00:00:08.042 --> 00:00:10.250
I am, I freely confess

00:00:10.459 --> 00:00:13.000
A man of puzzling contradictions

00:00:13.542 --> 00:00:16.334
Poverty drives my family
from our Scottish homeland

00:00:16.417 --> 00:00:19.000
to seek our fortune in the New World

00:00:20.209 --> 00:00:23.209
And what riches I gather about me!

00:00:24.209 --> 00:00:27.000
Andrew Carnegie begins with nothing

00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:31.000
And through hard work, perseverance

00:00:31.542 --> 00:00:34.542
and being in the right place at the right time

00:00:34.834 --> 00:00:36.834
he is able to become

00:00:37.626 --> 00:00:39.626
really a multibillionaire

00:00:40.417 --> 00:00:43.834
My steel industry helps
construct modern America

00:00:44.000 --> 00:00:46.417
creates monstrous instruments of war

00:00:46.959 --> 00:00:49.417
and makes me the richest man in the world

00:00:49.834 --> 00:00:53.626
Then, I give away every cent of my money

00:00:54.209 --> 00:00:55.209
to benefit others

00:00:55.626 --> 00:00:59.334
and to foster peace in war-torn lands

00:00:59.834 --> 00:01:01.626
Here was a Scotsman

00:01:02.334 --> 00:01:05.417
who left Scotland penniless
went to America

00:01:05.626 --> 00:01:07.626
became the richest man in the world

00:01:07.751 --> 00:01:10.626
and then decided to invest his fortune

00:01:10.751 --> 00:01:12.000
for the common good

00:01:12.626 --> 00:01:14.417
That's a story worth telling

00:01:43.417 --> 00:01:46.834
I'm a New Yorker
so I had grown up with the man

00:01:48.209 --> 00:01:50.417
I thought the man whose biography

00:01:50.542 --> 00:01:52.542
I was going to write

00:01:52.626 --> 00:01:54.626
was called Carnegie

00:01:54.834 --> 00:01:57.334
The first call I made
when I introduced myself

00:01:58.209 --> 00:02:00.751
the relative on the other end of the line said

00:02:00.834 --> 00:02:03.417
'Young man, if you are going to write

00:02:03.459 --> 00:02:05.626
'about my great, great grandfather

00:02:05.834 --> 00:02:06.959
'get the name right'

00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:13.209
No one pronounces
his name properly anymore

00:02:13.417 --> 00:02:14.834
He's now Car-NIG-ie

00:02:15.626 --> 00:02:18.417
So if you go to America and say

00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:20.459
'Oh, have you been to

00:02:20.751 --> 00:02:22.334
the Car-NAY-gie Library?'

00:02:22.417 --> 00:02:23.751
They're like
 'Who?'

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:25.959
But they've all heard of Carnegie Hall

00:02:48.417 --> 00:02:49.876
Andrew Carnegie was born

00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:52.417
in 1835

00:02:52.626 --> 00:02:54.626
in Dunfermline, Scotland

00:02:54.834 --> 00:02:56.250
a tiny little town

00:03:05.834 --> 00:03:09.000
I grow up in the attic
of a small, one-storey house

00:03:09.209 --> 00:03:12.209
on the corner of
Moodie Street and Priory Lane

00:03:13.417 --> 00:03:16.626
My childhood home is full
of my parents' love for  me

00:03:16.834 --> 00:03:18.834
and philanthropy for others

00:03:19.542 --> 00:03:23.209
Andrew Carnegie lived in a world

00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:26.334
where the artisans
the workers, the weavers

00:03:26.417 --> 00:03:27.876
were all educated

00:03:28.209 --> 00:03:30.209
They were politically minded

00:03:30.250 --> 00:03:32.334
And Carnegie grew up

00:03:32.626 --> 00:03:34.542
listening to his father and friends

00:03:34.834 --> 00:03:36.834
debate the issues of the day

00:03:37.209 --> 00:03:40.834
So Carnegie was
interested in the world outside him

00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:47.000
Just a few miles from Edinburgh

00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:51.626
our small town
is the beating heart of the weaving trade

00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:57.209
On his handlooms
my father weaves fine linen tablecloths

00:03:59.209 --> 00:04:02.751
But factories are springing up
that threaten his gentle way of life

00:04:04.209 --> 00:04:07.209
We are on the brink
 of monumental change

00:04:11.626 --> 00:04:14.626
This unprecedented explosion of new ideas

00:04:14.834 --> 00:04:16.626
and new technological inventions

00:04:16.751 --> 00:04:18.751
leaves a trail of devastation

00:04:19.626 --> 00:04:21.626
My father sells his last cloth

00:04:21.834 --> 00:04:24.000
and I learn what poverty means

00:04:24.626 --> 00:04:26.834
Then and there came my resolve

00:04:27.209 --> 00:04:31.209
I will cure such poverty
when I come to be a man

00:04:32.626 --> 00:04:35.626
The Carnegie family
like all of the other weavers

00:04:36.209 --> 00:04:41.209
went into economic depression in the 1840s

00:04:41.959 --> 00:04:44.959
So his mother Margaret decided

00:04:45.626 --> 00:04:48.626
that the only way
to protect her children

00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:50.834
as they grew up

00:04:51.000 --> 00:04:53.209
to make sure
that they would prosper

00:04:53.334 --> 00:04:55.334
was to bring them
 to the United States

00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:00.000
The Industrial Revolution forces us

00:05:00.042 --> 00:05:01.626
to forsake our beloved Scotland

00:05:01.959 --> 00:05:03.209
and seek a new life

00:05:03.542 --> 00:05:04.999
in the New World

00:05:05.626 --> 00:05:07.959
I leave Dunfermline with tearful eyes

00:05:08.417 --> 00:05:10.417
not knowing if I will ever return

00:05:11.834 --> 00:05:15.834
Yet my optimism abounds
with the thought of reaching America

00:05:17.751 --> 00:05:19.834
After a gruelling three month crossing

00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:23.209
we arrive in this land of opportunity

00:05:23.626 --> 00:05:25.834
We are destined for greatness

00:05:27.626 --> 00:05:29.959
The great
Allegheny mountains greet us with

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:32.000
their magnitude and rugged charm

00:05:34.209 --> 00:05:36.834
You have families
coming from all over the world

00:05:37.000 --> 00:05:39.417
for this opportunity
for that piece of the pie

00:05:39.626 --> 00:05:43.125
to be American
to build a more successful future

00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:56.834
Why does my family come here?
It's opportunity

00:05:57.834 --> 00:06:02.000
It's opportunity that doesn't exist
in Old World Europe

00:06:03.000 --> 00:06:05.417
Folks are able to
 come here and get a job

00:06:05.542 --> 00:06:07.000
that's fairly well paying

00:06:07.125 --> 00:06:09.334
As far as the industrial pool

00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:13.626
you know what's grabbing them
and bringing them to this country

00:06:13.834 --> 00:06:15.834
It's that heavy manufacturing

00:06:17.542 --> 00:06:19.542
My first job as a bobbin boy

00:06:19.626 --> 00:06:21.959
earns me $1.20 a week

00:06:22.626 --> 00:06:24.626
The hours hang heavy upon me

00:06:24.751 --> 00:06:26.959
and in the work itself
 I take no pleasure

00:06:27.334 --> 00:06:29.209
but I am now a breadwinner

00:06:29.626 --> 00:06:31.542
a helper for my family

00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:34.959
Pittsburgh is the poster child

00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:36.834
of the American Industrial Revolution

00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:40.000
This is a place where ingenuity

00:06:40.125 --> 00:06:43.417
and capital and labour
all came together

00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:47.209
And that hope
 that by working hard

00:06:47.834 --> 00:06:49.125
and pushing forward

00:06:49.125 --> 00:06:51.125
that you're going to achieve something

00:06:51.209 --> 00:06:53.000
that your parents couldn't achieve

00:06:53.417 --> 00:06:54.876
When he arrived in America

00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:58.125
I think he was determined
that he was going to do better

00:06:59.000 --> 00:07:02.834
And I think that
steely Scottish determination

00:07:03.209 --> 00:07:05.417
was something
that stood him in good stead

00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:10.000
I progress to telegraph operator

00:07:10.125 --> 00:07:12.542
then superintendent with the railroad

00:07:13.000 --> 00:07:15.417
I am determined
to build my fortune

00:07:16.834 --> 00:07:19.209
He grows up
and learned how to invest money

00:07:19.626 --> 00:07:21.751
In fact, doing things
 which we would regard

00:07:21.792 --> 00:07:23.000
as probably illegal today

00:07:23.125 --> 00:07:27.125
using inside information
to buy up shares in the companies

00:07:27.209 --> 00:07:30.209
that were then going to be favoured
with contracts from the railroad

00:07:31.209 --> 00:07:33.417
Government in the United States did not

00:07:33.542 --> 00:07:35.334
regulate the economy

00:07:35.542 --> 00:07:40.834
and that meant that
men of business could proceed

00:07:41.000 --> 00:07:43.334
using their wiles

00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:46.000
using practices that would today

00:07:46.125 --> 00:07:48.125
be known as illegal

00:07:50.417 --> 00:07:52.417
He began to accumulate a fortune

00:07:52.542 --> 00:07:55.000
and in due course
again through the railways

00:07:55.125 --> 00:07:58.000
he got, of course
into iron manufacture

00:07:58.209 --> 00:08:00.209
for bridge building, for rails

00:08:00.626 --> 00:08:02.626
and latterly into steel

00:08:05.417 --> 00:08:07.417
Investing my capital

00:08:07.542 --> 00:08:09.542
but still working with the railroad

00:08:09.542 --> 00:08:12.334
My riches are enhanced
 by the bloody horrors

00:08:12.626 --> 00:08:14.626
of the Civil War

00:08:15.209 --> 00:08:17.417
This conflict devours all resources

00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:21.000
Railroads are essential for transporting

00:08:21.125 --> 00:08:23.542
the modern machinery of war

00:08:24.334 --> 00:08:27.334
War is becoming
a money-making machine

00:08:31.834 --> 00:08:34.000
But the human cost is appalling

00:08:34.125 --> 00:08:37.417
What value has money
when lives are the price?

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:41.334
Without Pittsburgh

00:08:41.417 --> 00:08:43.417
and without
what was being produced here

00:08:43.459 --> 00:08:45.167
the North couldn't have won

00:08:45.209 --> 00:08:47.209
That's what the North
 had over the South

00:08:47.542 --> 00:08:49.417
These manufacturing bases

00:08:49.834 --> 00:08:52.209
And Pittsburgh's at the epicentre of it

00:08:53.000 --> 00:08:57.417
Railroads are getting built
to transport troops and supplies

00:08:57.626 --> 00:08:59.626
Railroads are also getting destroyed

00:08:59.834 --> 00:09:01.834
in the course of the war itself

00:09:02.417 --> 00:09:03.876
So after the war

00:09:04.042 --> 00:09:08.000
the steel industry is ripe to expand

00:09:08.125 --> 00:09:11.125
to do a lot of the rebuilding
of the infrastructure

00:09:11.209 --> 00:09:12.667
that was destroyed during the war

00:09:13.626 --> 00:09:16.959
The raw need for steel
puts Andrew Carnegie

00:09:17.000 --> 00:09:19.417
in the right place at the right time

00:09:20.417 --> 00:09:23.626
His ambition, his charm
and his self confidence

00:09:24.626 --> 00:09:27.626
gave him the ability to take risks

00:09:27.751 --> 00:09:29.000
with his money

00:09:29.125 --> 00:09:31.125
To jump into new enterprises

00:09:32.000 --> 00:09:34.000
To invest in steel

00:09:34.209 --> 00:09:37.834
when everybody else
was investing in iron

00:09:40.417 --> 00:09:42.751
To build new plants

00:09:43.000 --> 00:09:45.000
to reinvest his dividends

00:09:45.417 --> 00:09:47.834
never to take money
out of his business

00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:50.000
but to keep putting it in

00:09:50.209 --> 00:09:52.209
getting bigger and bigger

00:09:52.542 --> 00:09:54.334
Expanding always

00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:58.000
I mull over my station in life

00:09:58.417 --> 00:10:02.000
this year yields me
a bountiful and growing return

00:10:02.417 --> 00:10:05.626
but there is more to life
than material triumphs

00:10:08.125 --> 00:10:10.125
I propose to take an income

00:10:10.209 --> 00:10:12.417
no greater than $50,000 per annum

00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:17.209
but spend the surplus each year
for benevolent purposes

00:10:19.417 --> 00:10:22.000
The more I earn
the more I can give away

00:10:22.209 --> 00:10:26.000
And for the next twenty years
the fast changing American economy

00:10:26.125 --> 00:10:29.542
allows my wealth to grow and grow

00:10:36.209 --> 00:10:38.834
Now we're going over
 the Monongahela river

00:10:38.959 --> 00:10:42.000
The Monongahela river
through most of the 20th century

00:10:42.125 --> 00:10:44.959
was considered
the hardest working river in the world

00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:47.959
There were more steel mills
and industry along this river

00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:50.000
than anywhere else in the world

00:10:50.125 --> 00:10:51.584
When I was a kid

00:10:52.209 --> 00:10:55.000
and when
my father was a kid, and his father

00:10:55.334 --> 00:10:57.334
these rivers were dead

00:10:57.417 --> 00:10:59.417
They were so full of pollutants

00:10:59.834 --> 00:11:01.834
that nothing could survive in them

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:05.417
The air quality was so poor
 from all of these mills

00:11:07.417 --> 00:11:11.834
That by midday you'd have to
change your shirt because it was black

00:11:12.250 --> 00:11:14.250
We are headed down into

00:11:14.250 --> 00:11:16.250
the town of Braddock

00:11:16.667 --> 00:11:18.250
Braddock is

00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:20.334
historically

00:11:21.334 --> 00:11:23.584
not just for this region
 but for this country

00:11:23.626 --> 00:11:26.959
one of the most important little towns
that no one knows about

00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:30.334
By the early 1870s
it's home to Carnegie Steel

00:11:30.417 --> 00:11:33.959
It was the very first of
Carnegie's mills to open in 1875

00:11:34.125 --> 00:11:37.000
and it's the only
fully-integrated steel mill

00:11:37.125 --> 00:11:40.125
You could go from raw material to iron

00:11:40.209 --> 00:11:42.417
from iron to steel, and steel to

00:11:42.542 --> 00:11:44.834
in this case semi-finished product

00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:48.000
And it's the only one
left in this entire state

00:11:48.209 --> 00:11:50.417
But in the heyday of this town

00:11:50.542 --> 00:11:52.834
this place was bustling

00:11:53.125 --> 00:11:57.417
It really was a very large
and active town for many years

00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:00.626
and it's all because
that mill was here

00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:04.334
It really was unparalleled
for such a small little space

00:12:04.417 --> 00:12:07.000
They had 30,000 people in this town

00:12:13.751 --> 00:12:15.751
Over the river, in Homestead

00:12:15.834 --> 00:12:17.417
I build a new mill

00:12:17.626 --> 00:12:20.125
insisting upon knowing our costs

00:12:20.209 --> 00:12:23.834
and especially
what each man is doing

00:12:24.751 --> 00:12:27.542
Who saves material?
Who wastes it?

00:12:27.834 --> 00:12:30.209
And who produces the results?

00:12:30.417 --> 00:12:34.417
Homestead's very different
than a number of the other mill towns

00:12:34.626 --> 00:12:35.959
in this region

00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:40.626
Because Homestead's founded
with this notion of being a worker's republic

00:12:40.751 --> 00:12:42.000
It's not a company town

00:12:42.209 --> 00:12:45.209
They had
a highly-organised labour force

00:12:45.334 --> 00:12:47.626
And they didn't
have to kowtow to anyone

00:12:47.751 --> 00:12:49.751
This was their town

00:12:50.626 --> 00:12:52.751
These men were steadfast

00:12:52.834 --> 00:12:57.209
in their commitment to
keeping their place in this mill

00:12:57.417 --> 00:13:00.417
So there are
labour problems from the beginning

00:13:00.542 --> 00:13:02.542
But there's an economic down turn

00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:04.334
the price of steel drops

00:13:04.375 --> 00:13:06.375
the wages go down accordingly

00:13:07.209 --> 00:13:09.334
Carnegie felt that, you know, if

00:13:10.417 --> 00:13:12.417
we're not making as much money

00:13:12.626 --> 00:13:14.751
you shouldn't be
 making as much money

00:13:16.417 --> 00:13:18.834
My workers refuse to see reason

00:13:19.209 --> 00:13:21.834
Advances asked for are ridiculous

00:13:22.125 --> 00:13:24.125
These men are in the wrong

00:13:25.751 --> 00:13:28.167
Andrew Carnegie
delegated responsibility

00:13:28.209 --> 00:13:30.417
for labour relations in Pittsburgh

00:13:30.626 --> 00:13:33.209
to Henry Frick

00:13:33.417 --> 00:13:35.959
Carnegie needed Frick

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:38.834
who was a brilliant manager

00:13:40.209 --> 00:13:41.542
He brings him in because

00:13:41.584 --> 00:13:44.250
Frick was notorious

00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:47.000
at busting unions

00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:49.000
No tolerance for unions at all

00:13:50.542 --> 00:13:52.542
Frick precipitated

00:13:53.417 --> 00:13:55.751
an ugly, nasty strike

00:13:57.626 --> 00:14:00.209
He was just the man
 that Carnegie needed

00:14:01.417 --> 00:14:03.751
to take care of this labour problem

00:14:04.417 --> 00:14:06.876
He was the bad cop
to Carnegie's good cop

00:14:08.209 --> 00:14:10.542
Instructing Frick
to shut down the plant

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:13.000
and wait until
the workers buckled

00:14:13.125 --> 00:14:16.125
will prove to be
 something I live to regret

00:14:17.542 --> 00:14:19.751
Things heat up and cool down

00:14:19.834 --> 00:14:21.542
over the course of the day

00:14:21.751 --> 00:14:23.751
when eventually shots are fired

00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:26.209
July 6th, 1892

00:14:26.834 --> 00:14:29.417
a bloody battle
erupts between strikers

00:14:29.459 --> 00:14:32.876
and 300 armed security guards at my plant

00:14:33.209 --> 00:14:35.209
Several souls die

00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:39.000
Nothing has ever wounded me so deeply

00:14:39.626 --> 00:14:41.959
Who wins this battle in 1892?

00:14:42.417 --> 00:14:44.417
The standard line is that, you know

00:14:44.459 --> 00:14:47.417
The workers won the battle
 but the company won the war

00:14:47.626 --> 00:14:48.959
The union was crushed

00:14:48.999 --> 00:14:50.999
It's 40 years before unionism

00:14:51.000 --> 00:14:52.751
is back in the steel business

00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:58.000
To treat workers as he did

00:14:58.125 --> 00:15:00.125
whether directly or indirectly

00:15:01.334 --> 00:15:04.334
To expose people
to the conditions that he did

00:15:04.584 --> 00:15:06.584
To allow suffering to happen

00:15:06.751 --> 00:15:08.542
is inexcusable

00:15:09.626 --> 00:15:11.751
Does he make up for it?

00:15:29.959 --> 00:15:31.209
In the 1880s

00:15:31.417 --> 00:15:33.542
Carnegie publishes
 a very famous essay

00:15:33.751 --> 00:15:35.000
that's called 'Wealth'

00:15:35.042 --> 00:15:37.042
It's more popularly remembered as

00:15:37.125 --> 00:15:38.417
'The Gospel of Wealth'

00:15:47.417 --> 00:15:49.751
The Gospel of Wealth
offers propositions

00:15:49.792 --> 00:15:52.792
that Carnegie feels
everyone needs to accept

00:15:52.834 --> 00:15:54.125
You may not like them

00:15:54.167 --> 00:15:56.167
but they are the way things are

00:15:56.209 --> 00:15:59.209
First of all
great inequality is inevitable

00:15:59.250 --> 00:16:02.584
People like him
are going to continue

00:16:02.626 --> 00:16:06.000
accumulating vast fortunes
that just a few years before

00:16:06.542 --> 00:16:08.751
would have been unimaginable

00:16:09.209 --> 00:16:11.209
Men who build great fortunes

00:16:11.334 --> 00:16:13.626
really are smarter
 than the rest of us

00:16:13.751 --> 00:16:15.959
They know how to amass wealth

00:16:16.000 --> 00:16:18.417
in a way that
 the rest of us don't

00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:21.334
I set down my essay

00:16:21.417 --> 00:16:23.417
into a “Kinetophone' recording

00:16:23.542 --> 00:16:27.000
So that my message
will echo down the years

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:20.000
Here was a millionaire
telling all the other millionaires

00:17:20.209 --> 00:17:23.626
Here was a robber baron
 captain of industry

00:17:23.751 --> 00:17:25.751
telling his peers

00:17:25.792 --> 00:17:28.042
that they had to give
away all their money

00:17:28.125 --> 00:17:29.417
Not only that

00:17:29.417 --> 00:17:31.417
If they didn't
give away their money

00:17:31.459 --> 00:17:33.959
they would die
disgraced, unloved, scorned

00:17:44.334 --> 00:17:47.959
What sets Carnegie apart
from some of his brother millionaires

00:17:48.626 --> 00:17:51.834
is that men who build great fortunes

00:17:51.876 --> 00:17:53.876
didn't do that alone

00:17:54.334 --> 00:17:56.334
Even though they are smarter

00:17:56.375 --> 00:17:58.375
they've built these great fortunes

00:17:58.417 --> 00:18:00.417
using the labour and community

00:18:00.542 --> 00:18:02.542
that the rest of us provide

00:18:02.584 --> 00:18:04.584
Therefore, those great fortunes

00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.334
are temporarily in the custody
 of a person like Carnegie

00:18:09.334 --> 00:18:12.834
but they don't really belong
to a person like Carnegie

00:18:21.417 --> 00:18:24.834
Andrew Carnegie
was what we called

00:18:24.959 --> 00:18:26.209
a 'philanthropist'

00:18:26.250 --> 00:18:28.375
I remember that
when we were children

00:18:28.417 --> 00:18:29.959
was a very difficult word to spell

00:18:30.125 --> 00:18:32.417
But was somebody
who gave away a lot of money

00:18:32.542 --> 00:18:33.834
Particularly for libraries

00:18:35.334 --> 00:18:36.626
and organs

00:18:37.000 --> 00:18:39.334
And that was his mission in life really

00:18:39.459 --> 00:18:41.167
to make a lot of money

00:18:41.334 --> 00:18:42.751
and then to give it away

00:18:57.000 --> 00:18:58.417
He has rather a good method

00:18:58.459 --> 00:19:01.667
He didn't give you everything
that was his policy

00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:06.000
If he gave
 you had to give as well

00:19:06.334 --> 00:19:08.751
So if you wanted to build a library

00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:10.834
and he agreed to do it

00:19:11.209 --> 00:19:13.209
He would either build the library

00:19:13.417 --> 00:19:15.626
and you provided the books

00:19:15.751 --> 00:19:17.751
or maybe you had to buy the land

00:19:17.792 --> 00:19:19.999
on which the library would be built

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.209
But that way
 you had an ongoing interest

00:19:24.417 --> 00:19:26.417
in that project

00:19:26.834 --> 00:19:28.834
Well, isn't that sensible?

00:19:28.876 --> 00:19:31.876
You know
if we get complete hand-outs

00:19:31.959 --> 00:19:33.209
we don't value them

00:19:33.250 --> 00:19:36.250
But if you put your
 blood, sweat and tears

00:19:36.334 --> 00:19:38.626
into getting what you wanted

00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:40.417
you will always value it

00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:46.000
I refine the worldwide giving of libraries

00:19:46.042 --> 00:19:48.375
into a neat and streamlined procedure

00:19:48.459 --> 00:19:50.459
much like ordering a suit

00:19:50.542 --> 00:19:52.751
from the Sears catalogue

00:19:56.626 --> 00:19:58.626
Libraries were important to Carnegie

00:19:58.667 --> 00:20:01.042
because he believed in education

00:20:01.834 --> 00:20:05.209
And he believed in doing
everything he possibly could

00:20:06.417 --> 00:20:08.751
to bring to common people

00:20:09.209 --> 00:20:10.834
opportunities

00:20:11.334 --> 00:20:13.334
that might not be there

00:20:15.209 --> 00:20:17.834
With great wealth
comes great responsibility

00:20:17.876 --> 00:20:19.999
I think that's what Carnegie found

00:20:20.334 --> 00:20:22.209
And that responsibility

00:20:22.250 --> 00:20:25.667
I think weighed
quite heavily on his shoulders

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:43.000
Just having lots of zeros in the bank

00:20:43.626 --> 00:20:45.626
is nice for a little while

00:20:45.751 --> 00:20:47.751
but then its pretty unfulfilling

00:20:48.626 --> 00:20:50.626
And its not how
 many zeros you've got

00:20:50.751 --> 00:20:52.751
it's actually what you do with them

00:20:53.792 --> 00:20:55.375
that marks you out

00:20:56.417 --> 00:20:59.417
'He who dies thus wealthy dies disgraced'

00:20:59.542 --> 00:21:00.834
That's so powerful

00:21:01.417 --> 00:21:04.000
He truly believed in philanthropy

00:21:04.417 --> 00:21:05.751
And he truly believed

00:21:05.792 --> 00:21:08.999
in bettering the lot in life
for other Americans

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:13.000
Particularly though
 education and literacy

00:21:13.125 --> 00:21:15.417
But I also think that he

00:21:15.459 --> 00:21:18.042
was very much aware
 of his need for a legacy

00:21:18.834 --> 00:21:21.417
And one of the ways to do that
was through naming rights

00:21:29.417 --> 00:21:33.417
Andrew Carnegie
 can't be thought of as an individual

00:21:33.459 --> 00:21:35.459
He has to be thought of

00:21:35.542 --> 00:21:39.542
as a conglomerate of robber barons

00:21:40.417 --> 00:21:43.000
People like Goodyear, Firestone, Ford

00:21:43.626 --> 00:21:44.959
JP Morgan

00:21:45.209 --> 00:21:48.417
That if you add them up
 they controlled

00:21:49.209 --> 00:21:51.542
the industrial production of America

00:21:58.000 --> 00:22:01.334
The impact of steel
 on the urban environment

00:22:01.626 --> 00:22:04.125
cannot be underestimated

00:22:05.209 --> 00:22:07.209
It is absolutely crucial

00:22:07.250 --> 00:22:10.250
to almost every aspect of urban life

00:22:10.334 --> 00:22:12.334
that we take for granted

00:22:12.375 --> 00:22:15.667
every single day
and multiple times a day

00:22:16.834 --> 00:22:19.125
In New York City
if you wish to ride the subway

00:22:20.125 --> 00:22:22.125
you're on steel rails

00:22:22.751 --> 00:22:24.959
If you wish to take an elevator

00:22:26.626 --> 00:22:29.000
you're probably going
 in a larger building

00:22:29.125 --> 00:22:31.125
It's steel frame construction

00:22:32.417 --> 00:22:33.751
The best example

00:22:34.834 --> 00:22:36.834
of steel in New York City

00:22:36.876 --> 00:22:38.334
is the Brooklyn Bridge

00:22:41.417 --> 00:22:42.959
The Brooklyn Bridge is designed

00:22:43.209 --> 00:22:46.542
to bring together
the ancient material of stone

00:22:47.209 --> 00:22:49.000
with this very fine

00:22:49.542 --> 00:22:51.834
ethereal new material

00:22:51.876 --> 00:22:53.792
of steel cabling

00:22:55.626 --> 00:22:58.626
When the Brooklyn Bridge
 opens in the 1880s

00:22:58.667 --> 00:23:01.876
it is more than twice
 the length in the centre span

00:23:01.959 --> 00:23:03.959
than any suspension bridge

00:23:03.999 --> 00:23:05.999
that had ever come before it

00:23:09.834 --> 00:23:12.125
That change in metal

00:23:13.626 --> 00:23:17.626
that roughly
a couple percentages of carbon

00:23:18.000 --> 00:23:19.209
from iron to steel

00:23:19.334 --> 00:23:20.626
changes everything

00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:25.209
You have a metal
 that is malleable

00:23:25.334 --> 00:23:27.334
You can shape, however you want

00:23:28.834 --> 00:23:31.209
and it maintains its strength

00:23:33.834 --> 00:23:35.834
Without steel, the 20th century

00:23:35.876 --> 00:23:38.167
and now
the 21st century as we know it

00:23:38.334 --> 00:23:39.959
wouldn't exist

00:23:40.626 --> 00:23:42.417
It changes everything

00:23:52.417 --> 00:23:54.417
So inside of this building

00:23:54.459 --> 00:23:56.792
which used to be
 the blowing engine house

00:23:56.834 --> 00:24:00.834
where huge air compressors were
and they created the wind

00:24:00.876 --> 00:24:04.167
that was then super heated
to go into the blast furnace

00:24:04.209 --> 00:24:07.209
We now have
the 48-inch universal plate mill

00:24:07.250 --> 00:24:11.042
Which we salvaged in 1991
from the Homestead works

00:24:13.417 --> 00:24:15.417
This is the last of its type

00:24:15.709 --> 00:24:18.000
This is a steam-driven plate mill

00:24:18.334 --> 00:24:21.334
There is nothing else like this
anywhere in this country

00:24:23.834 --> 00:24:26.334
They are producing armour plate

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:29.000
for battleships

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.000
It's the start of what's known
as the Great White Fleet

00:24:36.751 --> 00:24:38.000
Andrew Carnegie secures

00:24:38.042 --> 00:24:41.042
the largest contract
with the US Navy ever given

00:24:45.125 --> 00:24:47.125
For almost three decades

00:24:47.209 --> 00:24:49.209
I dominate the steel industry

00:24:49.334 --> 00:24:51.542
But now at the dawn
 of the 20th century

00:24:51.751 --> 00:24:54.751
I fear that the very thing
 that made my fortune

00:24:54.834 --> 00:24:57.792
is now in danger
 of destroying mankind

00:25:06.209 --> 00:25:08.209
I must follow my beliefs

00:25:08.250 --> 00:25:11.250
and begin the harder task
of giving my money away

00:25:11.334 --> 00:25:13.000
for the good of all

00:25:14.334 --> 00:25:16.334
March 2nd, 1901

00:25:16.751 --> 00:25:20.334
I close the deal with JP Morgan
and sell Carnegie Steel

00:25:22.042 --> 00:25:24.584

for $480 million

00:25:25.834 --> 00:25:27.834
I am
 the richest man in the world

00:25:29.834 --> 00:25:32.125
Now I must turn
 to a new mission in life

00:25:33.626 --> 00:25:35.959
The abolition of war
grows in importance

00:25:35.999 --> 00:25:37.999
and overshadows all else

00:25:38.626 --> 00:25:41.834
Andrew Carnegie
 took a huge risk later in his life

00:25:43.417 --> 00:25:45.417
by calling for world peace

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:48.626
It's a pretty spectacular
 thing for him to do

00:25:50.125 --> 00:25:54.125
I think fundamentally
he was a practical man

00:25:54.375 --> 00:25:56.375
and he just thought it was wrong

00:25:56.459 --> 00:25:58.459
to kill your fellow man

00:25:59.125 --> 00:26:02.125
There is this contradiction
 that's Andrew Carnegie

00:26:02.167 --> 00:26:06.375
on one hand he's making
 millions and millions of dollars

00:26:07.751 --> 00:26:10.125
producing iron, and then steel

00:26:10.751 --> 00:26:13.751
To go in to armament
 to build up the US Navy

00:26:15.209 --> 00:26:18.167
But at the same time
 he's a devout pacifist

00:26:19.125 --> 00:26:21.125
That there is no reason for bloodshed

00:26:21.959 --> 00:26:24.626
And that war is barbaric, its archaic

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:28.167
Modern man
shouldn't have to resort to such means

00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:31.000
But that contradiction stills exists

00:26:31.042 --> 00:26:33.375
if you didn't need
 to resort to those means

00:26:34.042 --> 00:26:36.042
Why would you build a Navy?

00:26:41.751 --> 00:26:45.334
An age of new
 and fearsome weaponry is upon us

00:26:47.626 --> 00:26:49.834
I fondly hope
and strongly believe

00:26:49.876 --> 00:26:51.417
to hasten the coming of the day

00:26:51.834 --> 00:26:53.834
when men, disgracing humanity

00:26:54.125 --> 00:26:57.751
shall cease
to kill each other like wild beasts

00:26:59.959 --> 00:27:03.959
Where would we be
 without men and women who dream?

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:07.000
And Carnegie dreamed

00:27:07.125 --> 00:27:11.042
He had all sorts of elaborate plans

00:27:11.209 --> 00:27:12.500
that he put his money into

00:27:18.334 --> 00:27:20.334
One of those was for

00:27:20.375 --> 00:27:23.375
a simplified spelling scheme

00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:27.626
He thought the English language
was much too complicated

00:27:27.959 --> 00:27:32.209
Why should sleigh
 be spelled S L E I G H?

00:27:33.125 --> 00:27:37.125
Why should 'G's
sometimes be soft, sometimes be hard

00:27:37.334 --> 00:27:39.334
sometimes not pronounced at all?

00:27:42.417 --> 00:27:46.417
My quest for a simplified language
has powerful support

00:27:47.209 --> 00:27:48.542
from Theodore Roosevelt

00:27:48.584 --> 00:27:50.792
And importantly
 I think this president

00:27:50.834 --> 00:27:52.834
to be a peacemaker

00:27:52.876 --> 00:27:55.042
the hour and the man have come

00:27:55.125 --> 00:27:57.751
and Roosevelt is that man of destiny

00:27:58.959 --> 00:28:02.959
Roosevelt was a Republican
 and Carnegie was a Republican

00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:04.334
And Roosevelt

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:09.000
who many Republicans
 thought was anti-business

00:28:09.042 --> 00:28:11.042
needed Carnegie by his side

00:28:11.125 --> 00:28:14.542
as proof that
 he was not anti-business

00:28:15.125 --> 00:28:17.125
That he was pro-capitalist

00:28:17.167 --> 00:28:19.167
So Carnegie gave him cover

00:28:19.417 --> 00:28:21.626
for some of his reform activities

00:28:23.417 --> 00:28:26.417
Despite Roosevelt
 ordering government documents

00:28:26.459 --> 00:28:28.459
printed with the new spellings

00:28:28.542 --> 00:28:30.542
The cause is lost

00:28:30.584 --> 00:28:32.584
My ideas must be 'dropt'

00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:35.417
'Enuf' is 'enuf'

00:28:35.959 --> 00:28:38.209
The man had a sense of humour

00:28:38.542 --> 00:28:40.751
he had wit, wisdom

00:28:41.542 --> 00:28:44.959
and he believed in progress
he believed in evolution

00:28:52.209 --> 00:28:55.542
Rich and powerful people
can usually have anything they want

00:28:55.584 --> 00:28:58.000
But very few people
can have their own dinosaur

00:28:58.042 --> 00:29:02.042
And the story of how Diplodocus
came here to Pittsburgh is remarkable

00:29:10.834 --> 00:29:12.626
It starts with Andrew Carnegie

00:29:12.667 --> 00:29:14.667
reading a headline that screams

00:29:14.751 --> 00:29:17.209
'Most Colossal Animal Ever Unearthed

00:29:17.250 --> 00:29:18.584
Just Found Out West'

00:29:18.834 --> 00:29:22.125
And it has an illustration
of one of these long-necked dinosaurs

00:29:22.209 --> 00:29:25.542
these sauropod dinosaurs
rearing up on its hind legs

00:29:25.626 --> 00:29:27.626
to look into an 11th storey window

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:29.292
Carnegie sees this

00:29:29.334 --> 00:29:30.667
and he's captivated

00:29:30.667 --> 00:29:32.999
He buys the story
 Hook, line, and sinker

00:29:33.209 --> 00:29:35.542
And he scrawls a note to the director

00:29:35.751 --> 00:29:38.751
of his newly founded museum:
William Holland

00:29:38.792 --> 00:29:40.792
And he says:
 'Dear Dr Holland

00:29:40.834 --> 00:29:43.417
'Can you please buy this for Pittsburgh?'

00:29:43.626 --> 00:29:45.626
So Holland, when he got this note

00:29:45.667 --> 00:29:47.667
you know, 'I have to buy a Dinosaur'

00:29:47.792 --> 00:29:50.792
rendezvoused with the man
who had discovered

00:29:50.834 --> 00:29:52.834
this supposedly gigantic dinosaur

00:29:52.876 --> 00:29:54.876
William Harlow Reed

00:29:54.959 --> 00:29:57.959
and that's when Reed
spilled the beans to them

00:29:57.999 --> 00:29:59.999
that the entire newspaper article

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:02.334
the entire illustration, captivating headline

00:30:02.375 --> 00:30:03.667
All this stuff

00:30:03.751 --> 00:30:06.751
Was based on
a single chunk of dinosaur bone

00:30:06.792 --> 00:30:09.042
about the size
of your average microwave oven

00:30:10.542 --> 00:30:11.834
Naturally the Carnegie team

00:30:11.876 --> 00:30:14.167
was a little bit disappointed by this

00:30:14.250 --> 00:30:17.250
and they had
 a few weeks of frustration

00:30:17.667 --> 00:30:21.125
They searched and searched
without finding much of anything

00:30:21.167 --> 00:30:23.667
But on July 4th, 1899

00:30:23.999 --> 00:30:25.999
The team happened upon a few bones

00:30:26.334 --> 00:30:28.334
that led to a few more bones

00:30:28.375 --> 00:30:31.375
and they uncovered
 much of the skeleton

00:30:31.417 --> 00:30:32.751
of a single individual

00:30:32.792 --> 00:30:35.792
of one of these
 giant long-necked dinosaurs

00:30:36.834 --> 00:30:39.834
And so I think having
 Diplodocus Carnegii

00:30:39.876 --> 00:30:41.167
his own species of dinosaur

00:30:41.209 --> 00:30:43.626
and a dinosaur that
quickly became very famous

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:47.000
was a really nice feather
in Andrew Carnegie's cap

00:30:49.834 --> 00:30:51.125
Across the Atlantic

00:30:51.167 --> 00:30:54.167
I purchase my own
Scottish Highland home

00:30:54.209 --> 00:30:57.209
and 40,000 acres
 of sweet pastoral scenery

00:30:58.667 --> 00:31:00.667
I am a child with a new toy

00:31:00.751 --> 00:31:04.125
Heaven itself is not nearly
as beautiful as Skibo

00:31:06.876 --> 00:31:09.167
Skibo means 'enchanted place'

00:31:10.209 --> 00:31:13.417
And I think he wanted it
 to be something magical

00:31:15.792 --> 00:31:18.042
When Andrew Carnegie bought Skibo

00:31:18.626 --> 00:31:21.125
he instructed his agents
 to go out and look for

00:31:21.542 --> 00:31:22.834
a suitable place

00:31:22.959 --> 00:31:24.209
It had to have water

00:31:24.375 --> 00:31:25.876
It had to be near the sea

00:31:25.999 --> 00:31:27.792
It had to have mountains, and so on

00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:31.000
And he saw it
 and he liked it straight away

00:31:33.626 --> 00:31:36.626
Here was a man
 the richest man in the world

00:31:36.999 --> 00:31:40.167
They bought over steel
 from the United States

00:31:40.751 --> 00:31:42.209
We know that he bought in

00:31:42.250 --> 00:31:43.751
electricity of course

00:31:43.792 --> 00:31:45.250
which was very key

00:31:45.334 --> 00:31:47.626
And all these things
would have been new

00:31:47.667 --> 00:31:49.667
to people in the Highlands

00:31:49.751 --> 00:31:51.959
It was a remote part
 of the British Isles

00:31:51.999 --> 00:31:53.250
So this was really exciting

00:32:05.542 --> 00:32:08.834
Now, here we have probably

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:12.000
the first electric lift in Scotland

00:32:12.542 --> 00:32:14.542
Here it is, an Otis lift

00:32:15.334 --> 00:32:17.626
It was bought in 1901
installed in 1902

00:32:18.667 --> 00:32:21.459
And a little later on
 Edward VII came to see it

00:32:21.626 --> 00:32:24.959
because he was
remodelling Buckingham Palace

00:32:24.999 --> 00:32:28.334
and wanted to see first hand
some of these innovations

00:32:28.626 --> 00:32:31.125
that Carnegie put into the castle

00:32:34.834 --> 00:32:37.542
This is American steel

00:32:38.626 --> 00:32:41.125
Castles had the habit of burning down

00:32:41.209 --> 00:32:44.209
so he had these installed
 to protect his books

00:32:44.250 --> 00:32:46.667
and priceless treasures that he had

00:32:46.751 --> 00:32:48.751
and the castle itself

00:32:51.626 --> 00:32:55.125
This gives you a nice little idea
of how the day worked here

00:32:55.417 --> 00:32:57.417
Bagpipes at 07.45

00:32:57.751 --> 00:32:59.751
Breakfast at 08.30

00:32:59.792 --> 00:33:02.792
That would be a great big
Edwardian-Victorian breakfast

00:33:03.125 --> 00:33:06.125
Church at 11.20
 Lunch at 13.45

00:33:06.834 --> 00:33:09.000
Tea at 17.00
Dinner at 19.30

00:33:09.334 --> 00:33:11.542
and then hymns at 21.30

00:33:12.751 --> 00:33:14.542
This is a horn spoon

00:33:14.626 --> 00:33:17.626
and if you ate your porridge

00:33:18.209 --> 00:33:19.542
in the morning

00:33:19.584 --> 00:33:21.584
then you were
 given this when you left

00:33:21.751 --> 00:33:23.751
It's carved, I suspect

00:33:23.792 --> 00:33:26.959
It's probably antler's horn from the estate

00:33:28.334 --> 00:33:30.626
and carved with Skibo

00:33:35.334 --> 00:33:37.334
Skibo is more than my playground

00:33:37.375 --> 00:33:39.375
Those I invite here

00:33:39.417 --> 00:33:41.584
could bring my
seed-plans for peace

00:33:42.000 --> 00:33:43.334
to fruition

00:33:46.125 --> 00:33:48.125
If we look at the people
 who came to visit him

00:33:48.751 --> 00:33:52.834
from heads of state
 through to celebrities of the day

00:33:53.334 --> 00:33:56.334
People like Edward Elgar, Helen Keller...

00:33:56.834 --> 00:34:01.209
Then there were the politicians
both from the US and from Great Britain

00:34:01.626 --> 00:34:03.834
And then we had
 the clergy, the university

00:34:03.876 --> 00:34:05.667
the educational establishment

00:34:05.959 --> 00:34:08.125
He was somebody
 who we would say today

00:34:08.167 --> 00:34:10.375
was a great networker, I suppose

00:34:13.125 --> 00:34:15.125
The 1902 summer season

00:34:15.167 --> 00:34:17.167
is the most glittering yet at Skibo

00:34:17.209 --> 00:34:19.209
And we are joined
 by a surprise visit

00:34:19.209 --> 00:34:22.209
from King Edward and Queen Alexandra

00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:24.542
Just a year earlier

00:34:24.584 --> 00:34:26.584
the King has ascended the throne

00:34:26.667 --> 00:34:29.667
on the death of his mother
Queen Victoria

00:34:30.209 --> 00:34:32.417
There is a story
that he had the chance

00:34:32.459 --> 00:34:34.459
to be offered a dukedom

00:34:34.542 --> 00:34:36.542
but he turned it down

00:34:36.584 --> 00:34:38.584
King Edward VII was saying

00:34:38.626 --> 00:34:41.125
basically you can have
 whatever title you like

00:34:41.167 --> 00:34:44.667
He said 'No all I'd like
is a signed photograph of you'

00:34:47.042 --> 00:34:48.375
After dinner

00:34:48.417 --> 00:34:50.959
His Majesty is attracted to a sketch

00:34:50.999 --> 00:34:54.250
of the Diplodocus Carnegii
sitting in my study

00:34:54.667 --> 00:34:56.167
Rather enamoured by it

00:34:56.167 --> 00:34:59.167
he asks if a dinosaur
could be sent to England

00:34:59.209 --> 00:35:01.542
I write to William Holland to enquire

00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:05.000
May 1905

00:35:05.125 --> 00:35:07.125
The British Museum of Natural history

00:35:07.167 --> 00:35:10.459
receives its very own
 diplodocus dinosaur

00:35:13.209 --> 00:35:16.209
The plaster replica
 becomes a public sensation

00:35:17.542 --> 00:35:19.542
'Dippy' is such a success

00:35:19.542 --> 00:35:22.000
that I see its potential
 to win influence abroad

00:35:22.209 --> 00:35:24.250
in my quest for world peace

00:35:24.334 --> 00:35:27.334
My life-sized replicas
 straddle the globe

00:35:27.375 --> 00:35:30.375
in a wave
 of dinosaur diplomacy

00:35:37.000 --> 00:35:40.000
I hear the distant rumbles
of industrialised war

00:35:40.834 --> 00:35:42.542
Troops can now be mobilised

00:35:42.626 --> 00:35:45.042
and countries invaded within days

00:35:46.125 --> 00:35:48.125
He worried that

00:35:48.209 --> 00:35:51.209
the European powers
and the United States

00:35:52.167 --> 00:35:56.167
were spending too much money
 on military armaments

00:35:56.459 --> 00:36:00.334
especially the British
 the French and the Germans

00:36:01.542 --> 00:36:04.542
They had engaged
 in the first arms race

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:08.334
They were building
 larger and larger warships

00:36:08.959 --> 00:36:10.417
Dreadnoughts

00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:15.000
It saddens and fills my bones with fear

00:36:15.042 --> 00:36:17.584
as Britain launches
 the world's first Dreadnought

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:20.000
A larger, faster
 more powerful

00:36:20.042 --> 00:36:23.042
instrument of war than ever before

00:36:23.167 --> 00:36:25.667
In response the Germans set out

00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:28.000
to build their own monster battleship

00:36:28.209 --> 00:36:31.209
I fear a race to disaster

00:36:31.542 --> 00:36:33.542
He said if two men
 get into a fight

00:36:33.584 --> 00:36:35.876
someone's going to get bloodied

00:36:36.542 --> 00:36:39.834
If those two men
 have knives, or guns

00:36:39.876 --> 00:36:41.876
someone's going to be killed

00:36:41.959 --> 00:36:43.959
It's the same with nations

00:36:44.042 --> 00:36:46.042
If they have these battleships

00:36:46.334 --> 00:36:47.375
a skirmish

00:36:47.417 --> 00:36:50.417
can turn into a bloody war

00:36:51.834 --> 00:36:56.209
He attempted to
interest the leaders of the world

00:36:56.542 --> 00:36:59.334
in coming together
 and agreeing

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:02.000
to treaties of arbitration

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:06.000
So if in the future
 there were disputes

00:37:06.334 --> 00:37:08.125
between the French and Germans

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:10.834
or the Germans and the English

00:37:11.334 --> 00:37:13.125
or the Russians and the Americans

00:37:13.751 --> 00:37:15.751
Instead of going to war

00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:20.000
They would have treaties
that obligated them to sit down at a table

00:37:20.042 --> 00:37:21.375
and arbitrate

00:37:24.542 --> 00:37:26.542
I give an address at St. Andrews

00:37:26.834 --> 00:37:29.834
in which I call for an
 International Court of Arbitration

00:37:30.209 --> 00:37:32.751
A League of Peace
 to settle disputes

00:37:34.417 --> 00:37:36.417
to hasten the abolition of war

00:37:36.459 --> 00:37:39.459
the foulest blot
upon our civilisation

00:37:46.417 --> 00:37:48.417
It is true that every nation

00:37:48.459 --> 00:37:50.667
regards and proclaims
 its own armaments

00:37:50.751 --> 00:37:52.751
as instruments of peace only

00:37:52.834 --> 00:37:54.834
But just as naturally every nation

00:37:54.876 --> 00:37:56.876
regards every other
 nation's armaments

00:37:56.959 --> 00:37:59.417
as clearly instruments of war

00:37:59.751 --> 00:38:02.417
Thus each nation
 suspects all the others

00:38:02.459 --> 00:38:04.459
and only a spark is needed

00:38:04.542 --> 00:38:07.959
to set fire to the mass
 of inflammable material

00:38:12.542 --> 00:38:14.834
I meet Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany

00:38:14.876 --> 00:38:17.584
to promote my plans
 for a League of Peace

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:20.542
among the great nations of Europe

00:38:20.834 --> 00:38:23.834
To avert this coming conflict
I now must employ

00:38:23.876 --> 00:38:26.876
all of my hard-won influence
 with men of power

00:38:27.417 --> 00:38:29.417
How fortunate to have the ear

00:38:29.459 --> 00:38:32.459
of Kaisers, Kings and Presidents

00:38:34.000 --> 00:38:36.000
'Dear Mr. President
 One more triumph

00:38:36.042 --> 00:38:38.876
'on your path to immortality
 as “the Peacemaker”

00:38:38.959 --> 00:38:41.417
'You will secure peace
 upon this continent

00:38:41.459 --> 00:38:43.999
'and soon Europe
will come under its sway

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:46.542
'If the German emperor
 could rise to his destiny

00:38:46.584 --> 00:38:49.042
'and stand with you favouring this'

00:38:49.125 --> 00:38:51.125
Key to my peace plans

00:38:51.167 --> 00:38:53.667
is the involvement
of President Roosevelt

00:38:53.751 --> 00:38:55.751
I redouble my effort to recruit him

00:38:55.792 --> 00:38:58.167
as my trusted
 spokesman for peace

00:39:02.250 --> 00:39:06.250
In one of the most
 remarkable stories in Carnegie's life

00:39:06.334 --> 00:39:08.334
in Roosevelt's life

00:39:08.417 --> 00:39:11.209
When Roosevelt
left the White House

00:39:11.250 --> 00:39:13.584
Roosevelt decided that he was going

00:39:13.626 --> 00:39:16.125
to spend the year
 going on a safari in Africa

00:39:19.375 --> 00:39:21.375
A letter arrives at Skibo

00:39:21.542 --> 00:39:24.000
Roosevelt asks me for $30,000

00:39:24.375 --> 00:39:28.375
to help fund a trip
in the name of scientific research

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:32.000
Carnegie knew the European leaders

00:39:32.125 --> 00:39:34.209
but he did not have

00:39:34.334 --> 00:39:36.626
the personal
 introduction to them

00:39:36.751 --> 00:39:39.542
or the personal power
 that Roosevelt had

00:39:41.209 --> 00:39:43.209
I know Roosevelt
 is not a rich man

00:39:43.751 --> 00:39:45.751
so I seize this opportunity

00:39:45.876 --> 00:39:48.876
I will fund his
year-long African safari

00:39:48.999 --> 00:39:50.999
if on the conclusion of the trip

00:39:51.209 --> 00:39:53.959
he serves as
my peace envoy to Europe

00:39:55.626 --> 00:39:57.626
He accepts the mission

00:39:59.459 --> 00:40:01.999
'You are supposed to be
 after big game, my friend

00:40:02.000 --> 00:40:04.542
'All very well for a holiday
 but, of course

00:40:04.584 --> 00:40:07.042
'unworthy as a pursuit
 of one who has played

00:40:07.125 --> 00:40:09.125
'and in my hope and belief

00:40:09.167 --> 00:40:11.667
'is yet to play
a great game in the world

00:40:13.459 --> 00:40:16.459
'Shall be so glad
when you have started upon your return

00:40:16.542 --> 00:40:18.542
'and hope you will make it a point

00:40:18.542 --> 00:40:20.584
'of meeting
 the big men of the world

00:40:20.626 --> 00:40:22.626
'These are the big game

00:40:22.667 --> 00:40:25.667
'although your present holiday
 was well-earned'

00:40:26.542 --> 00:40:28.542
Roosevelt: 'You are quite right

00:40:28.584 --> 00:40:30.584
'about my trip here
 being only play

00:40:30.626 --> 00:40:33.626
'but I think I can make
 the play of some serious use

00:40:33.667 --> 00:40:35.999
'I shall be
a very short time in Europe

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:38.542
'as I shall be anxious
to get back to America

00:40:38.584 --> 00:40:41.542
'Nevertheless
whatever you wish me to do

00:40:41.584 --> 00:40:44.042
'I shall certainly strive hard to do'

00:40:45.626 --> 00:40:48.417
'If any man can get
 the Emperor in accord for peace

00:40:48.459 --> 00:40:49.999
'you are that man

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:52.542
'He will go far
to act in unison with you

00:40:52.584 --> 00:40:54.667
'of this I am certain

00:40:54.751 --> 00:40:56.751
'You are sympathetic souls'

00:40:58.209 --> 00:41:00.542
Roosevelt: 'When I see the Kaiser

00:41:00.542 --> 00:41:03.000
'I will go over the matter
 at length with him

00:41:03.042 --> 00:41:06.584
'telling him I wish to repeat
our whole conversation to you

00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:10.000
then I'll tell it all to you
 when I am in London'

00:41:10.334 --> 00:41:12.834
The African safari
is deemed a success

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:16.542
Roosevelt shoots a total
 of five hundred and twelve beasts

00:41:17.042 --> 00:41:19.876
including seventeen lions
 eleven elephants

00:41:19.959 --> 00:41:22.959
and a twenty-strong
 crash of rhinoceroses

00:41:27.209 --> 00:41:29.209
In the Spring of 1910

00:41:29.417 --> 00:41:31.834
Roosevelt returned from Africa

00:41:32.751 --> 00:41:37.000
and began his
triumphant march through Europe

00:41:37.834 --> 00:41:41.334
He received the
Nobel Peace Prize

00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:44.000
in Norway

00:41:44.417 --> 00:41:46.417
for his having, while president

00:41:47.209 --> 00:41:50.209
arbitrated a peace agreement between

00:41:50.250 --> 00:41:52.250
the Russians and the Japanese

00:41:52.667 --> 00:41:56.250
He gave speeches
in France, in Berlin

00:41:57.042 --> 00:41:59.042
Everywhere he went

00:41:59.125 --> 00:42:01.959
he was greeted with public acclaim

00:42:04.167 --> 00:42:06.375
Roosevelt had promised Carnegie

00:42:06.417 --> 00:42:08.417
and now in 1910

00:42:08.918 --> 00:42:12.792
went to meet
 Kaiser Wilhelm of Prussia

00:42:13.417 --> 00:42:16.250
The plan was

00:42:16.626 --> 00:42:21.000
that Roosevelt
would invite Kaiser Wilhelm

00:42:21.834 --> 00:42:23.999
or his representatives to London

00:42:24.250 --> 00:42:28.250
where Kaiser Wilhelm
would meet with his cousin

00:42:28.959 --> 00:42:30.417
who happened to be

00:42:30.584 --> 00:42:33.584
King Edward VII of Great Britain

00:42:35.667 --> 00:42:38.667
Roosevelt agreed to be
Carnegie's peace messenger

00:42:38.751 --> 00:42:40.751
and he met with Kaiser Wilhelm

00:42:40.834 --> 00:42:42.334
The problem was

00:42:42.375 --> 00:42:44.375
at the very beginning of this process

00:42:44.417 --> 00:42:47.334
King Edward VII of England died

00:42:51.876 --> 00:42:54.626
On the eve of Roosevelt
finally reaching Berlin

00:42:54.667 --> 00:42:56.667
tragedy strikes

00:42:57.751 --> 00:42:59.209
Britain is in mourning

00:42:59.250 --> 00:43:00.792
Diplomacy is at a halt

00:43:00.959 --> 00:43:02.959
And my plans are in disarray

00:43:04.042 --> 00:43:06.375
Peace talks between
 Roosevelt and the Kaiser

00:43:06.417 --> 00:43:08.959
on which I have lavished $30,000

00:43:08.999 --> 00:43:12.250
and two years anticipating are cancelled

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:14.834
They are meeting unofficially

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:17.876
but sadly Roosevelt
will not be proposing

00:43:17.959 --> 00:43:19.959
my arbitration ideas

00:43:20.667 --> 00:43:22.667
He does seem, however

00:43:22.751 --> 00:43:25.167
to make use
of his precious time in England

00:43:27.584 --> 00:43:29.751
Roosevelt: My last
24 hours in England

00:43:29.792 --> 00:43:32.042
have really been
the pleasantest of all

00:43:32.125 --> 00:43:34.167
as I spent them
with Edward Grey

00:43:34.209 --> 00:43:36.417
in the valley of Itchen
 and the New Forest

00:43:36.542 --> 00:43:39.000
listening to bird songs

00:43:41.334 --> 00:43:45.417
There has been a fatal flaw
in my strategy to stop the war

00:43:45.626 --> 00:43:48.334
A misplaced trust
 in those I counted on

00:43:48.375 --> 00:43:51.834
as my colleagues
 in my fight for peace

00:43:52.417 --> 00:43:54.959
Roosevelt took Carnegie's money

00:43:55.834 --> 00:43:59.834
and Roosevelt paraded Carnegie
into and out of the White House

00:43:59.876 --> 00:44:02.000
when he needed the support

00:44:04.417 --> 00:44:06.417
But he did in the end

00:44:06.459 --> 00:44:08.459
really betray Carnegie

00:44:09.626 --> 00:44:11.834
In his private correspondence

00:44:12.125 --> 00:44:14.125
he ceaselessly

00:44:14.334 --> 00:44:16.334
made fun

00:44:16.375 --> 00:44:20.959
of the little Scotsman
 and his utopian peace plans

00:44:21.417 --> 00:44:24.876
Carnegie sort of
 fooled himself into believing

00:44:25.125 --> 00:44:27.125
that Roosevelt could be his

00:44:27.834 --> 00:44:29.000
messenger for peace

00:44:30.375 --> 00:44:32.375
It was not to be

00:44:33.999 --> 00:44:36.000
Roosevelt went home

00:44:36.334 --> 00:44:39.999
Carnegie's well laid plans
 were laid to rest

00:44:40.999 --> 00:44:42.999
But Carnegie did not give up!

00:45:01.959 --> 00:45:05.626
I attend the opening of
the Peace Palace at the Hague

00:45:05.667 --> 00:45:08.459
It is the most
auspicious day of my life

00:45:08.626 --> 00:45:10.626
This temple is to bring peace

00:45:10.667 --> 00:45:14.459
which is so greatly needed
 among His erring creatures

00:45:14.626 --> 00:45:17.334
A permanent place of arbitration

00:45:17.959 --> 00:45:19.959
The most holy
building in the world

00:45:19.999 --> 00:45:23.334
because it has
the holiest end in view

00:45:24.167 --> 00:45:25.999
I believe that Andrew Carnegie

00:45:25.999 --> 00:45:27.999
was as he saw himself

00:45:28.125 --> 00:45:30.542
a leader of the western world

00:45:31.250 --> 00:45:34.417
and the western world
 was falling into chaos

00:45:35.959 --> 00:45:38.959
It was a volatile time in the world

00:45:39.209 --> 00:45:41.626
And Carnegie did think

00:45:41.792 --> 00:45:44.250
that he could stop
war from happening

00:45:44.334 --> 00:45:48.626
Because of his
tremendous financial resources

00:45:49.334 --> 00:45:50.834
that he could buy anything

00:45:57.751 --> 00:45:59.834
Gentleman of many religious bodies

00:45:59.876 --> 00:46:02.042
all irrevocably opposed to war

00:46:02.125 --> 00:46:04.417
and devoted advocates of peace

00:46:04.751 --> 00:46:07.334
I hereby appeal
 hoping you will feel

00:46:07.375 --> 00:46:10.375
it is not only your duty
 but your pleasure

00:46:10.417 --> 00:46:13.834
to undertake
the administration of $2,000,000

00:46:14.417 --> 00:46:17.417
in the cause of
peace through arbitration

00:46:17.459 --> 00:46:19.250
of international disputes

00:46:20.459 --> 00:46:22.459
We all feel, I believe, that

00:46:22.459 --> 00:46:25.459
the killing of man by man
 in battle is barbaric

00:46:25.959 --> 00:46:28.334
and negates
our claim to civilisation

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:31.334
This crime
we wish to banish from the earth

00:46:32.167 --> 00:46:35.999
We need to be
aroused to our duty and banish war

00:46:41.959 --> 00:46:45.626
This is an historic room in Carnegie's life

00:46:45.792 --> 00:46:49.209
and really in the life
 of the peace movement

00:46:49.834 --> 00:46:51.542
It's the drawing room

00:46:51.626 --> 00:46:54.626
and you can see
it's beautifully decorated

00:46:54.834 --> 00:46:57.000
with gilt decoration

00:46:58.042 --> 00:47:01.042
And it was the location where

00:47:01.751 --> 00:47:04.334
Carnegie met
with business associates

00:47:04.834 --> 00:47:07.334
where parties would be held

00:47:07.959 --> 00:47:11.584
It was the site
of the first meeting

00:47:11.751 --> 00:47:15.626
for international peace in 1910

00:47:16.959 --> 00:47:20.834
It is also the site
 of the first meeting

00:47:21.042 --> 00:47:25.000
of the Church Peace Union
in this room in 1914

00:47:38.959 --> 00:47:41.209
February 10th, 1914

00:47:41.542 --> 00:47:44.167
With such high hopes
I hold my first meeting

00:47:44.209 --> 00:47:47.167
of my newly formed
 Church Peace Union

00:47:47.417 --> 00:47:51.542
Set up to promote
the arbitration of conflicts around the world

00:47:53.834 --> 00:47:55.834
It immediately sets to action

00:47:55.876 --> 00:47:57.876
and within a few months

00:47:57.959 --> 00:48:00.125
conferences are being held in Europe

00:48:00.959 --> 00:48:04.375
August, 1914
 Representatives arrive in Germany

00:48:04.542 --> 00:48:07.334
hopeful they may yet
keep the peace

00:48:08.209 --> 00:48:11.417
From a thousand miles away
 their mission gives me hope

00:48:11.834 --> 00:48:14.542
as we enjoy
our summer holiday in Scotland

00:48:15.626 --> 00:48:17.834
August 3rd, 1914

00:48:17.876 --> 00:48:19.334
Despite all my efforts

00:48:19.626 --> 00:48:21.751
Europe enters
into diplomatic breakdown

00:48:29.250 --> 00:48:31.999
The next day
 Germany declares war on France

00:48:32.209 --> 00:48:34.250
and pours troops
 into neutral Belgium

00:48:36.959 --> 00:48:40.959
That evening
 Britain declares war on Germany

00:48:41.417 --> 00:48:43.417
The Great War erupts

00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:48.000
Carnegie was horrified
 absolutely horrified

00:48:49.167 --> 00:48:51.167
Because, again

00:48:51.542 --> 00:48:54.959
there seemed to him
 no reason for this war

00:48:55.042 --> 00:48:56.584
Yes the Archduke

00:48:56.792 --> 00:48:59.334
had been assassinated by a Serbian

00:49:00.542 --> 00:49:04.209
But why should an event of terrorism

00:49:04.751 --> 00:49:06.959
lead to a world war?

00:49:07.751 --> 00:49:09.751
And he was devastated

00:49:13.584 --> 00:49:16.626
He was staying in a cottage
up on the moors at Skibo

00:49:16.876 --> 00:49:19.959
and the local minister
 came up to tell him

00:49:19.999 --> 00:49:21.999
when he'd heard the news

00:49:22.167 --> 00:49:26.125
So people must have been aware
of how vulnerable he was

00:49:28.042 --> 00:49:30.042
We are in perilous times

00:49:30.417 --> 00:49:32.626
This war staggers the imagination

00:49:33.542 --> 00:49:35.542
I do not underestimate its horror

00:49:36.375 --> 00:49:37.876
but I hope, and I believe

00:49:37.959 --> 00:49:40.626
that this very horrible
 newly barbaric excess

00:49:40.792 --> 00:49:43.959
will so revolt human nature
 against all things

00:49:44.667 --> 00:49:46.792
And that the reaction
 will be great enough

00:49:46.959 --> 00:49:49.792
to carry us
 into the realms of reason

00:49:50.375 --> 00:49:53.834
And the realms of reason
 are the realms of peace

00:49:54.959 --> 00:49:56.417
I think when Grandpa 'Negie

00:49:56.459 --> 00:50:00.792
was brought the news
 that there was going to be war

00:50:01.167 --> 00:50:04.125
I think it just
 I mean his wife felt

00:50:04.459 --> 00:50:06.167
that it broke his heart

00:50:06.626 --> 00:50:07.834
All the

00:50:08.042 --> 00:50:10.375
young men and women
 who worked for him

00:50:11.042 --> 00:50:12.667
and worked in the village

00:50:13.417 --> 00:50:17.584
instead of expressing
and feeling the same horror he did

00:50:17.584 --> 00:50:19.584
seemed almost jubilant

00:50:20.125 --> 00:50:21.667
at the idea

00:50:22.334 --> 00:50:24.626
that they would be going to war

00:50:27.167 --> 00:50:29.667
The defiant heroes
of my Church Peace Union

00:50:29.751 --> 00:50:31.334
still hold onto hope

00:50:32.209 --> 00:50:34.209
Their conference
 in Southern Germany

00:50:34.250 --> 00:50:35.792
continues in the belief

00:50:35.834 --> 00:50:37.834
they still may avert the slaughter

00:50:38.626 --> 00:50:41.626
I'm filled with deep horror
 that the men and women

00:50:41.667 --> 00:50:43.667
I have charged to help make peace

00:50:43.751 --> 00:50:45.959
are now themselves in danger

00:50:46.834 --> 00:50:49.542
They agreed
to continue their conference

00:50:49.584 --> 00:50:51.626
which they did for two days

00:50:52.542 --> 00:50:53.751
Meanwhile

00:50:54.626 --> 00:50:57.125
Germany was
becoming a police state

00:50:59.626 --> 00:51:02.250
Finally, the German police

00:51:02.417 --> 00:51:05.209
helped the conference participants

00:51:05.375 --> 00:51:08.751
to take
 what turned out to be the last train

00:51:08.959 --> 00:51:10.542
out of Germany

00:51:23.417 --> 00:51:25.417
As I read this today
what a change

00:51:25.542 --> 00:51:28.542
The world convulsed by war
 as never before

00:51:28.584 --> 00:51:31.417
Men slaying each other
like wild beasts

00:51:32.876 --> 00:51:34.876
Most casualties in this Great War

00:51:34.959 --> 00:51:38.417
are injuries to bones
from shrapnel and gunshot wounds

00:51:39.209 --> 00:51:41.542
The human frame
 can't withstand the impact

00:51:41.584 --> 00:51:43.584
of this new mechanised slaughter

00:51:45.584 --> 00:51:47.584
I have failed to stop the war

00:51:47.626 --> 00:51:50.959
but the supreme optimist
 is not defeated

00:51:51.834 --> 00:51:54.834
He was a man
who was used to getting his own way

00:51:55.626 --> 00:51:58.959
and he would have
 given away his entire fortune

00:51:59.167 --> 00:52:01.167
to stop the First World War

00:52:04.250 --> 00:52:06.876
Trying to find sense
 in a world gone mad

00:52:07.834 --> 00:52:10.000
It shatters me
 to think of my beautiful

00:52:10.042 --> 00:52:12.667
palace of peace lying dormant

00:52:15.999 --> 00:52:18.167
He couldn't go back
 to Scotland anymore

00:52:18.250 --> 00:52:20.459
because Scotland was at war

00:52:20.792 --> 00:52:22.792
and the Atlantic was dangerous

00:52:24.334 --> 00:52:25.834
He stopped talking

00:52:26.459 --> 00:52:28.250
He stopped writing letters

00:52:29.250 --> 00:52:31.250
He ceased all communication

00:52:32.125 --> 00:52:33.959
He ceased all movement

00:52:37.334 --> 00:52:41.000
He retreated further and further

00:52:41.834 --> 00:52:43.334
into silence

00:52:45.042 --> 00:52:46.584
He would be wheeled

00:52:47.334 --> 00:52:49.125
in a wheelchair to his garden

00:52:49.167 --> 00:52:50.999
where he would look into the sky

00:52:52.250 --> 00:52:54.459
And he did not come out of

00:52:55.125 --> 00:52:57.334
what we can only refer to today

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:00.626
as a profound depression

00:53:03.667 --> 00:53:05.375
Carnegie did think

00:53:06.876 --> 00:53:09.876
that he could stop
war from happening

00:53:12.584 --> 00:53:14.375
If anyone could have done it

00:53:14.417 --> 00:53:16.417
he thought he was the person

00:53:20.334 --> 00:53:23.000
I may daily grow frail in body

00:53:23.417 --> 00:53:25.751
but my hopes remain that one day

00:53:25.834 --> 00:53:27.626
war will be banished

00:53:27.626 --> 00:53:29.959
by an International Court for Peace

00:53:30.334 --> 00:53:32.000
That day will mark the moment

00:53:32.125 --> 00:53:34.125
when man stops killing man

00:53:34.876 --> 00:53:38.042
the deepest and blackest of crimes

00:53:50.000 --> 00:53:51.542
Carnegie died

00:53:52.792 --> 00:53:54.375
He did not live to learn

00:53:55.250 --> 00:53:56.751
that the Great War

00:53:57.542 --> 00:53:59.959
would soon
 be known as World War 1

00:54:00.959 --> 00:54:02.334
because Europe

00:54:02.459 --> 00:54:05.209
would within a generation be embroiled

00:54:05.834 --> 00:54:07.834
in a second, more deadly war

00:54:17.292 --> 00:54:19.500
Carnegie was intent on

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:21.834
getting rid of his fortune

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:23.834
providing his daughter

00:54:24.209 --> 00:54:25.959
and wife with enough money

00:54:25.999 --> 00:54:27.584
to live comfortable lives

00:54:28.542 --> 00:54:30.834
but not to create a dynasty

00:54:38.834 --> 00:54:41.209
He did not believe
in inherited wealth

00:54:41.250 --> 00:54:43.667
He didn't want to pass on

00:54:43.751 --> 00:54:46.459
his fortune to his daughter

00:54:49.751 --> 00:54:51.959
I first remember going to Skibo

00:54:51.999 --> 00:54:55.209
when I was probably
about six years old

00:54:55.959 --> 00:54:58.000
It was like paradise

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:10.334
My grandmother Margaret

00:55:10.876 --> 00:55:14.751
she knew none of her family
 could keep Skibo going

00:55:15.834 --> 00:55:17.959
But in the end it was

00:55:18.209 --> 00:55:19.417
to be sold

00:55:19.459 --> 00:55:22.167
and she left Skibo
 for the last time

00:55:22.334 --> 00:55:24.334
But she didn't tell us

00:55:24.667 --> 00:55:26.667
We weren't supposed to know

00:55:26.834 --> 00:55:30.626
I did know and so
 on that last day

00:55:31.417 --> 00:55:33.999
I was standing
in a field with my cows

00:55:35.083 --> 00:55:37.709
and I saw the car drive past

00:55:43.250 --> 00:55:45.250
I still feel emotional
Isn't that silly?

00:55:45.292 --> 00:55:46.959
All those years later

00:55:47.209 --> 00:55:49.334
With my grandmother in there

00:55:50.125 --> 00:55:52.125
She didn't know I was in the field

00:55:52.334 --> 00:55:54.959
But she was leaving
 and I know my grandmother

00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:56.626
She would never have looked back

00:55:56.834 --> 00:55:58.542
Because that's what she was like

00:55:58.751 --> 00:56:01.459
But I think her heart
must have been breaking

00:56:03.292 --> 00:56:05.250
For us, as a family

00:56:05.334 --> 00:56:07.125
it was never home

00:56:07.334 --> 00:56:10.334
from the minute
my grandmother drove off that day

00:56:11.042 --> 00:56:13.626
He left enough money to his wife

00:56:13.751 --> 00:56:16.417
so she could look after his daughter

00:56:17.459 --> 00:56:19.459
but really he wanted to leave it

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:22.459
so that it would benefit people

00:56:22.834 --> 00:56:24.542
who were less well off

00:56:24.834 --> 00:56:26.626
Give them a chance in life

00:56:26.751 --> 00:56:30.209
as he had a chance in life to get on

00:56:31.417 --> 00:56:34.999
And that was his dream
 and I think it came true

00:56:45.459 --> 00:56:47.999
If Andrew Carnegie
 was around today investing

00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:50.626
Andrew Carnegie
 would be in robotics

00:56:51.626 --> 00:56:53.626
He would be
in the high-tech industry

00:56:53.667 --> 00:56:55.125
He would be...

00:56:55.876 --> 00:56:58.459
...I guess
a Bill Gates kind of guy

00:56:59.209 --> 00:57:00.542
He knew trends

00:57:07.751 --> 00:57:11.626
You have universities
You have Carnegie Hall

00:57:11.709 --> 00:57:14.918
You have libraries
All of these fantastic things

00:57:14.959 --> 00:57:18.334
that were built
with private philanthropy

00:57:18.542 --> 00:57:20.959
as gifts to the urban environment

00:57:21.500 --> 00:57:23.709
frankly, throughout the nation

00:57:24.042 --> 00:57:26.042
that are remembered

00:57:30.083 --> 00:57:34.542
I think I find it incredible that someone

00:57:34.626 --> 00:57:37.959
way back in the late-1800s

00:57:38.417 --> 00:57:39.417
his clarity

00:57:39.459 --> 00:57:41.459
Carnegie's clarity of vision

00:57:41.584 --> 00:57:44.584
of what he wanted
 to set out to do was incredible

00:57:45.250 --> 00:57:47.250
It's kind of spooky, actually

00:57:56.999 --> 00:57:59.834
If Andrew Carnegie were alive today

00:58:00.542 --> 00:58:03.334
he would use
 every ounce of his energy

00:58:03.792 --> 00:58:05.792
every dollar of his money

00:58:06.834 --> 00:58:09.334
all his wit, his charisma

00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:11.542
his intelligence

00:58:12.751 --> 00:58:14.250
to create

00:58:15.500 --> 00:58:17.709
international peace movements

00:58:18.834 --> 00:58:21.417
that would stop
 the scourge of war