SURPRISING
WHEN HE TOLD ME:

36:30.755 --> 36:33.758
"YOU KNOW, ANNALEEN,
THE STUDENTS WILL
TEACH US SOMETHING."

36:33.758 --> 36:36.261
AND HE WAS QUITE
AN OLD MAN ALREADY...

36:36.261 --> 36:41.266
-DID HE SAY THAT TO YOU?
-YES!... BUT I MUST SAY,
    IN THE SCHOOL,

36:41.266 --> 36:45.771
THERE WAS AN ISLAND
OF SILENCE AROUND ME.

36:47.772 --> 36:50.775
I REALLY THOUGHT,
OH, SHE’LL GET INTO TROUBLE!

36:50.775 --> 36:55.780
WHAT IS SHE DOING?
SHOULDN’T SHE JUST LEAVE
AND GO ON WITH HER STUDIES?

36:55.780 --> 36:57.782
BUT REALLY MIXED
FEELINGS, YOU KNOW?

36:57.782 --> 37:03.788
SOMETIMES I THOUGHT, DAMN IT, I
WISH I COULD JOIN HER, YOU KNOW?

37:03.788 --> 37:06.791
[GWYNNE DYER]: PEARLIE
HAS COME HOME TO THE WINE
COUNTRY OF THE WESTERN CAPE

37:06.791 --> 37:10.295
TO COVER THE SADDEST,
STRANGEST TRIBAL STORY OF ALL,

37:10.295 --> 37:14.800
BECAUSE THE PEOPLE AROUND HERE
ARE ALL RELATED IN A WAY.

37:14.799 --> 37:19.304
PEARLIE GREW UP IN A FAMILY
THAT SPOKE AFRIKAANS,

37:19.304 --> 37:21.807
BELONGED TO THE
DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH,

37:21.806 --> 37:24.309
THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS WHITES.

37:24.309 --> 37:28.814
BUT THERE WAS A GREAT DEAL
OF MIXING BETWEEN THE RACES
    IN THE EARLY DAYS.

37:30.815 --> 37:33.318
SEVERAL MILLION DARKER
DESCENDANTS OF THAT MIXING -

37:33.318 --> 37:34.820
THE SO-CALLED COLOUREDS -

37:34.819 --> 37:37.822
SPEAK AFRIKAANS

37:37.822 --> 37:39.824
AND PRACTISE THE SAME
BRAND OF CHRISTIANITY.

37:39.824 --> 37:42.327
BUT THE WHITE AFRIKANERS
FROZE THE COLOUREDS OUT

37:42.327 --> 37:44.329
RIGHT FROM THE START.

37:44.329 --> 37:46.832
AND WHEN THE NATIONAL PARTY
BROUGHT IN APARTHEID,

37:46.831 --> 37:50.335
ONE OF ITS FIRST ACTS WAS
TO TAKE THE VOTE AWAY
FROM COLOURED PEOPLE.

37:52.837 --> 37:55.340
NOW, HOWEVER,
SOUTH AFRICA IS BECOMING

37:55.340 --> 37:57.843
A NON-RACIAL DEMOCRACY.

37:57.842 --> 37:59.844
STATE SUPPORT FOR
THE AFRIKAANS LANGUAGE

38:00.345 --> 38:02.347
AND CULTURE WILL DEPEND

38:02.347 --> 38:04.850
ON HOW MANY PEOPLE WANT IT.

38:04.849 --> 38:07.852
SO NOW, AFRIKANER POLITICIANS
WANT COLOURED VOTES...

38:07.852 --> 38:11.356
AND THEY’RE VERY SORRY
ABOUT THE PAST.

38:13.858 --> 38:15.860
RACISM BREEDS RACISM.

38:16.361 --> 38:19.865
AND UP IN JOHANNESBURG,
THERE’S A LOT LESS FORGIVENESS.

38:19.864 --> 38:22.367
WALLY MBHELE HAS JUST MANAGED

38:22.367 --> 38:24.870
TO LOCATE AND INTERVIEW
    AN APLA GUNMAN.

38:24.869 --> 38:28.873
[WALLY MBHELE]: Mr. THOBOTI,
I’M GOING TO RUN A STORY...

38:28.873 --> 38:34.879
BASED ON AN INTERVIEW
WITH AN APLA OPERATIVE.

38:34.879 --> 38:38.383
[GWYNNE DYER]: APLA,
 THE AZANIAN PEOPLE’S
 LIBERATION ARMY,

38:38.383 --> 38:42.888
IS THE UNDERGROUND
TERRORIST WING OF THE
PAN-AFRICANIST CONGRESS.

38:42.887 --> 38:48.393
THE PAN-AFRICANIST CONGRESS
DEFINES ALL SOUTH AFRICAN
WHITES AS "SETTLERS".

38:48.393 --> 38:51.897
AND IT’S FAVOURITE SLOGAN IS,
"ONE SETTLER, ONE BULLET".

38:51.896 --> 38:54.899
[Mr. THOBOTI]: NO, WE CANNOT
ANSWER THAT QUESTION. THAT IS
A VERY SENSITIVE QUESTION.

38:54.899 --> 38:57.902
YOU MUST BEAR ONE THING IN MIND:
WE ARE IN THE STRUGGLE.

38:57.902 --> 39:00.405
WHEN YOU ARE IN THE STRUGGLE,

39:00.405 --> 39:02.908
YOU MUST BE VERY CAREFUL
OF WHAT YOU ARE SAYING.

39:02.907 --> 39:04.909
-I SEE.
-YOU MUST BEAR
ONE THING IN MIND:

39:04.909 --> 39:08.913
THE PAC IS NOT JUST AN ORDINARY
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

39:08.913 --> 39:10.915
IT IS NOT A
BOURGEOIS ORGANIZATION!

39:10.915 --> 39:13.418
IT IS A REVOLUTIONARY PARTY.

39:13.418 --> 39:16.922
AND IN A REVOLUTIONARY
PARTY PEOPLE DIE.

39:16.921 --> 39:18.923
-YEAH.

39:18.923 --> 39:20.925
-PEOPLE GET HANGED.
I HOPE YOU DO UNDERSTAND

39:20.925 --> 39:24.929
WHAT I’M SAYING?... YOU KNOW,
MY BROTHER, DON’T ASK ME THE
QUESTION OF A POLICEMAN!

39:24.929 --> 39:26.931
I’M NOT EXPECTING THAT TO COME

39:26.931 --> 39:28.433
FROM AN AFRICAN!

39:28.433 --> 39:30.435
[HE HUNG UP.]

39:33.938 --> 39:37.442
-AND WE’D BETTER GET A STORY
COOKED UP FOR WHEN THE POLICE
COME AND QUESTION YOU.

39:37.442 --> 39:39.444
THEY’RE GOING TO SAY,

39:39.444 --> 39:42.948
"Mr. MBHELE, YOU AIDED
AND ABETTED A TERRORIST.

39:42.947 --> 39:45.950
WHY DIDN’T YOU INFORM US?
THIS IS A CRIMINAL OFFENCE."

39:46.451 --> 39:50.455
AN APLA GUY COMES TO US, OUR
DUTY IS TO INFORM THE PUBLIC:

39:50.455 --> 39:54.459
WHAT HE SAYS, WHO HE IS, WHAT
HE DOES, WHAT HE’S PLANNING.

39:54.459 --> 39:59.965
WE ARE NOT IN THE BUSINESS OF
CATCHING APLA AND DELIVERING
THEM TO THE POLICE.

39:59.964 --> 40:01.966
I MEAN, THE MOST DANGEROUS
THING THAT WE CAN DO,

40:01.966 --> 40:04.969
IS TO HAVE ANYTHING TO DO
WITH GIVING THEM INFORMATION

40:04.969 --> 40:06.971
WHICH COULD LEAD TO
THE ARREST OF SOMEONE.

40:06.971 --> 40:09.474
IT’S SUICIDE...
SUICIDE FOR ANY JOURNALIST.

40:09.474 --> 40:14.479
-THEY’RE GOING TO TRY AND
FORCE US TO REVEAL THE SOURCE,

40:14.979 --> 40:18.483
BECAUSE THAT WOULD AMOUNT
TO BEING A POLICE INFORMER.

40:18.483 --> 40:21.486
-NO, NO, THERE’S NO WAY!
WE’RE JUST STATING

40:21.486 --> 40:24.990
WHAT THE CITIZENS OF
THIS COUNTRY SHOULD KNOW:

40:24.989 --> 40:29.994
THAT THERE’S AN ARMY LOOSE,
AND THERE’S NO POLITICAL
CONTROL OVER THEM.

40:29.994 --> 40:32.497
-IF THEY NEED PEOPLE
TO COME AND JOIN THEM,

40:32.497 --> 40:36.501
THEY NEED TO BE OPEN TO
THE PEOPLE AND TELL THE
PEOPLE WHO THEY ARE...

40:36.501 --> 40:38.503
WHAT ARE THEY DOING FOR THEM?

40:38.503 --> 40:40.505
-THE PEOPLE ARE
ENTITLED TO KNOW,

40:40.505 --> 40:44.009
BECAUSE APLA IS FIGHTING
IN THE NAME OF AFRICAN
PEOPLE IN THIS COUNTRY.

40:44.008 --> 40:47.011
SO HOW COME AFRICAN
PEOPLE AREN’T ENTITLED
TO KNOW WHO THEY ARE,

40:47.011 --> 40:49.013
WHAT THEY’RE DOING,
WHY THEY’RE DOING IT,

40:49.013 --> 40:53.017
WHAT IS THE AGENDA, WHAT IS
THEIR POLITICAL MANIFESTO?

40:53.017 --> 40:56.521
SO I DON’T THINK WE NEED
TO FEEL GUILTY IN ANY WAY

40:56.521 --> 40:59.024
IF WE’RE EVEN GOING
TO NAIL THE PAC AND SAY,

40:59.023 --> 41:01.025
"WHAT IS GOING ON HERE?

41:01.025 --> 41:03.027
"I MEAN, WHAT THE FUCK
ARE YOU GUYS ABOUT?

41:03.027 --> 41:07.532
YOU’RE KILLING PEOPLE ON OUR
BEHALF. WHAT DOES IT MEAN?"

41:07.532 --> 41:10.035
THERE’S NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE THIS.

41:10.535 --> 41:13.038
WRITE IT TO THE FULLEST DETAIL.

41:13.037 --> 41:16.040
AND ATMOSPHERE, IMPRESSIONS!

41:16.040 --> 41:21.045
IT’S RATHER UNIQUE
FOR US, FOR ANYBODY TO TALK

41:21.045 --> 41:23.047
TO AN APLA SOLDIER.

41:25.049 --> 41:28.052
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE POLICE
DID COME AROUND, BUT THE
PAPER TOOK THE PRECAUTION

41:28.052 --> 41:31.055
OF SENDING WALLY OUT
OF TOWN ON A STORY.

41:31.055 --> 41:34.559
AND IF APLA CAME LOOKING
FOR HIM, THEY MISSED HIM.

41:37.562 --> 41:39.564
WHEN YOU LOOK AT ALL THE ARMIES

41:39.564 --> 41:43.568
AND POLICE AND CHERISHED
BELIEFS THAT BACK UP THE TRIBES

41:43.568 --> 41:46.071
THEY CAN SEEM
UNBEATABLE, ETERNAL.

41:46.070 --> 41:48.573
BUT OF COURSE, THEY’RE NOT.

41:48.573 --> 41:52.577
THE ETHNIC AND NATIONAL
IDENTITIES THAT SEEM TO
BE SUCH FIXED BOUNDARIES

41:52.577 --> 41:55.580
ARE REALLY JUST RAINDROPS
RUNNING DOWN A WINDOWPANE.

41:55.580 --> 41:58.583
MY ANCESTORS WERE IRISH,
I WAS BORN A CANADIAN,

41:58.583 --> 42:01.586
MY SONS ARE ENGLISH AND WHO
KNOWS WHAT THEIR KIDS WILL BE?

42:01.586 --> 42:04.589
ONCE YOU GET BEYOND THE
INSTINCTIVE TERRITORY
    OF THE CLAN,

42:04.589 --> 42:06.591
IT’S ALL ARTIFICIAL ANYWAY.

42:11.596 --> 42:14.599
IT WILL TAKE GENERATIONS

42:14.599 --> 42:17.102
TO HEAL THE SCARS OF APARTHEID.

42:17.101 --> 42:21.105
AND ELSEWHERE, FROM THE ETHNIC
CLEANSING IN RWANDA AND BOSNIA

42:21.105 --> 42:25.109
TO THE ROUTINE NATIONALISM OF
PLACES LIKE RUSSIA AND AMERICA,

42:25.109 --> 42:28.112
THE OLD TRIBAL REFLEX IS
STILL ALIVE AND KICKING.

42:28.112 --> 42:30.615
AND YET... WHAT MADE PEOPLE

42:31.115 --> 42:34.118
SEE THE OLD SOUTH AFRICA
AS THE SKUNK OF THE WORLD

42:34.118 --> 42:36.621
WAS A GLOBAL SHIFT
TOWARDS EQUALITY

42:36.621 --> 42:40.625
AND DEMOCRACY. AND IT HASN’T
JUST FORCED CHANGE HERE.

42:40.625 --> 42:44.129
OVER TWO-THIRDS OF
THE HUMAN RACE NOW LIVES

42:44.128 --> 42:46.631
IN MORE OR LESS
DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES.

42:46.631 --> 42:50.635
THE GLASS IS NOT HALF-EMPTY,
IT IS HALF-FULL.

42:50.635 --> 42:52.637
[SINGING]

42:59.644 --> 43:04.149
[MAX DU PREEZ]: AT THE BASIS
OF THE FEAR OF TODAY IS,

43:04.148 --> 43:06.651
"THEY’RE GONNA DO TO US
WHAT WE DID TO THEM."

43:06.651 --> 43:11.656
THE HARD PART IS FOR
THOSE ARROGANT WHITE
EUROPEAN RACISTS TO SAY,

43:11.656 --> 43:14.659
"WE WILL SERVE UNDER
A BLACK GOVERNMENT,

43:14.659 --> 43:16.661
"AND OUR PRESIDENT
IS GOING TO BE BLACK

43:16.661 --> 43:19.664
"AND HE’S GOING TO BE AN AFRICAN
AND WE’LL RESPECT HIM FOR IT...

43:19.664 --> 43:23.168
"AND WE WILL FORGET THAT
OUR PIGMENTATION IS WHITE,

43:23.167 --> 43:26.170
AND WE WILL FORGET WHERE
OUR ANCESTORS CAME FROM."

43:26.170 --> 43:28.172
I THINK THAT PROCESS
IS HAPPENING ALREADY.

43:28.172 --> 43:31.676
I... CERTAINLY THE PEOPLE HERE
SEE THEMSELVES AS AFRICANS,

43:31.676 --> 43:34.179
AND NOT AS EUROPEANS
    OR WHATEVER.

43:34.178 --> 43:36.180
WE ARE WHITE AFRICANS.

43:36.180 --> 43:39.183
I THINK THAT IS THE PROCESS
THAT IS GOING TO BE AMAZING,

43:39.183 --> 43:42.186
THAT WILL BE A LESSON
FOR ALL OF US IN THE WORLD.

43:42.186 --> 43:46.691
BUT THE QUESTIONS OF A
REDISTRIBUTION OF POWER...

43:46.691 --> 43:49.194
A REDISTRIBUTION
OF ECONOMIC POWER,

43:49.193 --> 43:51.195
A REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH,

43:51.195 --> 43:52.697
A REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND,

43:52.697 --> 43:54.699
THOSE ARE THE REAL TRICKY ONES.

43:58.202 --> 44:01.205
[GWYNNE DYER]: WALLY MBHELE
WAS SENT OFF TO TALK TO
AFRIKANER FARMERS

44:01.205 --> 44:03.207
ABOUT THE PRICE OF CHANGE.

44:03.207 --> 44:09.213
AND IN HARRISMITH, HE FOUND
ONE WHO HAD ACTUALLY JOINED
THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS:

44:09.213 --> 44:11.215
CASS HUMAN.

44:11.215 --> 44:13.217
[WALLY MBHELE]:
HE WENT FURTHER THAN THAT.

44:13.217 --> 44:16.721
HE’S NOW GOING TO THE TOWNSHIPS
ORGANIZING FOR THE ANC,

44:16.721 --> 44:20.225
PREPARING THE ANC FOR
THE FORTHCOMING ELECTIONS

44:20.224 --> 44:21.726
IN THOSE TOWNSHIPS.

44:21.726 --> 44:25.730
THAT IS VERY MUCH
EXTRAORDINARY TO ME.

44:25.730 --> 44:28.233
[ANC SPOKESMAN]: LONG LIVE
COMRADE NELSON MANDELA!

44:28.232 --> 44:31.235
LONG LIVE...!

44:31.235 --> 44:33.738
AMANDLA!

44:33.738 --> 44:36.741
[GWYNNE DYER]: CASS HUMAN WAS
THE FIRST AFRIKANER FARMER

44:36.741 --> 44:39.244
IN THE ORANGE FREE STATE
    TO JOIN THE ANC.

44:39.243 --> 44:42.246
-SO THAT WE CAN HAVE THE CHANCE

44:42.246 --> 44:46.250
TO ELECT THE GOVERNMENT
    OF OUR CHOICE.

44:46.250 --> 44:50.755
SO THAT YOU CAN VOTE
THE PEOPLE INTO GOVERNMENT
THAT YOU WANT THERE TO BE.

44:50.755 --> 44:52.757
[TRANSLATING INTO AFRICAN]

45:03.768 --> 45:08.773
-THINK ABOUT WHO ARE
THE LEADERS OF THIS TOWN,

45:08.773 --> 45:13.278
RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE THAT
THIS YOUNG FELLA CAN LOOK
    UP TO AND SAY,

45:13.277 --> 45:17.281
"AH! AH!"
NOW THIS IS THE LEADER.

45:17.281 --> 45:21.786
[GWYNNE DYER]: CASS IS
A MAN WITH A LOT TO LOSE.

45:21.786 --> 45:24.289
HE OWNS 3,700 HECTARES OF LAND

45:24.288 --> 45:27.792
AND HE HAS 45 EMPLOYEES...
    AND THERE’S NO WAY

45:27.792 --> 45:32.297
HE CAN KEEP ALL THAT WHEN SO
MANY BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS
HAVE NO LAND AT ALL.

45:32.797 --> 45:35.300
-YOU GET WATER FOR THE
PEOPLE, THAT’S IMPORTANT.

45:35.299 --> 45:41.305
BUT YOU ALSO GET THE PEOPLE TO
BELIEVE THAT YOU CAN REALLY DO
SOMETHING FOR THEM,

45:41.305 --> 45:43.808
AND THAT’S IMPORTANT.

45:43.808 --> 45:45.810
THAT’S VERY, VERY IMPORTANT.
DON’T BE AFRAID,

45:45.810 --> 45:49.314
GO TO THE PEOPLE,
GET THE TOWN CLERK,

45:49.313 --> 45:53.317
TAKE HIM BY HIS HAND
AND TELL HIM, "COME,
LOOK HERE AT THIS WATER."

45:53.317 --> 45:57.822
AND LET YOUR FOLLOWERS
SEE YOU DO THAT.

45:57.822 --> 46:05.830
BECAUSE IF THE ANC DOESN’T
DO SOMETHING FOR THE PEOPLE
BEFORE THE NEXT ELECTION,

46:05.830 --> 46:08.333
THE PEOPLE WILL VOTE FOR
ANOTHER GOVERNMENT, YEAH...

46:08.332 --> 46:12.837
WE WANT THE ANC BECAUSE THE
ANC CAN LEAD THE PEOPLE OUT,

46:12.837 --> 46:16.841
AND THE ANC WANT TO DO
SOMETHING FOR THE PEOPLE.

46:16.841 --> 46:22.847
[GWYNNE DYER]: OF COURSE MOST
OF CASS’S WHITE NEIGHBOURS
THINK HE’S CRAZY.

46:22.847 --> 46:24.849
AND THERE’S ALWAYS A CHANCE
THAT APLA MIGHT THINK

46:24.849 --> 46:27.352
HE’S ONE OF THE SETTLERS
WHO NEEDS A BULLET.

46:27.351 --> 46:29.353
[SINGING SIKELEL-I AFRIKA]

46:37.361 --> 46:39.363
[HARANGUING IN AFRICAN]

47:06.390 --> 47:11.896
[GWYNNE DYER]: VRYE WEEKBLAD
DIDN’T MAKE IT PAST THE
ELECTION. BY 1994,

47:11.896 --> 47:15.400
THE MAINSTREAM PRESS IN
SOUTH AFRICA WAS DOING
ITS JOB WELL ENOUGH

47:15.399 --> 47:18.903
THAT THE MAVERICK PAPER
NO LONGER HAD A UNIQUE ROLE.

47:18.903 --> 47:23.908
THE SPECIAL MOMENT WAS PAST
AND THE JOURNALISTS MOVED ON.

47:23.908 --> 47:28.413
MAX DU PREEZ IS NOW CHIEF
POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT

47:28.412 --> 47:31.415
FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN
 BROADCASTING CORPORATION

47:31.415 --> 47:35.419
AND THE HOST OF AGENDA,
THE COUNTRY’S LEADING
TV CURRENT AFFAIRS SHOW.

47:35.419 --> 47:38.923
WALLY MBHELE WENT
TO THE SUNDAY NATION,

47:38.923 --> 47:42.927
ONE OF SOUTH AFRICA’S
BIGGEST PAPERS.

47:42.927 --> 47:47.932
AND PEARLIE JOUBERT IS NOW
THE AFRICAN PRODUCER FOR
    SKY TELEVISION.

47:47.932 --> 47:50.935
-WE WANT PEACE NOW!

47:50.935 --> 47:52.937
WE WANT PEACE NOW!

47:52.937 --> 47:55.940
WE WANT PEACE NOW!

47:55.940 --> 47:58.443
WE WANT PEACE NOW!

48:11.455 --> 48:13.958
[GWYNNE DYER]:
SOUTH AFRICA’S FIRST FREE

48:13.958 --> 48:16.461
NON-RACIAL ELECTION
WAS HELD IN APRIL 1994.

48:16.460 --> 48:19.964
THE ANC WON ALMOST TWO-THIRDS

48:19.964 --> 48:22.467
OF THE VOTE AND
THE LAST PRESIDENT

48:22.466 --> 48:26.971
ELECTED UNDER APARTHEID’S
RULES HANDED OVER POWER
TO NELSON MANDELA.

48:32.977 --> 48:37.982
-I, NELSON MANDELA...

48:37.982 --> 48:40.985
[GWYNNE DYER]: IT WAS
A WONDERFUL TRIUMPH

48:40.985 --> 48:43.988
FOR JUSTICE AND COMMON SENSE...

48:43.988 --> 48:46.491
BUT MOST PEOPLE STILL
VOTED ON ETHNIC LINES.

48:46.490 --> 48:50.494
MOST BLACKS VOTEFOR THE ANC,
EXCEPT FOR THE ZULUS,

48:50.494 --> 48:53.497
MANY OF WHOM VOTED FOR INKATHA.

48:53.497 --> 48:56.500
MOST WHITES VOTED FOR
THE NATIONAL PARTY...

48:56.500 --> 49:01.005
AND SO DID MOST COLOUREDS
IN THE WESTERN CAPE: THE
COURTSHIP WORKED.

49:01.005 --> 49:04.509
AND WHILE HARDLY ANYBODY VOTED
FOR THE PAN-AFRICANIST CONGRESS,

49:04.508 --> 49:08.512
TIME AND DISILLUSIONMENT
MAY MAKE ITS RACIST MESSAGE

49:09.013 --> 49:11.015
MORE WELCOME TO POOR BLACKS.

49:14.518 --> 49:17.521
WE CREATED THE TRIBES, AND
THEN THE TRIBES SHAPED US,

49:17.521 --> 49:19.523
BUT IT’S STILL A TWO-WAY STREET.

49:19.523 --> 49:22.526
ALL WE NEED TO BROADEN
OUR LOYALTIES BEYOND
THE TRIBAL LEVEL

49:22.526 --> 49:26.030
IS A LONGER-TERM DEFINITION
OF OUR OWN SELF-INTEREST...

49:26.030 --> 49:28.032
AND TIME.

49:28.032 --> 49:30.034
I DON’T KNOW IF
WE’LL HAVE ENOUGH TIME.

49:30.034 --> 49:32.537
I DON’T EVEN KNOW IF
SOUTH AFRICA WILL MAKE IT.

49:32.536 --> 49:36.540
BUT WIN OR LOSE, THE SOUTH
AFRICANS ARE SHOWING US
SOMETHING VERY USEFUL:

49:36.540 --> 49:39.543
WE CAN RISE ABOVE
OUR PROGRAMMING.

49:43.547 --> 49:46.550
ON A QUIET SATURDAY
AFTERNOON IN HARRISMITH,

49:46.550 --> 49:50.554
IT CAN FEEL LIKE IT’S
ALL OVER, BUT IT’S NOT.

49:50.554 --> 49:53.057
TRIBALISM ISN’T DEAD
HERE OR ANYWHERE ELSE.

49:53.557 --> 49:57.561
SOUTH AFRICANS HAVE
STARTED TO DRIVE IT OUT

49:57.561 --> 50:01.565
OF THEIR INSTITUTIONS, BUT
NOW WE ALL HAVE TO GET IT OUT

50:01.565 --> 50:03.567
OF OUR HEARTS AND OUR MINDS.

50:49.113 --> 50:51.115
CAPTIONS PERFORMED BY

50:51.115 --> 50:55.119
CENTRE NATIONAL
DU SOUS-TITRAGE PST INC.