00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:01.943
Elissa Massimino:
Genocide begins long before

00:00:01.967 --> 00:00:02.909
the first killing takes place.

00:00:02.933 --> 00:00:05.043
Naomi Kikoler: It's the same
dynamics over and over again.

00:00:05.067 --> 00:00:06.776
Amber Aguirre:
It's a war of information.

00:00:06.800 --> 00:00:08.909
Kikoler: These are foreigners.
They're different.

00:00:08.933 --> 00:00:10.909
They're not really
fully human, anyway.

00:00:10.933 --> 00:00:14.676
Be a part of this
new community or die.

00:00:14.700 --> 00:00:15.643
And if there's no consequence,

00:00:15.667 --> 00:00:16.876
it'll happen again
and again and again.

00:00:16.900 --> 00:00:20.476
Massimino: When human rights
violations go unchallenged,

00:00:20.500 --> 00:00:21.743
it's a lesson that

00:00:21.767 --> 00:00:24.276
authoritarians everywhere
take to heart.

00:00:24.300 --> 00:00:26.443
Nury Turkel: Who's going
to draw the line on the sand

00:00:26.467 --> 00:00:28.900
and say, "This has to stop"?

00:00:38.400 --> 00:00:40.543
{\an8}♪

00:00:40.567 --> 00:00:42.776
{\an8}[Men shouting]

00:00:42.800 --> 00:00:45.143
{\an8}Men: Join the National Front!

00:00:45.167 --> 00:00:48.467
{\an8}[Shouting continues]

00:00:51.400 --> 00:00:53.543
{\an8}Join the National Front!

00:00:53.567 --> 00:00:57.076
{\an8}♪

00:00:57.100 --> 00:00:58.976
{\an8}Paul Mason:
When I was a teenager,

00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:01.476
{\an8}we had this rise
of the far right--

00:01:01.500 --> 00:01:03.476
{\an8}in Britain, this group
the National Front--

00:01:03.500 --> 00:01:07.243
{\an8}kind of marching around,
Nazi salutes, race hatred,

00:01:07.267 --> 00:01:09.643
{\an8}and we mobilized against them,
and what we used to chant

00:01:09.667 --> 00:01:12.576
{\an8}as they marched
protected by the police

00:01:12.600 --> 00:01:13.743
{\an8}was, "Never again,"

00:01:13.767 --> 00:01:17.543
{\an8}and everybody then knew
what "never again" meant.

00:01:17.567 --> 00:01:19.543
{\an8}I thought it was
a statement of fact.

00:01:19.567 --> 00:01:22.476
{\an8}I thought I was taunting
those Nazis by saying,

00:01:22.500 --> 00:01:27.343
{\an8}"Never again will you be able to
perpetrate what your allies did

00:01:27.367 --> 00:01:31.009
{\an8}in the Second World War
and the Holocaust."

00:01:31.033 --> 00:01:33.876
{\an8}I now realize it wasn't a fact.

00:01:33.900 --> 00:01:35.343
{\an8}It was an aspiration,

00:01:35.367 --> 00:01:37.543
{\an8}and what we, to an extent,
have got wrong

00:01:37.567 --> 00:01:39.809
{\an8}is the idea that
it can only happen once,

00:01:39.833 --> 00:01:42.743
{\an8}the Holocaust was so big,
so traumatic,

00:01:42.767 --> 00:01:45.809
{\an8}so horrible
that we would never ever

00:01:45.833 --> 00:01:48.343
{\an8}create the conditions
for it happening again.

00:01:48.367 --> 00:01:51.343
{\an8}It's rubbish.
It's happening again.

00:01:51.367 --> 00:01:54.743
There's been international
condemnation of China.

00:01:54.767 --> 00:01:56.643
Women in so-called
reeducation camps

00:01:56.667 --> 00:02:01.009
for the Uyghur Muslim minority
are being raped and tortured.

00:02:01.033 --> 00:02:03.309
{\an8}Translator: They took
my children away from me.

00:02:03.333 --> 00:02:06.043
{\an8}They put a black hood
over my head,

00:02:06.067 --> 00:02:08.443
{\an8}and they took me
to an interrogation room.

00:02:08.467 --> 00:02:12.043
{\an8}Day and night,
they asked me questions nonstop.

00:02:12.067 --> 00:02:13.509
{\an8}They tortured me.

00:02:13.533 --> 00:02:16.043
{\an8}Ros Atkins: A group of senior
UK lawyers has concluded

00:02:16.067 --> 00:02:18.209
{\an8}that Beijing
is committing genocide

00:02:18.233 --> 00:02:19.743
{\an8}and crimes against humanity.

00:02:19.767 --> 00:02:21.143
{\an8}These are
concentration camps.

00:02:21.167 --> 00:02:24.643
{\an8}Yang Xiaoguang: There are
no abuses, you see, no abuses.

00:02:24.667 --> 00:02:26.076
{\an8}Everybody
is in good condition.

00:02:26.100 --> 00:02:29.409
{\an7}You're reeducating
incarcerated Uyghurs.

00:02:29.433 --> 00:02:32.343
{\an7}That speaks to an effort
to commit genocide.

00:02:32.367 --> 00:02:35.409
{\an8}Yang: There's no such
a thing of genocide.

00:02:35.433 --> 00:02:37.176
{\an8}Turkel:
When Xi Jinping come to power,

00:02:37.200 --> 00:02:41.209
{\an8}he turned out to be one
of the most brutal politicians

00:02:41.233 --> 00:02:42.643
{\an8}that the world has seen.

00:02:42.667 --> 00:02:44.509
{\an8}Todd Buchwald: It's
hard to know where we're headed,

00:02:44.533 --> 00:02:47.176
{\an8}whether this is
the beginning of a century

00:02:47.200 --> 00:02:49.509
{\an8}of authoritarians
ascending.

00:02:49.533 --> 00:02:52.043
{\an8}Jim McGovern:
You can't change the past,

00:02:52.067 --> 00:02:53.876
{\an8}but you can help
to shape the future.

00:02:53.900 --> 00:02:56.176
{\an8}How do you prevent genocides
from happening?

00:02:56.200 --> 00:02:59.200
{\an8}Where are the warning signs?

00:03:00.867 --> 00:03:03.076
{\an8}Kikoler:
Genocide is not a single act.

00:03:03.100 --> 00:03:07.509
{\an8}Deliberate decisions are made
over a gradual period of time.

00:03:07.533 --> 00:03:09.543
{\an8}It's a process.
It's a phenomenon.

00:03:09.567 --> 00:03:12.676
{\an8}Turkel: What happened
to this text in our textbooks,

00:03:12.700 --> 00:03:13.376
{\an8}"Never again"?

00:03:13.400 --> 00:03:16.743
{\an8}What happened to that vow?
What happened to that promise?

00:03:16.767 --> 00:03:26.933
{\an8}♪

00:03:28.167 --> 00:03:31.843
{\an8}♪

00:03:31.867 --> 00:03:34.943
{\an8}Mason: When we use the word
"genocide," we must remember

00:03:34.967 --> 00:03:37.543
{\an8}that for the victims
of the Holocaust,

00:03:37.567 --> 00:03:39.309
{\an8}there was no word "genocide,"

00:03:39.333 --> 00:03:41.509
{\an8}nor was there a word
"holocaust."

00:03:41.533 --> 00:03:44.909
{\an8}Indeed, for them,
the entire experience

00:03:44.933 --> 00:03:47.043
{\an8}of industrialized mass murder

00:03:47.067 --> 00:03:51.143
{\an8}was so unthinkable
that they didn't realize

00:03:51.167 --> 00:03:54.609
{\an8}what was happening to them,
even as it happened.

00:03:54.633 --> 00:03:57.343
{\an8}At the Treblinka
Concentration Camp,

00:03:57.367 --> 00:04:01.509
{\an8}as Jewish men and women were
herded into the gas chamber,

00:04:01.533 --> 00:04:05.643
{\an8}there was a man standing beside
the path whose job it was

00:04:05.667 --> 00:04:10.476
{\an8}to reach into the crowd, to take
a baby from its mother's arms,

00:04:10.500 --> 00:04:14.009
{\an8}and to smash that baby's head
against the concrete.

00:04:14.033 --> 00:04:18.209
{\an8}What that was about
was not just mass killing.

00:04:18.233 --> 00:04:20.709
{\an8}It was about
mass dehumanization.

00:04:20.733 --> 00:04:26.176
{\an8}It was about inflicting
on thousands of people at once

00:04:26.200 --> 00:04:29.576
{\an8}the utter despair,
the utter despairing thought

00:04:29.600 --> 00:04:32.809
{\an8}that, "I am no longer
regarded as human."

00:04:32.833 --> 00:04:37.176
{\an8}When we speak about genocide,
when we fight it,

00:04:37.200 --> 00:04:38.809
{\an8}when we legislate against it,

00:04:38.833 --> 00:04:41.776
{\an8}we must always remember
what it is

00:04:41.800 --> 00:04:43.043
{\an8}and never sanitize it,

00:04:43.067 --> 00:04:45.909
{\an8}never reduce it
to an abstract concept,

00:04:45.933 --> 00:04:49.276
{\an8}and that, I think,
is what was in the minds

00:04:49.300 --> 00:04:52.109
{\an8}of the post-war
generation of lawyers

00:04:52.133 --> 00:04:55.876
{\an8}who drew up
the Genocide Convention.

00:04:55.900 --> 00:04:56.443
{\an8}♪

00:04:56.467 --> 00:04:58.976
{\an8}K. Alexa Koenig: In
the aftermath of World War II,

00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:02.743
{\an8}there was this real hunger
to create these institutions

00:05:02.767 --> 00:05:04.976
{\an8}that would be a deterrence
to further harm.

00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:07.476
{\an8}One of the first things
that, of course, happened

00:05:07.500 --> 00:05:09.109
{\an8}was the creation
of the United Nations,

00:05:09.133 --> 00:05:11.976
{\an8}and the idea that we needed
to bring together countries

00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:15.076
{\an8}and leaders to send
a clear message that

00:05:15.100 --> 00:05:19.109
{\an8}these kinds of crimes were
crimes against all of humanity.

00:05:19.133 --> 00:05:21.143
{\an8}A lot of this
was first enshrined

00:05:21.167 --> 00:05:23.843
{\an8}in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.

00:05:23.867 --> 00:05:26.676
Massimino: We had just
been through World War II

00:05:26.700 --> 00:05:28.776
{\an8}and the Holocaust,
and we said,

00:05:28.800 --> 00:05:30.543
{\an8}"What do we need to do
to make sure

00:05:30.567 --> 00:05:34.067
{\an8}that that never
happens again?"...

00:05:34.600 --> 00:05:39.343
{\an8}and the answer was,
"Respect human rights."

00:05:39.367 --> 00:05:41.743
{\an8}Koenig: So we passed
a series of conventions

00:05:41.767 --> 00:05:44.443
{\an8}that turned this
aspirational document

00:05:44.467 --> 00:05:47.743
{\an8}into something that could be
legally wielded

00:05:47.767 --> 00:05:49.643
{\an8}in the face of injustice,

00:05:49.667 --> 00:05:52.309
{\an8}so there's the Convention
Against Genocide

00:05:52.333 --> 00:05:53.609
{\an8}and ultimately, the creation

00:05:53.633 --> 00:05:55.976
{\an8}of the International
Criminal Court.

00:05:56.000 --> 00:05:57.409
{\an8}[Applause]

00:05:57.433 --> 00:05:59.543
{\an8}Massimino:
I suppose you could say

00:05:59.567 --> 00:06:01.109
{\an8}that the term "never again"

00:06:01.133 --> 00:06:04.943
{\an8}has become the world's
most unfulfilled promise.

00:06:04.967 --> 00:06:07.943
While we have great aspirations,

00:06:07.967 --> 00:06:10.509
we have failed to create
the institutions

00:06:10.533 --> 00:06:13.676
that would absolutely
prevent genocide.

00:06:13.700 --> 00:06:15.609
{\an8}What does "never again" mean?

00:06:15.633 --> 00:06:18.709
{\an8}I mean, it's happened
again and again and again.

00:06:18.733 --> 00:06:21.509
{\an8}Koenig: If you study
the genocides of the 20th

00:06:21.533 --> 00:06:23.709
{\an8}and 21st century,
going all the way back

00:06:23.733 --> 00:06:27.976
{\an8}to the Armenian genocide
in 1915,

00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:30.976
{\an8}what you quickly see
is that there's a pattern

00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:33.376
{\an8}to the buildup
to these genocides.

00:06:33.400 --> 00:06:35.876
{\an8}There are markers that
we have learned to look for

00:06:35.900 --> 00:06:40.243
{\an8}to begin to predict when these
genocides might take place.

00:06:40.267 --> 00:06:41.176
{\an8}♪

00:06:41.200 --> 00:06:45.743
{\an8}Massimino: Genocide begins long
before the first shot is fired,

00:06:45.767 --> 00:06:48.709
{\an8}the first killing takes place.

00:06:48.733 --> 00:06:52.276
{\an8}Koenig: Markers that we've seen
in this rise to genocide

00:06:52.300 --> 00:06:56.776
{\an8}have been things like
undermining institutions,

00:06:56.800 --> 00:06:59.543
{\an8}stigmatize and dehumanize
a subgroup

00:06:59.567 --> 00:07:03.409
{\an8}within our broader,
say, national community

00:07:03.433 --> 00:07:05.943
{\an8}to ultimately have a majority

00:07:05.967 --> 00:07:08.476
{\an8}turn against
that particular population,

00:07:08.500 --> 00:07:12.876
{\an8}and framing those narratives in
ways that suit the authoritarian

00:07:12.900 --> 00:07:16.576
{\an8}and their particular
political aspirations.

00:07:16.600 --> 00:07:19.043
{\an8}Massimino: We saw it
with the Holocaust.

00:07:19.067 --> 00:07:20.243
{\an8}Koenig: People who have names,

00:07:20.267 --> 00:07:22.643
{\an8}who have rich cultures
and identities,

00:07:22.667 --> 00:07:25.376
{\an8}strip them of that,
cast them as an outsider,

00:07:25.400 --> 00:07:30.543
cast them as someone who is
a lesser being, not human.

00:07:30.567 --> 00:07:33.109
{\an8}Aguirre: It was a war
of information

00:07:33.133 --> 00:07:35.209
{\an8}just like things happen now.

00:07:35.233 --> 00:07:37.776
{\an8}It was propaganda
against the Jews.

00:07:37.800 --> 00:07:42.243
The Jews became the scapegoats
for all the bad things.

00:07:42.267 --> 00:07:43.676
Ira Forman:
Ofttimes, antisemitism

00:07:43.700 --> 00:07:47.976
{\an8}is one of the first signs
of a deterioration in society,

00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:49.776
{\an8}deterioration of human rights.

00:07:49.800 --> 00:07:51.409
{\an8}It's like a warning signal.

00:07:51.433 --> 00:07:53.676
{\an8}Kikoler: These are foreigners.
They're different.

00:07:53.700 --> 00:07:55.076
{\an8}They shouldn't be your friends.

00:07:55.100 --> 00:07:57.576
{\an8}You should not stand up
in opposition

00:07:57.600 --> 00:07:59.343
{\an8}if they're being
targeted and attacked.

00:07:59.367 --> 00:08:01.209
{\an8}Aguirre: And it wasn't that
the German people

00:08:01.233 --> 00:08:05.209
{\an8}were any less humanitarian
than any other culture.

00:08:05.233 --> 00:08:09.276
{\an8}It's that they believed
the propaganda and the lies.

00:08:09.300 --> 00:08:12.643
{\an8}You can visit Berlin
and go to railroad tracks

00:08:12.667 --> 00:08:17.676
{\an8}where Jews of German descent
were transported,

00:08:17.700 --> 00:08:18.876
{\an8}and those railroad tracks

00:08:18.900 --> 00:08:21.609
{\an8}are right in the middle
of a beautiful neighborhood.

00:08:21.633 --> 00:08:24.809
{\an8}Peoples whose homes were
right beside the railroad tracks

00:08:24.833 --> 00:08:26.443
{\an8}looked out their window,
they would have seen

00:08:26.467 --> 00:08:28.509
{\an8}their neighbors and friends
being deported.

00:08:28.533 --> 00:08:31.209
{\an8}When you have a culture
of silence where people

00:08:31.233 --> 00:08:33.076
{\an8}aren't going to stand up
and speak out

00:08:33.100 --> 00:08:34.543
{\an8}when those types of things
are occurring,

00:08:34.567 --> 00:08:38.176
{\an8}you create an environment where
the possibility of genocide

00:08:38.200 --> 00:08:40.409
{\an8}is far more conducive.

00:08:40.433 --> 00:08:45.076
{\an8}♪

00:08:45.100 --> 00:08:47.143
Patricia Viseur Sellers:
If you ever go to Rwanda,

00:08:47.167 --> 00:08:49.809
it's one of the most
beautiful countries

00:08:49.833 --> 00:08:51.309
{\an8}you will ever encounter,

00:08:51.333 --> 00:08:54.343
{\an8}hills with misty clouds
above it.

00:08:54.367 --> 00:08:57.009
{\an8}The genocide
against the Tutsis--

00:08:57.033 --> 00:08:58.309
{\an8}the killing that occurred,

00:08:58.333 --> 00:09:00.376
{\an8}the sexual violence
that occurred--

00:09:00.400 --> 00:09:02.476
{\an8}took place within, you know,

00:09:02.500 --> 00:09:04.543
{\an8}a span of, really,
several months,

00:09:04.567 --> 00:09:09.243
{\an8}so when one has to understand
all of this type of massacre--

00:09:09.267 --> 00:09:11.143
{\an8}some of them were
individual killing;

00:09:11.167 --> 00:09:13.809
{\an8}some of them were
mass killings of hundreds,

00:09:13.833 --> 00:09:16.343
{\an8}up to thousands of people
at the same time

00:09:16.367 --> 00:09:19.176
{\an8}in the span of just
a couple months--

00:09:19.200 --> 00:09:22.176
{\an8}it is indeed overwhelming.

00:09:22.200 --> 00:09:23.843
{\an8}♪

00:09:23.867 --> 00:09:26.543
{\an8}The International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

00:09:26.567 --> 00:09:30.743
traces the history
of the radio station

00:09:30.767 --> 00:09:33.943
that started referring
to Tutsis as cockroaches,

00:09:33.967 --> 00:09:36.276
{\an8}that started referring
to Tutsi women

00:09:36.300 --> 00:09:42.000
{\an8}as something that should be
desecrated sexually.

00:10:07.533 --> 00:10:11.376
{\an8}Aguirre: If you can dehumanize,
see somebody as an animal

00:10:11.400 --> 00:10:14.109
{\an8}or as less than, then
you don't have that empathy.

00:10:14.133 --> 00:10:18.809
{\an8}You can't relate to them as part
of your own species, basically.

00:10:18.833 --> 00:10:21.409
{\an8}Buffie Schmidt: This is how
the colonizers and settlers

00:10:21.433 --> 00:10:23.676
{\an8}treated us,
like we're not humans.

00:10:23.700 --> 00:10:27.476
{\an8}That's their justification,
that, "They're less than me.

00:10:27.500 --> 00:10:31.043
{\an8}"They have no feelings.
Their color is different.

00:10:31.067 --> 00:10:34.043
{\an8}They're not one of us."

00:10:34.067 --> 00:10:39.243
{\an8}The way to keep people buying
into the institution of slavery

00:10:39.267 --> 00:10:40.776
{\an8}was to say,
"'Well, it's OK because

00:10:40.800 --> 00:10:42.643
{\an8}they're not really
fully human, anyway."

00:10:42.667 --> 00:10:45.443
{\an8}Aguirre: "They're not like you.
They're not human.

00:10:45.467 --> 00:10:46.709
{\an8}"You can torture them.

00:10:46.733 --> 00:10:49.443
{\an8}They're not going to feel it
because they're not like you."

00:10:49.467 --> 00:10:53.809
{\an8}Sellers: This dehumanizing,
this making sure that the other

00:10:53.833 --> 00:10:56.576
{\an8}no longer has a right
to share your territory,

00:10:56.600 --> 00:11:00.809
{\an8}to be in your territory,
or even to be alive,

00:11:00.833 --> 00:11:02.609
{\an8}there is a very short road

00:11:02.633 --> 00:11:05.343
{\an8}between persecution
and genocide.

00:11:05.367 --> 00:11:08.043
{\an8}Reporter: What is happening
in Myanmar?

00:11:08.067 --> 00:11:09.843
{\an8}Looking across from Bangladesh,

00:11:09.867 --> 00:11:12.176
{\an8}huge clouds of smoke
fill the sky.

00:11:12.200 --> 00:11:14.509
{\an8}The army is accused
of setting fire

00:11:14.533 --> 00:11:16.909
{\an8}to Muslim Rohingya villages.

00:11:16.933 --> 00:11:22.543
{\an8}♪

00:11:22.567 --> 00:11:25.643
{\an8}Kikoler: The Rohingya community
are a ethnic

00:11:25.667 --> 00:11:27.976
{\an8}and religious minority in Burma

00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:33.609
{\an8}who have, over the past
few decades, been demonized

00:11:33.633 --> 00:11:37.576
{\an8}by the government,
by, at times, religious figures.

00:11:37.600 --> 00:11:40.133
{\an8}♪

00:11:46.433 --> 00:11:49.209
{\an8}Kikoler:
They've gone from being citizens

00:11:49.233 --> 00:11:51.509
{\an8}to being stripped
of their citizenship

00:11:51.533 --> 00:11:55.643
{\an8}and cast as foreigners who
should no longer be in Burma,

00:11:55.667 --> 00:12:00.376
{\an8}and what we've seen happen
is waves of physical violence

00:12:00.400 --> 00:12:05.509
{\an8}to drive them out of the country
or to destroy entirely

00:12:05.533 --> 00:12:08.109
{\an8}particular villages
and communities.

00:12:08.133 --> 00:12:09.776
{\an8}Christopher Sidoti:
The fact-finding mission

00:12:09.800 --> 00:12:12.643
{\an8}has concluded on reasonable
grounds that the patterns

00:12:12.667 --> 00:12:14.843
{\an8}of gross human rights
violations,

00:12:14.867 --> 00:12:16.776
{\an8}these have principally
been committed

00:12:16.800 --> 00:12:19.143
{\an8}by the military, the Tatmadaw--

00:12:19.167 --> 00:12:21.976
{\an8}genocide,
crimes against humanity,

00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:24.243
{\an8}and war crimes.

00:12:24.267 --> 00:12:26.643
{\an8}Koenig: There is a very clear
personality profile

00:12:26.667 --> 00:12:30.843
{\an8}that we have seen with many
of these authoritarian leaders,

00:12:30.867 --> 00:12:33.376
{\an8}and, unfortunately,
we're seeing a whole new wave

00:12:33.400 --> 00:12:37.076
{\an8}of authoritarian leaders
rise across the globe.

00:12:37.100 --> 00:12:38.843
{\an8}♪

00:12:38.867 --> 00:12:41.943
{\an8}Massimino: We've seen some
of that up close and personal

00:12:41.967 --> 00:12:43.043
{\an8}in this country.

00:12:43.067 --> 00:12:45.576
{\an8}Trump: I alone can fix it.

00:12:45.600 --> 00:12:47.276
{\an8}[Cheering]

00:12:47.300 --> 00:12:52.376
{\an8}Massimino: What does
a pre-authoritarian government

00:12:52.400 --> 00:12:53.376
{\an8}look like?

00:12:53.400 --> 00:12:59.533
{\an8}It's not rocket science to
identify societies in crisis.

00:13:01.233 --> 00:13:02.609
{\an8}Massimino:
If you look at Syria

00:13:02.633 --> 00:13:04.909
{\an8}going way, way back
to before the civil war,

00:13:04.933 --> 00:13:10.543
{\an8}the trigger point was when
a group of young teenagers

00:13:10.567 --> 00:13:13.643
{\an8}sprayed anti-regime graffiti
on a wall

00:13:13.667 --> 00:13:16.443
{\an8}and, instead of being told
to go home,

00:13:16.467 --> 00:13:18.409
{\an8}they were arrested
and tortured.

00:13:18.433 --> 00:13:21.976
{\an8}That was a signal.
That was a signal of a shift.

00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:23.309
{\an8}This guy feels threatened

00:13:23.333 --> 00:13:27.709
{\an8}and is going to torture
teenagers for graffiti.

00:13:27.733 --> 00:13:29.909
{\an8}That signals that we're headed

00:13:29.933 --> 00:13:32.409
{\an8}in a totally different
direction.

00:13:32.433 --> 00:13:38.843
{\an8}♪

00:13:38.867 --> 00:13:42.809
{\an8}The combination
of a particular type of leader

00:13:42.833 --> 00:13:49.643
{\an8}and the weakness of a society
is a deadly combination.

00:13:49.667 --> 00:13:52.076
{\an8}We know what that playbook
looks like,

00:13:52.100 --> 00:13:54.876
{\an8}and we see it playing out.

00:13:54.900 --> 00:14:01.043
{\an8}♪

00:14:01.067 --> 00:14:02.243
{\an8}Turkel: The Uyghur people

00:14:02.267 --> 00:14:04.543
{\an8}are one of the ancient peoples
in the world.

00:14:04.567 --> 00:14:05.976
{\an8}They're ethnically
Turkic people.

00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:08.109
{\an8}They speak
one of the Turkey dialects.

00:14:08.133 --> 00:14:10.809
{\an8}The notion that the Uyghurs
are the others

00:14:10.833 --> 00:14:14.509
{\an8}had been systematically
promoted by the Chinese state

00:14:14.533 --> 00:14:15.809
{\an8}for a long, long time.

00:14:15.833 --> 00:14:19.576
{\an8}As I grow up, they always said,
"Oh, you are different,"

00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:21.943
{\an8}and when you asked them,
"Why am I different?"

00:14:21.967 --> 00:14:24.576
{\an8}they always said,
"Oh, you eat different.

00:14:24.600 --> 00:14:27.243
{\an8}"You speak different.
You look different.

00:14:27.267 --> 00:14:28.976
{\an8}You live different."

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:30.876
{\an8}The Uyghur people
believe in Islam.

00:14:30.900 --> 00:14:34.076
{\an8}Islam is one of the 3
Abrahamic religion.

00:14:34.100 --> 00:14:39.509
{\an8}Uyghurs have been longing for
political freedom, sovereignty,

00:14:39.533 --> 00:14:41.676
{\an8}to be able to live with dignity.

00:14:41.700 --> 00:14:45.076
{\an8}To the Chinese government,
you're a problem.

00:14:45.100 --> 00:14:49.209
{\an8}♪

00:14:49.233 --> 00:14:53.209
{\an8}To achieve this great
Chinese identity,

00:14:53.233 --> 00:14:56.443
{\an8}they need to do
something about it.

00:14:56.467 --> 00:14:58.676
{\an8}♪

00:14:58.700 --> 00:15:01.243
{\an8}Xi Jinping and his cohorts

00:15:01.267 --> 00:15:03.943
{\an8}discussed various
policy initiatives.

00:15:03.967 --> 00:15:06.943
{\an8}One of them was
forced assimilation,

00:15:06.967 --> 00:15:08.476
{\an8}change the demographics.

00:15:08.500 --> 00:15:10.343
{\an8}Tom Suozzi:
Right now, there are over

00:15:10.367 --> 00:15:11.776
{\an8}a million and a half Uyghurs

00:15:11.800 --> 00:15:14.076
{\an8}that are being held
in forced-labor camps.

00:15:14.100 --> 00:15:15.543
{\an8}There's forced sterilization.

00:15:15.567 --> 00:15:17.976
{\an8}They're not allowed
to give their prayers.

00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:19.676
Turkel: Millions
of Uyghurs disappeared

00:15:19.700 --> 00:15:22.876
into industrial-scale
concentration camps

00:15:22.900 --> 00:15:24.809
{\an8}that the Chinese have built.

00:15:24.833 --> 00:15:27.476
{\an8}The world has not seen
anything like it

00:15:27.500 --> 00:15:30.643
{\an8}at this scale
since the Holocaust.

00:15:30.667 --> 00:15:32.676
{\an8}Suozzi: There are people
that are being put

00:15:32.700 --> 00:15:35.576
{\an8}in the forced-labor camps,
and then spouses

00:15:35.600 --> 00:15:39.409
{\an8}are left behind
with Chinese cohabitators,

00:15:39.433 --> 00:15:40.276
{\an8}constant
monitoring,

00:15:40.300 --> 00:15:42.743
{\an8}constant surveillance
of everything they do.

00:15:42.767 --> 00:15:44.709
{\an8}Turkel: This pervasive
surveillance,

00:15:44.733 --> 00:15:47.809
{\an8}starting from collection
of waste samples,

00:15:47.833 --> 00:15:49.143
{\an8}face samples, DNA,

00:15:49.167 --> 00:15:51.509
{\an8}and then they start
handing out I.D. cards

00:15:51.533 --> 00:15:55.909
{\an8}and your facial recognition
embedded in that ID card.

00:15:55.933 --> 00:16:00.409
{\an8}Millions of Chinese cadres have
moved into the Uyghur homes,

00:16:00.433 --> 00:16:03.109
{\an8}sleep and eat with them
uninvited,

00:16:03.133 --> 00:16:05.709
{\an8}and making the kids
to spy on their parents.

00:16:05.733 --> 00:16:09.943
{\an8}You have an honest conversation
about your cultural values,

00:16:09.967 --> 00:16:12.709
{\an8}talking about
your dissatisfaction

00:16:12.733 --> 00:16:14.209
{\an8}with the things happening,

00:16:14.233 --> 00:16:17.143
{\an8}and the kids' honest answer
to those visitors

00:16:17.167 --> 00:16:21.509
lands that little girl's parents
into the concentration camp,

00:16:21.533 --> 00:16:23.943
and the next thing
that little girl knows,

00:16:23.967 --> 00:16:26.309
she's taken away
to the state-run orphanages.

00:16:26.333 --> 00:16:29.676
The concentration camp system
was a vast network

00:16:29.700 --> 00:16:35.233
that they set up to round up
everyone should be rounded up.

00:16:36.400 --> 00:16:39.709
That's the word,
reported in November 2019

00:16:39.733 --> 00:16:42.243
{\an8}as part of
leaked documents.

00:16:42.267 --> 00:16:46.176
{\an8}♪

00:16:46.200 --> 00:16:50.809
{\an8}This is a new type of genocide
that the world has not seen.

00:16:50.833 --> 00:16:52.843
{\an8}Not all genocides look the same.

00:16:52.867 --> 00:16:55.743
{\an8}The attempt to destroy
an entire people

00:16:55.767 --> 00:16:58.943
{\an8}through suppressing
its ability to reproduce,

00:16:58.967 --> 00:17:01.776
{\an8}and indeed suppressing
its language and culture

00:17:01.800 --> 00:17:04.276
{\an8}was decided by
the international community

00:17:04.300 --> 00:17:08.876
{\an8}and written into international
law as a feature of genocide.

00:17:08.900 --> 00:17:12.076
{\an8}If you tick that box,
you are committing genocide.

00:17:12.100 --> 00:17:17.243
{\an8}What China is doing in Xinjiang
is one of the few examples

00:17:17.267 --> 00:17:20.276
{\an8}of a premeditated, state-driven,

00:17:20.300 --> 00:17:25.676
{\an8}centrally perpetrated genocide
in modern history.

00:17:25.700 --> 00:17:29.533
{\an8}♪

00:18:03.767 --> 00:18:05.700
{\an8}♪

00:18:10.333 --> 00:18:12.400
{\an8}♪

00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:44.033
{\an8}♪

00:18:59.100 --> 00:19:01.143
{\an8}♪

00:19:01.167 --> 00:19:03.143
{\an8}[Sniffles]

00:19:03.167 --> 00:19:04.743
{\an8}♪

00:19:04.767 --> 00:19:07.743
{\an8}Massimino: When genocide,
crimes against humanity,

00:19:07.767 --> 00:19:11.709
{\an8}human rights violations
go unchallenged

00:19:11.733 --> 00:19:16.376
{\an8}and the perpetrators
are acting with impunity,

00:19:16.400 --> 00:19:19.643
{\an8}it is a lesson
that authoritarians

00:19:19.667 --> 00:19:24.676
{\an8}and would-be genocidaires
everywhere take to heart.

00:19:24.700 --> 00:19:26.409
{\an8}McGovern: And that's
one of the problems right now,

00:19:26.433 --> 00:19:30.243
{\an8}is that there are lots of awful
governments and dictators

00:19:30.267 --> 00:19:32.709
{\an8}around the world
that believe they can

00:19:32.733 --> 00:19:36.109
{\an8}get away with things
without a consequence,

00:19:36.133 --> 00:19:37.243
{\an8}and if there's no consequence,

00:19:37.267 --> 00:19:38.909
{\an8}it'll happen again
and again and again.

00:19:38.933 --> 00:19:42.476
{\an8}It's very easy to get
overwhelmed by the numbers.

00:19:42.500 --> 00:19:45.209
When you're talking
about millions of people

00:19:45.233 --> 00:19:47.509
being exterminated,
that in itself

00:19:47.533 --> 00:19:51.509
{\an8}can be a very dehumanizing way
to think about these genocides.

00:19:51.533 --> 00:19:54.543
{\an8}When you talk
to individual survivors

00:19:54.567 --> 00:19:56.876
{\an8}or you talk to the family
members of the survivors,

00:19:56.900 --> 00:20:00.009
{\an8}you quickly realize
the harms that are perpetrated

00:20:00.033 --> 00:20:04.476
{\an8}ultimately ripple down
through the generations.

00:20:04.500 --> 00:20:11.843
{\an8}♪

00:20:11.867 --> 00:20:14.576
{\an8}[Train chugging]

00:20:14.600 --> 00:20:16.876
{\an8}Helen Farkas: I never
heard of Auschwitz.

00:20:16.900 --> 00:20:20.743
{\an8}When I saw the sign "Auschwitz,"
it's another town...

00:20:20.767 --> 00:20:22.576
{\an8}[Train chugging]

00:20:22.600 --> 00:20:25.209
{\an8}and then as we were
slowing down,

00:20:25.233 --> 00:20:27.543
{\an8}I saw the big chimneys.

00:20:27.567 --> 00:20:30.009
{\an8}People from behind were asking,
"What do you see?"

00:20:30.033 --> 00:20:34.143
{\an8}I said, "Thank God. It looks
like we arrived to the factory,"

00:20:34.167 --> 00:20:39.876
{\an8}Because we were supposed to be
taken to work in factories.

00:20:39.900 --> 00:20:41.209
{\an8}♪

00:20:41.233 --> 00:20:43.709
{\an8}The train stops. They open up.

00:20:43.733 --> 00:20:47.776
{\an8}Young men with striped clothes
like pajamas

00:20:47.800 --> 00:20:51.476
{\an8}were standing behind each other,
about 6 or 8 of them,

00:20:51.500 --> 00:20:55.309
{\an8}in front of each one
of the cattle cars.

00:20:55.333 --> 00:20:56.276
{\an8}♪

00:20:56.300 --> 00:20:59.576
{\an8}Chaos broke out
because everybody--

00:20:59.600 --> 00:21:00.709
{\an8}the children were crying.

00:21:00.733 --> 00:21:02.743
{\an8}It was frightening
because down below,

00:21:02.767 --> 00:21:08.443
{\an8}the dogs were barking, you know,
the SS soldiers with their dogs

00:21:08.467 --> 00:21:12.076
{\an8}and their rifles
on their shoulders.

00:21:12.100 --> 00:21:16.676
{\an8}My sister Ethel
with her little boy was told,

00:21:16.700 --> 00:21:18.543
{\an8}"Give your children.

00:21:18.567 --> 00:21:22.343
{\an8}Young women, give your children
to older people."

00:21:22.367 --> 00:21:25.543
{\an8}We had no idea
why they're saying that.

00:21:25.567 --> 00:21:28.176
{\an8}Aguirre: When we first
went into Auschwitz,

00:21:28.200 --> 00:21:31.009
{\an8}my mom showed
where the train went

00:21:31.033 --> 00:21:33.576
{\an8}and how the train tracks ended,

00:21:33.600 --> 00:21:36.243
{\an8}and where Dr. Mengele
was standing

00:21:36.267 --> 00:21:39.576
{\an8}and how he was
funneling people--

00:21:39.600 --> 00:21:42.176
{\an8}"You go to the right.
You go to the left."

00:21:42.200 --> 00:21:46.776
{\an8}My mom was with my Aunt Etu.
She was holding her baby.

00:21:46.800 --> 00:21:48.676
{\an8}They took the baby,

00:21:48.700 --> 00:21:52.143
{\an8}and they gave it
to my grandmother,

00:21:52.167 --> 00:21:55.209
{\an8}and the young and the old
who couldn't work

00:21:55.233 --> 00:21:56.243
{\an8}were sent to the left,

00:21:56.267 --> 00:21:59.176
{\an8}and the healthy who could work
were sent to the right.

00:21:59.200 --> 00:22:05.143
{\an8}My Aunt Etu wanted to chase
after her son and her mother

00:22:05.167 --> 00:22:06.409
{\an8}and go in that line.

00:22:06.433 --> 00:22:08.676
{\an8}Farkas: She was running
that way because her little boy

00:22:08.700 --> 00:22:13.909
{\an8}was in her mother-in-law's arms,
and as she was running that way,

00:22:13.933 --> 00:22:18.776
{\an8}the soldier started
beating her back,

00:22:18.800 --> 00:22:20.909
{\an8}and then I saw what's happening.

00:22:20.933 --> 00:22:23.376
{\an8}I had to go one way
or the other,

00:22:23.400 --> 00:22:26.143
{\an8}and I grabbed her, and I said,

00:22:26.167 --> 00:22:27.709
{\an8}"Come on.
We have to go this way."

00:22:27.733 --> 00:22:31.643
{\an8}Aguirre: And so she watched her
child and her mother go off,

00:22:31.667 --> 00:22:34.876
{\an8}and that was the line
that went to the gas chambers,

00:22:34.900 --> 00:22:38.876
{\an8}and my mom
and my Aunt Etu lived,

00:22:38.900 --> 00:22:40.309
{\an8}and they went to the right,

00:22:40.333 --> 00:22:45.976
{\an8}where they were forced
to work and labor...

00:22:46.000 --> 00:22:48.043
{\an8}♪

00:22:48.067 --> 00:22:50.576
{\an8}but they survived,

00:22:50.600 --> 00:22:54.143
{\an8}whereas the rest
were all killed.

00:22:54.167 --> 00:22:56.176
{\an8}♪

00:22:56.200 --> 00:22:58.909
{\an8}Farkas: I looked back,
I saw my mother,

00:22:58.933 --> 00:23:00.976
{\an8}the distress on her face,

00:23:01.000 --> 00:23:03.843
{\an8}and when she saw that
we are being separated,

00:23:03.867 --> 00:23:07.409
{\an8}Ethel and I, that was
the worst thing for her,

00:23:07.433 --> 00:23:09.443
{\an8}so this is how I remember her.

00:23:09.467 --> 00:23:13.776
{\an8}Every time I think about her
or dream or have nightmares,

00:23:13.800 --> 00:23:16.109
{\an8}I see my mother that way,

00:23:16.133 --> 00:23:19.176
{\an8}with that expression
on her face.

00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:21.476
{\an8}We never saw them again.

00:23:21.500 --> 00:23:22.809
{\an8}♪

00:23:22.833 --> 00:23:25.043
{\an8}Aguirre: I could hear her
scream at night

00:23:25.067 --> 00:23:26.876
{\an8}when she had nightmares.

00:23:26.900 --> 00:23:28.309
{\an8}My mom used to always
have dreams

00:23:28.333 --> 00:23:31.343
{\an8}that she was hiding someone,
like hiding me or later on

00:23:31.367 --> 00:23:33.809
{\an8}after I had my daughter,
that she was hiding my daughter,

00:23:33.833 --> 00:23:38.276
{\an8}trying to protect my daughter,
and somehow I took that on

00:23:38.300 --> 00:23:42.509
{\an8}in my subconscious, I guess,
and had dreams, also,

00:23:42.533 --> 00:23:45.709
{\an8}of hiding my daughter
from the Nazis

00:23:45.733 --> 00:23:49.709
{\an8}or being attacked by Nazis.

00:23:49.733 --> 00:23:51.709
{\an8}Some studies have been done.

00:23:51.733 --> 00:23:54.943
{\an8}When a person's cortisol levels
are elevated

00:23:54.967 --> 00:23:57.543
{\an8}for long periods of time
through trauma,

00:23:57.567 --> 00:24:00.609
{\an8}when that happens repeatedly
over and over and over again,

00:24:00.633 --> 00:24:05.176
{\an8}it actually changes the on
and off switches in your DNA

00:24:05.200 --> 00:24:11.176
{\an8}so that the on switch can
be on more in your children.

00:24:11.200 --> 00:24:15.443
{\an8}Kikoler: I also grew up,
you know, with a silence,

00:24:15.467 --> 00:24:17.543
{\an8}and the silence
was from my grandfather,

00:24:17.567 --> 00:24:21.876
{\an8}and my grandfather was the sole
surviving member of his family,

00:24:21.900 --> 00:24:26.309
{\an8}and he was unable to talk
about what happened to him

00:24:26.333 --> 00:24:29.776
{\an8}because of just the enormity
of the suffering.

00:24:29.800 --> 00:24:33.909
{\an8}On my grandfather's tombstone,
there are 3 names--

00:24:33.933 --> 00:24:37.009
{\an8}the name that he was given
at birth,

00:24:37.033 --> 00:24:38.609
which was Aronowicz;

00:24:38.633 --> 00:24:41.409
there was a name that he got

00:24:41.433 --> 00:24:43.576
{\an8}in the displaced persons camps,

00:24:43.600 --> 00:24:44.543
{\an8}which is Kikoler--

00:24:44.567 --> 00:24:46.076
{\an8}and that's the name
that I carry--

00:24:46.100 --> 00:24:50.176
{\an8}and there was the number
that was tattooed onto his arm,

00:24:50.200 --> 00:24:52.743
{\an8}and that was the number that
was tattooed by the Nazis

00:24:52.767 --> 00:24:57.543
{\an8}when he entered the camp system
and when he was in Auschwitz...

00:24:57.567 --> 00:25:00.609
{\an8}♪

00:25:00.633 --> 00:25:02.743
{\an8}and...

00:25:02.767 --> 00:25:05.109
{\an8}♪

00:25:05.133 --> 00:25:08.109
{\an8}for me,
that's why I do the work.

00:25:08.133 --> 00:25:09.676
{\an8}[Sniffles]

00:25:09.700 --> 00:25:11.776
{\an8}♪

00:25:11.800 --> 00:25:13.309
{\an8}Um...

00:25:13.333 --> 00:25:16.643
{\an8}There have been too many people
that I have met

00:25:16.667 --> 00:25:20.009
{\an8}in the last 15, 20 years
of working on this

00:25:20.033 --> 00:25:23.076
{\an8}who, in their own way,

00:25:23.100 --> 00:25:26.809
{\an8}share an aspect of that story.

00:25:26.833 --> 00:25:32.909
{\an8}♪

00:25:32.933 --> 00:25:36.943
{\an8}Mohamed I. Elgadi: I was born
in Sudan, in Khartoum.

00:25:36.967 --> 00:25:39.276
{\an8}I lived most of my life
in a neighborhood

00:25:39.300 --> 00:25:43.309
{\an8}called Khartoum Talata,
which is middle class.

00:25:43.333 --> 00:25:47.343
{\an8}Nahid Abunama-Elgadi: My father
was a very lively individual.

00:25:47.367 --> 00:25:49.576
{\an8}There was always lots of people
over at the house,

00:25:49.600 --> 00:25:52.309
{\an8}lots of laughter,
lots of communication

00:25:52.333 --> 00:25:54.309
{\an8}and talk about human rights.

00:25:54.333 --> 00:25:57.476
{\an8}He just seemed hopeful
for the world.

00:25:57.500 --> 00:25:58.409
{\an8}♪

00:25:58.433 --> 00:26:01.943
{\an8}Colin Powell: Genocide
has been committed in Darfur,

00:26:01.967 --> 00:26:06.143
{\an8}a consistent and widespread
pattern of atrocities--

00:26:06.167 --> 00:26:08.043
{\an8}killings, rapes,
burning of villages.

00:26:08.067 --> 00:26:12.976
{\an8}The government of Sudan and the
Janjaweed bear responsibility.

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:15.243
{\an8}I was arrested
because I was documenting

00:26:15.267 --> 00:26:18.443
{\an8}human rights abuses
in the country, in Sudan,

00:26:18.467 --> 00:26:22.443
{\an8}one of the oldest method
of war--rape, mass rape.

00:26:22.467 --> 00:26:23.943
{\an8}They would come to the village,

00:26:23.967 --> 00:26:27.176
{\an8}and they would start
raping women, girls,

00:26:27.200 --> 00:26:28.876
{\an8}and even elderly people.

00:26:28.900 --> 00:26:30.376
{\an8}Elderly people were being raped,

00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:32.909
{\an8}a lot of burned village
to the ground,

00:26:32.933 --> 00:26:36.943
{\an8}a lot of people who were being,
like, tortured every day.

00:26:36.967 --> 00:26:42.043
{\an8}I was imprisoned
and tortured for 118 days.

00:26:42.067 --> 00:26:42.509
{\an8}♪

00:26:42.533 --> 00:26:44.576
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: He was captured,
and then I didn't see him

00:26:44.600 --> 00:26:48.209
{\an8}for the period of time
that he was detained,

00:26:48.233 --> 00:26:50.209
{\an8}which was 4 months.

00:26:50.233 --> 00:26:51.943
{\an8}♪

00:26:51.967 --> 00:26:53.909
{\an8}Elgadi: The group
against torture in Sudan

00:26:53.933 --> 00:26:58.743
{\an8}documented 36 different method
of torture, physical torture,

00:26:58.767 --> 00:27:04.709
{\an8}from beating up,
from standing on hot plates,

00:27:04.733 --> 00:27:10.176
{\an8}from burning, from kicking.

00:27:10.200 --> 00:27:16.009
{\an8}The target is the groin area.

00:27:16.033 --> 00:27:22.143
{\an8}♪

00:27:22.167 --> 00:27:26.176
{\an8}Always will be the fear.

00:27:26.200 --> 00:27:28.176
{\an8}♪

00:27:28.200 --> 00:27:32.143
{\an8}Electric shocks
with electric rod,

00:27:32.167 --> 00:27:34.343
{\an8}usually, like, you don't know
when it's coming.

00:27:34.367 --> 00:27:36.876
{\an8}Someone behind you, like,
would put it here

00:27:36.900 --> 00:27:40.609
{\an8}at the ear, under your ear,

00:27:40.633 --> 00:27:42.609
{\an8}and...

00:27:42.633 --> 00:27:49.509
{\an8}♪

00:27:49.533 --> 00:27:51.943
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: I think
the hardest part for me

00:27:51.967 --> 00:27:55.243
{\an8}is when he can't speak
about what happened, when it's--

00:27:55.267 --> 00:27:57.443
{\an8}when he's, like,
trapped in that moment,

00:27:57.467 --> 00:28:03.409
{\an8}when he's taken back to being
in that small, confined space.

00:28:03.433 --> 00:28:04.643
{\an8}Um...

00:28:04.667 --> 00:28:05.109
{\an8}♪

00:28:05.133 --> 00:28:09.276
{\an8}That's the hardest part for me
because I want him to be free.

00:28:09.300 --> 00:28:12.909
{\an8}Elgadi: I was released
with that condition to work

00:28:12.933 --> 00:28:17.009
{\an8}as an informant against
my own group of people,

00:28:17.033 --> 00:28:18.743
{\an8}human rights activists.

00:28:18.767 --> 00:28:21.343
{\an8}If I refused, like,
to work as an informant,

00:28:21.367 --> 00:28:24.609
{\an8}then the torture
will start again,

00:28:24.633 --> 00:28:27.043
{\an8}so I left Sudan.

00:28:27.067 --> 00:28:30.009
{\an8}I tried to go
and join my family.

00:28:30.033 --> 00:28:32.143
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi:
And when he arrived,

00:28:32.167 --> 00:28:35.909
{\an8}I immediately felt
a difference in his energy.

00:28:35.933 --> 00:28:39.909
{\an8}It just didn't feel like
the same dad that I knew before.

00:28:39.933 --> 00:28:42.876
{\an8}He was very tense. He was--

00:28:42.900 --> 00:28:45.176
{\an8}When you would go to touch him,
he would flinch.

00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:47.909
{\an8}He was a lot more paranoid,
would yell all the time,

00:28:47.933 --> 00:28:50.676
{\an8}like, couldn't express
his emotions very well.

00:28:50.700 --> 00:28:54.243
{\an8}Elgadi: I found, like, myself
as if I left one prison

00:28:54.267 --> 00:28:56.509
{\an8}and I went to another
bigger prison,

00:28:56.533 --> 00:28:59.109
{\an8}so I isolated myself
from everyone,

00:28:59.133 --> 00:29:01.509
{\an8}did not leave the house.

00:29:01.533 --> 00:29:06.276
{\an8}The whole kind of experience
start to come back again to me.

00:29:06.300 --> 00:29:07.643
{\an8}♪

00:29:07.667 --> 00:29:08.876
{\an8}They will tell you, like,
there will be--

00:29:08.900 --> 00:29:13.576
{\an8}They always tell you that they
will bring your family members,

00:29:13.600 --> 00:29:15.876
{\an8}torture them in front of you

00:29:15.900 --> 00:29:19.076
{\an8}or, uh, rape them.

00:29:19.100 --> 00:29:21.009
{\an8}♪

00:29:21.033 --> 00:29:21.709
{\an8}He said, like,

00:29:21.733 --> 00:29:24.909
{\an8}"You don't want, like, anything
to happen to your daughter."

00:29:24.933 --> 00:29:25.943
{\an8}♪

00:29:25.967 --> 00:29:29.743
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: My father's
torture, I think, impacted me

00:29:29.767 --> 00:29:33.443
{\an8}on a daily basis because
he wanted things to be

00:29:33.467 --> 00:29:36.443
{\an8}so orderly
and controlled and safe

00:29:36.467 --> 00:29:40.876
{\an8}that I had to kind of navigate
and find my way around that.

00:29:40.900 --> 00:29:43.343
{\an8}His "no" or his yelling
was really coming from a place

00:29:43.367 --> 00:29:46.776
{\an8}of absolute fear and terror
for my life,

00:29:46.800 --> 00:29:49.309
{\an8}even though it wasn't
really justified.

00:29:49.333 --> 00:29:53.076
{\an8}It's like, "Oh, I'm just trying
to go to this football game,"

00:29:53.100 --> 00:29:54.143
{\an8}but he's like, "No,

00:29:54.167 --> 00:29:57.043
{\an8}all the billion things
that could happen to you."

00:29:57.067 --> 00:30:00.709
{\an8}♪

00:30:00.733 --> 00:30:05.409
{\an8}Elgadi: The threat of
sexual torture is always there,

00:30:05.433 --> 00:30:08.243
{\an8}and this is what, like,
cause a lot of people, like,

00:30:08.267 --> 00:30:11.176
{\an8}to become, like, completely--

00:30:11.200 --> 00:30:14.609
{\an8}♪

00:30:14.633 --> 00:30:18.243
{\an8}Sellers: I think it's very
important that we understand

00:30:18.267 --> 00:30:23.509
{\an8}sexual violence or issues
of sexual autonomy and integrity

00:30:23.533 --> 00:30:26.109
{\an8}as they relate to genocide.

00:30:26.133 --> 00:30:29.776
{\an8}♪

00:30:29.800 --> 00:30:32.843
The Rwandan genocide
was basically comprised

00:30:32.867 --> 00:30:36.309
of sexual violence,
of raping Tutsi women

00:30:36.333 --> 00:30:37.943
{\an8}prior to killing them.

00:30:37.967 --> 00:30:41.409
{\an8}The Interahamwe militia would
pick out the women to rape.

00:30:41.433 --> 00:30:44.509
{\an8}They would pick out the women
to make them march around

00:30:44.533 --> 00:30:45.943
{\an8}in forced nudity.

00:30:45.967 --> 00:30:49.843
{\an8}Their absolute horror of having
to have fled their homes,

00:30:49.867 --> 00:30:53.976
{\an8}their male family members
were probably dead,

00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:58.176
{\an8}and having now been the object
of incessant rapes

00:30:58.200 --> 00:31:01.976
{\an8}and sexual violence,
the Tutsi women basically asked,

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:05.376
{\an8}"Could you kill us?
We can't take anymore.

00:31:05.400 --> 00:31:08.876
{\an8}Could you end our pain?"

00:31:08.900 --> 00:31:15.309
{\an8}♪

00:31:15.333 --> 00:31:18.933
{\an7}Tursun:

00:32:54.000 --> 00:32:55.743
{\an8}Sellers: We think
of sexual violence usually

00:32:55.767 --> 00:32:58.143
{\an8}as being acts of rape,
but when one thinks

00:32:58.167 --> 00:33:02.076
{\an8}of sexual violence as acts
where you're sterilized

00:33:02.100 --> 00:33:05.943
{\an8}or acts where reproductivity
is prevented,

00:33:05.967 --> 00:33:10.776
{\an8}they're all different means
of making that population

00:33:10.800 --> 00:33:15.309
{\an8}not be able to reproduce itself.

00:33:15.333 --> 00:33:17.667
Tursun:

00:33:38.800 --> 00:33:44.433
{\an8}♪

00:33:52.100 --> 00:33:54.733
{\an8}♪

00:33:56.267 --> 00:33:57.676
{\an8}♪

00:33:57.700 --> 00:34:02.100
{\an8}[Sniffles]

00:34:04.167 --> 00:34:06.576
{\an8}[Sobbing]

00:34:06.600 --> 00:34:07.576
{\an8}Ohh...

00:34:07.600 --> 00:34:08.709
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi:
Traumatic events,

00:34:08.733 --> 00:34:11.176
{\an8}whether they're happening to you
or to the people around you,

00:34:11.200 --> 00:34:15.009
{\an8}affect you mentally
and emotionally and physically,

00:34:15.033 --> 00:34:20.476
{\an8}and I say that because
as a young child who saw war

00:34:20.500 --> 00:34:24.776
{\an8}and saw devastation firsthand
and then also experienced

00:34:24.800 --> 00:34:28.109
{\an8}the trauma of a torture survivor
in my home,

00:34:28.133 --> 00:34:31.143
{\an8}I know physically
that it affected me.

00:34:31.167 --> 00:34:32.109
{\an8}I would get the shakes.

00:34:32.133 --> 00:34:34.976
{\an8}I would have nightmares
severely where I thought people

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:36.476
{\an8}were going to come
into our house

00:34:36.500 --> 00:34:38.309
{\an8}and kill all
of my family members

00:34:38.333 --> 00:34:39.876
{\an8}and I was going to be
the only one left,

00:34:39.900 --> 00:34:41.243
{\an8}like, over and over
and over again.

00:34:41.267 --> 00:34:44.576
{\an8}It affected the way
that I thought about the world.

00:34:44.600 --> 00:34:47.576
{\an8}I think Sudanese people
at large

00:34:47.600 --> 00:34:49.676
{\an8}have transgenerational
trauma.

00:34:49.700 --> 00:34:53.943
{\an8}There's been war, genocide,
mass killings, just brutality,

00:34:53.967 --> 00:34:57.909
{\an8}oppression of rights
in all manner, starvation.

00:34:57.933 --> 00:35:00.076
{\an8}Everyone is affected by it.

00:35:00.100 --> 00:35:01.843
{\an8}Even though
we're very hospitable,

00:35:01.867 --> 00:35:03.243
{\an8}we're very open as a culture,

00:35:03.267 --> 00:35:05.309
{\an8}we're also very paranoid
of one another,

00:35:05.333 --> 00:35:09.076
{\an8}and I think that has a lot
to do with our collective PTSD,

00:35:09.100 --> 00:35:13.143
{\an8}our collective anxiousness
about survival,

00:35:13.167 --> 00:35:16.676
{\an8}and not being able to do
the bare minimum.

00:35:16.700 --> 00:35:18.209
{\an8}Trauma affects you physically.

00:35:18.233 --> 00:35:21.309
{\an8}It affects you emotionally,
affects you spiritually,

00:35:21.333 --> 00:35:23.843
{\an8}makes you doubt that there is
any higher creator

00:35:23.867 --> 00:35:28.776
{\an8}that could possibly will this
part of reality into existence.

00:35:28.800 --> 00:35:32.476
{\an8}It affects everything
about who you are.

00:35:32.500 --> 00:35:37.409
{\an8}♪

00:35:37.433 --> 00:35:40.143
{\an8}Koenig: The trauma
that's associated with genocide

00:35:40.167 --> 00:35:42.576
{\an8}has ripple effects
through generations,

00:35:42.600 --> 00:35:45.976
{\an8}and when we think about
our own legacy of genocide

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:48.743
{\an8}and of trauma here
in the United States,

00:35:48.767 --> 00:35:51.176
{\an8}the legacy of slavery,

00:35:51.200 --> 00:35:53.709
{\an8}of Native American communities--

00:35:53.733 --> 00:35:58.076
{\an8}it's only been 50 years
since the Civil Rights Act--

00:35:58.100 --> 00:36:01.309
{\an8}these traumas are still raw
and that these traumas

00:36:01.333 --> 00:36:04.776
{\an8}are something that we
are continuing to pass down

00:36:04.800 --> 00:36:07.276
{\an8}both collectively
and individually

00:36:07.300 --> 00:36:09.043
{\an8}through our families.

00:36:09.067 --> 00:36:11.743
{\an8}Breland-Noble:
I knew very early on

00:36:11.767 --> 00:36:16.643
{\an8}about the legacy of slavery,
the trauma associated with that,

00:36:16.667 --> 00:36:19.176
{\an8}and the impacts of that
downstream

00:36:19.200 --> 00:36:21.843
{\an8}for people of my generation--
I'm Gen X--

00:36:21.867 --> 00:36:23.576
{\an8}and it's because I have parents

00:36:23.600 --> 00:36:25.643
{\an8}who grew up during
the civil rights movement

00:36:25.667 --> 00:36:29.509
{\an8}and who grew up under
segregation in Mississippi...

00:36:29.533 --> 00:36:31.276
{\an8}♪

00:36:31.300 --> 00:36:34.076
{\an8}because what we learned
in school was sanitized

00:36:34.100 --> 00:36:37.843
{\an8}and my parents made sure that
we knew the unsanitized version.

00:36:37.867 --> 00:36:40.743
{\an8}Schmidt: A lot of Americans
have the notion--

00:36:40.767 --> 00:36:42.709
{\an8}and maybe the world
has the notion--

00:36:42.733 --> 00:36:47.909
{\an8}that the United States
was founded on bravery,

00:36:47.933 --> 00:36:52.509
{\an8}and you hear, "These colors
don't run," which is a farce

00:36:52.533 --> 00:36:54.976
{\an8}because there were
Native people here

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:57.576
{\an8}tending the earth,
having a connection

00:36:57.600 --> 00:37:00.776
{\an8}with the land and the sky
and the water,

00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:02.709
{\an8}were forced

00:37:02.733 --> 00:37:06.276
{\an8}to either be a part
of this new community

00:37:06.300 --> 00:37:08.209
{\an8}or die.

00:37:08.233 --> 00:37:12.043
{\an8}When you look at the textbook
definition of "genocide,"

00:37:12.067 --> 00:37:14.476
{\an8}it's sort of a deliberate effort

00:37:14.500 --> 00:37:18.376
{\an8}to eliminate
a class of people, a culture,

00:37:18.400 --> 00:37:22.309
{\an8}and when you think of genocide,
you tend to think of places

00:37:22.333 --> 00:37:24.509
{\an8}where there have been
mass shootings,

00:37:24.533 --> 00:37:26.043
{\an8}killings, that kind of thing.

00:37:26.067 --> 00:37:30.976
It may not be in the same form
in the United States of America,

00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:34.376
but from slavery to Jim Crow,

00:37:34.400 --> 00:37:40.276
{\an8}policies that came down
have intentionally tried

00:37:40.300 --> 00:37:44.176
{\an8}to disrupt our sense of value,

00:37:44.200 --> 00:37:47.443
{\an8}our community, our culture.

00:37:47.467 --> 00:37:47.943
{\an8}♪

00:37:47.967 --> 00:37:51.209
{\an8}As slaves,
it was very intentional.

00:37:51.233 --> 00:37:54.043
{\an8}Separating families
from their children,

00:37:54.067 --> 00:37:57.709
refusing to let them think,
read, or worship--

00:37:57.733 --> 00:38:00.676
that was an intention
to devalue them,

00:38:00.700 --> 00:38:03.843
to get them to have
a sense of not belonging,

00:38:03.867 --> 00:38:07.543
{\an8}of not having
any purpose and value.

00:38:07.567 --> 00:38:10.176
{\an8}Schmidt: When the colonizers
were here

00:38:10.200 --> 00:38:12.776
{\an8}taking Native families apart,

00:38:12.800 --> 00:38:16.876
{\an8}they put a lot of our children
in boarding schools.

00:38:16.900 --> 00:38:21.409
{\an8}The language was not legally
allowed to be spoken.

00:38:21.433 --> 00:38:23.876
{\an8}That's the erasure
of their culture.

00:38:23.900 --> 00:38:28.109
{\an8}They were told and are made
and forced to cut their hair

00:38:28.133 --> 00:38:30.509
{\an8}and not wear the clothes
that we used to

00:38:30.533 --> 00:38:35.743
{\an8}and not speak this language that
nobody can understand but them.

00:38:35.767 --> 00:38:36.476
{\an8}♪

00:38:36.500 --> 00:38:40.043
{\an8}Breland-Noble: Those
occurrences and experiences

00:38:40.067 --> 00:38:44.309
{\an8}that traumatized people
years ago are passed down,

00:38:44.333 --> 00:38:48.309
{\an8}even in our bones
and in our genetics

00:38:48.333 --> 00:38:52.176
{\an8}and passed through
to subsequent generations.

00:38:52.200 --> 00:38:53.843
{\an8}♪

00:38:53.867 --> 00:38:55.909
{\an8}I want to hear the truth

00:38:55.933 --> 00:38:58.109
{\an8}about what slavery did
to Black people.

00:38:58.133 --> 00:38:59.609
{\an8}I want to hear the truth

00:38:59.633 --> 00:39:01.543
{\an8}about how slavery
benefited white people.

00:39:01.567 --> 00:39:04.409
{\an8}We never really have a chance
as Black people, I think,

00:39:04.433 --> 00:39:08.476
{\an8}unless we're very intentional
to help that trauma

00:39:08.500 --> 00:39:13.243
{\an8}and that pain and the negative
mental health impacts dissipate.

00:39:13.267 --> 00:39:16.409
{\an8}♪

00:39:16.433 --> 00:39:18.643
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: I think
transformative justice

00:39:18.667 --> 00:39:22.409
{\an8}is the only way
that true healing can happen.

00:39:22.433 --> 00:39:25.876
{\an8}A survivor needs to hear
a public testimony

00:39:25.900 --> 00:39:29.209
{\an8}of what they experienced
and not feel like they're crazy

00:39:29.233 --> 00:39:31.609
{\an8}or that they are living alone.

00:39:31.633 --> 00:39:32.843
{\an8}Al-Bashir: Allahu akbar.
Men: Allahu akbar.

00:39:32.867 --> 00:39:35.009
{\an8}Amna Nawaz: For more
than a decade, Omar Al-Bashir

00:39:35.033 --> 00:39:37.476
{\an8}has been wanted by
the International Criminal Court

00:39:37.500 --> 00:39:40.276
{\an8}on charges of war crimes,
crimes against humanity,

00:39:40.300 --> 00:39:43.809
{\an8}torture, rape, and genocide
in the Darfur region.

00:39:43.833 --> 00:39:46.043
{\an8}Now, what the Sudanese
government announced

00:39:46.067 --> 00:39:48.543
{\an8}just under an hour ago
is that they have agreed

00:39:48.567 --> 00:39:50.943
{\an8}with the Darfuri armed groups
that they will hand over

00:39:50.967 --> 00:39:54.609
{\an8}the former president and others
who also had arrest warrants

00:39:54.633 --> 00:39:57.176
{\an8}issued against them to the
International Criminal Court.

00:39:57.200 --> 00:39:59.509
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: Acknowledgement
is really important to me

00:39:59.533 --> 00:40:01.143
{\an8}because if you're
not acknowledged,

00:40:01.167 --> 00:40:03.243
{\an8}your reality's
not even acknowledged,

00:40:03.267 --> 00:40:04.609
{\an8}how can your healing begin?

00:40:04.633 --> 00:40:07.676
{\an8}If your perpetrator
is not brought to justice,

00:40:07.700 --> 00:40:08.876
{\an8}how can you ever feel safe?

00:40:08.900 --> 00:40:12.543
{\an8}You can't start healing
until those two things happen.

00:40:12.567 --> 00:40:15.609
{\an8}You need accountability,
you need acknowledgement,

00:40:15.633 --> 00:40:17.176
{\an8}and you need justice,

00:40:17.200 --> 00:40:19.709
{\an8}and then healing
comes after that.

00:40:19.733 --> 00:40:33.409
{\an8}♪

00:40:33.433 --> 00:40:38.643
{\an8}King: I know you're asking
today, "How long will it take?"

00:40:38.667 --> 00:40:40.209
{\an8}Somebody's asking,

00:40:40.233 --> 00:40:44.009
{\an8}"How long will prejudice
blind divisions of men?"

00:40:44.033 --> 00:40:47.109
{\an8}I come to say to you
this afternoon,

00:40:47.133 --> 00:40:49.009
{\an8}however difficult the moment...

00:40:49.033 --> 00:40:49.709
{\an8}Man: Yes, sir.

00:40:49.733 --> 00:40:54.576
{\an8}however frustrating the hour,
it will not be long.

00:40:54.600 --> 00:40:55.576
{\an8}How long?

00:40:55.600 --> 00:41:01.109
{\an8}Not long because the arc
of the moral universe is long,

00:41:01.133 --> 00:41:03.143
{\an8}but it bends towards justice.

00:41:03.167 --> 00:41:04.609
{\an8}Man: Yes, sir.

00:41:04.633 --> 00:41:06.043
{\an8}Koenig: We said, "Never again."

00:41:06.067 --> 00:41:09.943
{\an8}We entered into all of these
treaties and conventions

00:41:09.967 --> 00:41:11.309
{\an8}and created new court systems,

00:41:11.333 --> 00:41:13.143
{\an8}including the International
Criminal Court,

00:41:13.167 --> 00:41:16.543
{\an8}to ensure that there would be
accountability for genocide,

00:41:16.567 --> 00:41:19.143
{\an8}but over and over, we've seen
barriers that have stood

00:41:19.167 --> 00:41:23.443
{\an8}in the way of actually ensuring
that genocide doesn't recur.

00:41:23.467 --> 00:41:28.076
{\an8}These are barriers that
continue to plague us today.

00:41:28.100 --> 00:41:29.643
{\an8}♪

00:41:29.667 --> 00:41:32.109
McGovern: We have to care
about human rights.

00:41:32.133 --> 00:41:34.943
When you see the rise
of hate speech

00:41:34.967 --> 00:41:36.076
{\an8}or the rise of hate crimes

00:41:36.100 --> 00:41:39.309
{\an8}or persecution of
a particular group of people,

00:41:39.333 --> 00:41:41.009
{\an8}you know, that's a warning sign,

00:41:41.033 --> 00:41:45.176
{\an8}and the world community needs
to say that's not acceptable.

00:41:45.200 --> 00:41:50.343
To turn a blind eye
means it just gets worse.

00:41:51.533 --> 00:41:53.876
Kikoler: It's always easy
to make a case

00:41:53.900 --> 00:41:56.143
{\an8}for why not to do something.

00:41:56.167 --> 00:41:58.276
{\an8}It is frustrating to feel

00:41:58.300 --> 00:42:02.109
{\an8}like you are faced
with kind of "Groundhog Day."

00:42:02.133 --> 00:42:03.443
{\an8}It might be a different country,

00:42:03.467 --> 00:42:06.276
{\an8}but it's the same dynamics
over and over again,

00:42:06.300 --> 00:42:08.476
{\an8}and we're trying
to break that cycle.

00:42:08.500 --> 00:42:12.176
{\an8}Coleman: Where we see
evil and where we see genocide

00:42:12.200 --> 00:42:16.243
{\an8}and where we see oppression
and where we see assaults

00:42:16.267 --> 00:42:18.809
{\an8}upon the whole communities,

00:42:18.833 --> 00:42:22.309
{\an8}think we have a moral obligation
to speak out.

00:42:22.333 --> 00:42:24.609
{\an8}And the United States
has sometimes done that

00:42:24.633 --> 00:42:27.643
and sometimes not done that,
thinking often

00:42:27.667 --> 00:42:31.343
that it's going to find
some so-called balance

00:42:31.367 --> 00:42:32.909
between human-rights interests

00:42:32.933 --> 00:42:36.409
and hard security interests
or economic interests.

00:42:36.433 --> 00:42:40.743
{\an8}Koenig: Nowhere is this dilemma
clearer than it is with China.

00:42:40.767 --> 00:42:41.976
{\an8}♪

00:42:42.000 --> 00:42:45.176
{\an8}One of the challenges that
we certainly have with China

00:42:45.200 --> 00:42:47.843
{\an8}is that many of the products
that we're importing

00:42:47.867 --> 00:42:49.076
{\an8}here to the United States

00:42:49.100 --> 00:42:52.243
{\an8}are essentially being made
with slave labor.

00:42:52.267 --> 00:42:52.709
{\an8}♪

00:42:52.733 --> 00:42:56.043
{\an8}Turkel: Uyghurs are the people
who makes the cheap products

00:42:56.067 --> 00:42:57.709
{\an8}that the American consumers buy

00:42:57.733 --> 00:43:01.843
{\an8}in various department stores,
grocery stores.

00:43:01.867 --> 00:43:03.443
{\an8}China is using Uyghur labor

00:43:03.467 --> 00:43:06.376
{\an8}to pollute the global
economic system

00:43:06.400 --> 00:43:10.276
{\an8}with the tainted products
made by modern-day slaves--

00:43:10.300 --> 00:43:12.809
{\an8}anything from sneakers, yarn,

00:43:12.833 --> 00:43:14.809
{\an8}agricultural products,
food products.

00:43:14.833 --> 00:43:17.776
{\an8}Recently we find out that
those forced-labor camps

00:43:17.800 --> 00:43:19.376
{\an8}make solar panels

00:43:19.400 --> 00:43:23.243
{\an8}and more than 80% of the cotton
products made in China

00:43:23.267 --> 00:43:25.676
{\an8}sourced in the Uyghur region.

00:43:25.700 --> 00:43:29.567
{\an8}♪

00:43:33.200 --> 00:43:35.043
{\an8}McGovern: We had a hearing
in the China Commission

00:43:35.067 --> 00:43:36.943
about China hosting
the Olympics.

00:43:36.967 --> 00:43:38.409
{\an8}Jeff Merkley: Welcome
to today's hearing

00:43:38.433 --> 00:43:41.043
{\an8}of the Congressional
Executive Commission on China

00:43:41.067 --> 00:43:43.443
{\an8}on corporate sponsorship
of the 2022...

00:43:43.467 --> 00:43:46.609
{\an8}McGovern: And we had all
the big sponsors of the Olympics

00:43:46.633 --> 00:43:50.576
{\an8}come forward and preface
their remarks by saying,

00:43:50.600 --> 00:43:55.876
{\an8}"As a company, we have
a strong human-rights mission,

00:43:55.900 --> 00:43:57.976
{\an8}just so you know that."

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:02.609
{\an8}I couldn't get one U.S.-based
company in that hearing

00:44:02.633 --> 00:44:05.643
{\an8}to even say that
they're concerned

00:44:05.667 --> 00:44:08.543
{\an8}about what's happening
to the Uyghurs.

00:44:08.567 --> 00:44:10.776
{\an8}Will you support
moving the Olympics

00:44:10.800 --> 00:44:13.843
{\an8}to another city and country?

00:44:13.867 --> 00:44:15.376
{\an8}We support the athletes.

00:44:15.400 --> 00:44:16.476
{\an8}We don't have a position

00:44:16.500 --> 00:44:19.543
{\an8}on if they're going to be
moved or delayed.

00:44:19.567 --> 00:44:22.376
{\an8}We will follow these athletes
wherever they compete,

00:44:22.400 --> 00:44:23.643
{\an8}but we will also continue...

00:44:23.667 --> 00:44:26.543
{\an8}Smith: So if they go
to Pyongyang in North Korea,

00:44:26.567 --> 00:44:27.376
{\an8}that's OK, too?

00:44:27.400 --> 00:44:31.209
{\an8}I mean, seriously,
I mean, your voice matters.

00:44:31.233 --> 00:44:34.009
{\an8}McGovern: They couldn't even
bring themselves to say

00:44:34.033 --> 00:44:39.143
{\an8}those really mild words
slightly critical of China,

00:44:39.167 --> 00:44:43.376
{\an8}and the reason why is because
they're making a lot of money

00:44:43.400 --> 00:44:45.443
{\an8}because China's a big market,
you know,

00:44:45.467 --> 00:44:49.309
{\an8}and they produce some
of their goods cheaply in China,

00:44:49.333 --> 00:44:50.776
{\an8}and at the end of the day,

00:44:50.800 --> 00:44:53.776
{\an8}profit is a higher priority
than human life.

00:44:53.800 --> 00:44:56.609
{\an8}Turkel: Several global brands
have been implicated.

00:44:56.633 --> 00:45:00.876
{\an8}That includes Hugo Boss,
Volkswagen, Nike, Coca-Cola,

00:45:00.900 --> 00:45:03.376
{\an8}and not only
they've been implicated.

00:45:03.400 --> 00:45:07.243
{\an8}What is disturbing is that
they're spending money,

00:45:07.267 --> 00:45:08.343
{\an8}lobbyists in Washington,

00:45:08.367 --> 00:45:12.109
{\an8}pressuring both the executive
branch and legislative branch

00:45:12.133 --> 00:45:14.743
{\an8}of our government
to make it OK

00:45:14.767 --> 00:45:19.076
{\an8}to use products
made by modern-day slaves.

00:45:19.100 --> 00:45:22.176
{\an8}♪

00:45:22.200 --> 00:45:26.576
{\an8}To worry too much about money,
too much about profit,

00:45:26.600 --> 00:45:28.443
{\an8}who's going to draw
the line on the sand

00:45:28.467 --> 00:45:30.409
{\an8}and say,
"No. This has to stop."?

00:45:30.433 --> 00:45:34.043
{\an8}McGovern: I mean, like,
do we have values?

00:45:34.067 --> 00:45:37.609
{\an8}I mean, do we--
Are we who we say we are?

00:45:37.633 --> 00:45:39.576
{\an8}If we are, we got to start
acting like it.

00:45:39.600 --> 00:45:41.776
{\an8}You know, I'm not saying we
should never deal with China,

00:45:41.800 --> 00:45:44.209
{\an8}but I'm simply saying that
in all our dealings with China,

00:45:44.233 --> 00:45:46.743
{\an8}we ought to be talking
about human rights.

00:45:46.767 --> 00:45:47.809
{\an8}Now China's telling us,

00:45:47.833 --> 00:45:49.343
{\an8}"Well, if you want to talk
about the climate crisis,

00:45:49.367 --> 00:45:50.743
{\an8}"you can't talk to us
about the Uyghurs.

00:45:50.767 --> 00:45:53.076
{\an8}"You can't talk to us about
what's happening in Hong Kong.

00:45:53.100 --> 00:45:57.276
{\an8}You can't talk to us about how
we're treating the Tibetans."

00:45:57.300 --> 00:45:59.776
{\an8}Get real. I mean, no!

00:45:59.800 --> 00:46:02.109
{\an8}Buchwald: United States
government, if it is

00:46:02.133 --> 00:46:04.076
{\an8}going to have this policy
of identifying

00:46:04.100 --> 00:46:08.543
{\an8}where genocide has occurred,
should not recoil from doing so

00:46:08.567 --> 00:46:11.876
{\an8}because of the perceived
consequences,

00:46:11.900 --> 00:46:15.643
{\an8}that a much more forthright and
honest and sustainable approach

00:46:15.667 --> 00:46:18.009
{\an8}over time, if you think
there's genocide

00:46:18.033 --> 00:46:21.543
{\an8}and don't think there's anything
you can do about it, say that.

00:46:21.567 --> 00:46:24.476
{\an8}Don't pretend that there
isn't genocide if there is.

00:46:24.500 --> 00:46:27.476
{\an8}Turkel: United States,
as a signatory

00:46:27.500 --> 00:46:29.143
{\an8}to the Genocide Convention,

00:46:29.167 --> 00:46:33.909
{\an8}speaking out on genocide,
it is our treaty obligation.

00:46:33.933 --> 00:46:35.209
{\an8}It's our legal obligation.

00:46:35.233 --> 00:46:37.943
{\an8}Massimino: Human rights
and respect for human rights

00:46:37.967 --> 00:46:40.676
{\an8}is central to achieving

00:46:40.700 --> 00:46:43.809
{\an8}these other so-called
hard national interests,

00:46:43.833 --> 00:46:47.276
and if we ignore
the role of human rights,

00:46:47.300 --> 00:46:50.176
any progress that we might make

00:46:50.200 --> 00:46:54.309
on security and economic
and other interests

00:46:54.333 --> 00:46:58.443
is going to be
fragile and short-lived.

00:46:59.800 --> 00:47:02.576
McGovern: It took forever
to get the Armenian genocide

00:47:02.600 --> 00:47:04.009
formerly recognized
by the United States.

00:47:04.033 --> 00:47:06.809
Why? Oh, because we were afraid
of ticking off Turkey.

00:47:06.833 --> 00:47:09.609
You know, there's
a strategic alliance there.

00:47:09.633 --> 00:47:12.276
"Oh, we don't want
to upset an ally."

00:47:12.300 --> 00:47:13.443
{\an8}History is important.

00:47:13.467 --> 00:47:16.109
{\an8}Reporter: Turkey has fiercely
denied the mass killings

00:47:16.133 --> 00:47:21.009
{\an8}of 1,500,000 Armenian men,
women, and children

00:47:21.033 --> 00:47:23.309
{\an8}was an act of genocide.

00:47:23.333 --> 00:47:24.776
{\an9}"We won't
take any lessons

00:47:24.800 --> 00:47:27.809
{\an8}about our own history
from anyone."

00:47:27.833 --> 00:47:30.276
McGovern: Not acknowledging
the truth is so insulting

00:47:30.300 --> 00:47:32.043
{\an8}and so offensive
to the survivors.

00:47:32.067 --> 00:47:34.843
{\an8}Wassim Cornet: Just a few lines
of a White House statement

00:47:34.867 --> 00:47:37.609
{\an8}which could shake up
the complex relationship

00:47:37.633 --> 00:47:40.409
{\an8}between two crucial
NATO members,

00:47:40.433 --> 00:47:42.009
Joe Biden has recognized

00:47:42.033 --> 00:47:43.643
the massacre of Armenians

00:47:43.667 --> 00:47:45.843
by Ottoman forces in 1915

00:47:45.867 --> 00:47:47.543
as a genocide.

00:47:47.567 --> 00:47:48.776
McGovern: I remember

00:47:48.800 --> 00:47:49.843
when I first got elected

00:47:49.867 --> 00:47:50.776
to Congress, there would be

00:47:50.800 --> 00:47:53.209
{\an8}these annual commemorations
for the Armenian genocide.

00:47:53.233 --> 00:47:54.909
{\an8}I remember being
at an Armenian church

00:47:54.933 --> 00:47:56.543
{\an8}in Worcester, Massachusetts,
where I live,

00:47:56.567 --> 00:48:01.309
{\an8}and, you know, the first few
rows were filled with survivors,

00:48:01.333 --> 00:48:02.876
{\an8}and then it dwindled down,
dwindled down,

00:48:02.900 --> 00:48:06.543
{\an8}and then, I think, the last
survivor died a few years ago,

00:48:06.567 --> 00:48:09.243
{\an8}all these years, people still
showing up to commemorations

00:48:09.267 --> 00:48:13.743
{\an8}just wanting just somebody
to respect them enough

00:48:13.767 --> 00:48:15.309
{\an8}to be able to tell the truth,

00:48:15.333 --> 00:48:18.009
{\an8}and our own government
was so lax in that.

00:48:18.033 --> 00:48:20.143
{\an8}I wish those survivors
could still be around

00:48:20.167 --> 00:48:21.609
{\an8}to see that we actually did it.

00:48:21.633 --> 00:48:25.709
{\an8}Kikoler: We continue to live
in a world where the denial

00:48:25.733 --> 00:48:28.676
{\an8}of genocides that have
been committed is broad.

00:48:28.700 --> 00:48:31.109
{\an8}It's not just Holocaust denial
that we confront.

00:48:31.133 --> 00:48:35.209
{\an8}Setting that historical record
is critically important.

00:48:35.233 --> 00:48:37.809
{\an8}Ideally, what we're
working towards, though,

00:48:37.833 --> 00:48:40.443
{\an8}is a world where
we don't have to do that.

00:48:40.467 --> 00:48:43.943
{\an8}You know, we're trying to move
genocide prevention

00:48:43.967 --> 00:48:48.643
{\an8}from being priority number 200
for government officials

00:48:48.667 --> 00:48:51.943
{\an8}to being priority number 10.

00:48:51.967 --> 00:48:55.543
{\an8}Aguirre: My mom and my aunt,
when they went

00:48:55.567 --> 00:48:58.576
{\an8}under the "Arbeit macht frei"
sign in Auschwitz

00:48:58.600 --> 00:49:02.043
{\an8}after our tour,
my mom and my aunt

00:49:02.067 --> 00:49:05.843
{\an8}held their arms in the air
and said, "We survived,"

00:49:05.867 --> 00:49:09.009
{\an8}and they said,
"... you, Hitler,"

00:49:09.033 --> 00:49:10.576
{\an8}which for my mom

00:49:10.600 --> 00:49:13.276
{\an8}was not in her
normal vocabulary.

00:49:13.300 --> 00:49:16.309
{\an8}They were saying, "Look.
You couldn't kill us all.

00:49:16.333 --> 00:49:18.476
{\an8}"They wanted to kill
all the Jews. Here we are.

00:49:18.500 --> 00:49:21.343
{\an8}I have children.
I have grandchildren."

00:49:21.367 --> 00:49:23.009
{\an8}Buchwald: To think
of "never again"

00:49:23.033 --> 00:49:25.609
{\an8}as an unattainable goal
is the wrong way to look at it.

00:49:25.633 --> 00:49:27.943
{\an8}You know, "never again" comes
from the experience of the Jews

00:49:27.967 --> 00:49:30.809
{\an8}after World War II,
and it's a vow.

00:49:30.833 --> 00:49:34.643
{\an8}The vow is to fight
and to do what can be done.

00:49:34.667 --> 00:49:37.743
{\an8}Robert H. Jackson: The wrongs
which we seek to condemn

00:49:37.767 --> 00:49:41.843
{\an8}and punish have been
so calculated, so malignant,

00:49:41.867 --> 00:49:44.643
{\an8}and so devastating
that civilization

00:49:44.667 --> 00:49:47.876
{\an8}cannot tolerate
their being ignored.

00:49:47.900 --> 00:49:49.109
{\an8}Mason: The spirit's there.

00:49:49.133 --> 00:49:50.809
{\an8}It was there
in all perfectly ordinary

00:49:50.833 --> 00:49:53.843
{\an8}grandfathers and fathers,
mothers and grandmothers.

00:49:53.867 --> 00:49:55.109
{\an8}They weren't heroes or heroines.

00:49:55.133 --> 00:49:56.543
{\an8}They were as ordinary
as we were.

00:49:56.567 --> 00:49:58.609
{\an8}Faced with a danger,
they found the courage,

00:49:58.633 --> 00:50:02.276
{\an8}and they found the humanity and
the connections to do something,

00:50:02.300 --> 00:50:05.076
{\an8}and I think this generation--
far more educated,

00:50:05.100 --> 00:50:08.376
far more knowledgeable,
with far more technology

00:50:08.400 --> 00:50:11.409
at its fingertips--
it can do that again.

00:50:11.433 --> 00:50:15.876
{\an8}Abunama-Elgadi: I remain hopeful
because I choose to.

00:50:15.900 --> 00:50:19.309
{\an8}I could be cynical and just live

00:50:19.333 --> 00:50:23.143
{\an8}with the realities that are,
that people don't care,

00:50:23.167 --> 00:50:24.776
{\an8}but there are people who care.

00:50:24.800 --> 00:50:27.043
{\an8}There are people
who are doing this work.

00:50:27.067 --> 00:50:30.343
{\an8}I think that we are having
a world shift.

00:50:30.367 --> 00:50:32.709
{\an8}We are starting
to wake back up again.

00:50:32.733 --> 00:50:34.709
"Wait a second.
I care about my planet.

00:50:34.733 --> 00:50:37.543
I care about
my fellow neighbor."

00:50:37.567 --> 00:50:40.609
{\an8}Massimino: One of the assets
that we have today

00:50:40.633 --> 00:50:42.443
{\an8}that we did not have
in the earliest days

00:50:42.467 --> 00:50:47.309
{\an8}of the human rights movement is
an uprising of women activists

00:50:47.333 --> 00:50:51.943
{\an8}that have joined forces across
nations to promote human rights.

00:50:51.967 --> 00:50:55.143
{\an8}We have the International
Criminal Court.

00:50:55.167 --> 00:50:57.576
{\an8}Karim A.A. Khan:
The fact we are here today

00:50:57.600 --> 00:50:59.143
{\an8}is a result of partnerships,

00:50:59.167 --> 00:51:02.243
{\an8}that enough good people
banded together

00:51:02.267 --> 00:51:07.976
{\an8}to ensure that allegations
can be subjected to due process.

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:12.343
{\an8}Massimino: We have a network of
organizations and civil society

00:51:12.367 --> 00:51:15.509
{\an8}around the world that are
focused on trying to prevent

00:51:15.533 --> 00:51:19.776
{\an8}crimes against humanity, and
that is the profound difference.

00:51:19.800 --> 00:51:23.209
{\an8}Connecting to that common
humanity that we all possess,

00:51:23.233 --> 00:51:27.043
{\an8}the recognition and realization
that we are all human beings,

00:51:27.067 --> 00:51:30.343
{\an8}if we draw the circle there,
ultimately, I think,

00:51:30.367 --> 00:51:32.343
{\an8}a lot of the risks
and vulnerabilities

00:51:32.367 --> 00:51:35.509
{\an8}that authoritarians, fascists,
and others are trying--

00:51:35.533 --> 00:51:37.443
{\an8}the risks they're
trying to create

00:51:37.467 --> 00:51:41.167
{\an8}become much more
difficult to effectuate.

00:51:49.100 --> 00:51:51.433
{\an8}♪

00:52:04.233 --> 00:52:06.409
{\an8}[Indistinct]

00:52:06.433 --> 00:52:08.543
{\an8}Kikoler: If you were to talk
to the average American,

00:52:08.567 --> 00:52:14.043
{\an8}the average Canadian, they don't
want to see genocide occur.

00:52:14.067 --> 00:52:18.476
{\an8}What we need is for people
to be voicing those beliefs

00:52:18.500 --> 00:52:21.843
{\an8}and creating expectations
for their elected officials.

00:52:21.867 --> 00:52:24.809
McGovern: It's incredibly
important that we all understand

00:52:24.833 --> 00:52:27.476
that politicians
work for the people,

00:52:27.500 --> 00:52:29.276
{\an8}but you have to connect with

00:52:29.300 --> 00:52:31.109
{\an8}and communicate
with your elected officials,

00:52:31.133 --> 00:52:33.209
{\an8}and, by the way,
if they don't return your call,

00:52:33.233 --> 00:52:36.343
{\an8}if they don't meet with you,
then don't vote for them.

00:52:36.367 --> 00:52:37.476
{\an8}It's a long, hard journey.

00:52:37.500 --> 00:52:40.643
{\an8}Sometimes it's a journey of
a lifetime or several lifetimes.

00:52:40.667 --> 00:52:42.176
{\an8}We just can't give up.

00:52:42.200 --> 00:52:45.976
{\an8}Schmidt: The things I do
is what I set out to change,

00:52:46.000 --> 00:52:48.143
{\an8}and I think everybody
can do that, too.

00:52:48.167 --> 00:52:51.476
{\an8}Everybody can make small changes
in their own world

00:52:51.500 --> 00:52:53.809
{\an8}and not feel like
they're overwhelmed

00:52:53.833 --> 00:52:55.843
{\an8}trying to change
the whole world.

00:52:55.867 --> 00:52:58.243
{\an8}Kikoler: What do you want to
at the end of your life

00:52:58.267 --> 00:53:02.709
{\an8}look back on and say that you
feel proud about having done?

00:53:02.733 --> 00:53:05.843
{\an8}What do you want
to be on your tombstone?

00:53:05.867 --> 00:53:10.909
{\an8}What I hope is that each of us
in our own way

00:53:10.933 --> 00:53:14.643
{\an8}says that we have tried to do
everything that we can

00:53:14.667 --> 00:53:19.743
{\an8}to help build a better world
and help protect people

00:53:19.767 --> 00:53:24.209
{\an8}who are the most vulnerable
of vulnerable.

00:53:24.233 --> 00:53:27.643
{\an8}♪

00:53:27.667 --> 00:53:31.309
{\an8}That's what I'd like
each of us to ask ourselves.

00:53:31.333 --> 00:53:32.743
{\an8}You have one life.

00:53:32.767 --> 00:53:38.176
{\an8}If you can in a small way
help...

00:53:38.200 --> 00:53:40.443
{\an8}protect others,

00:53:40.467 --> 00:53:43.743
{\an8}I hope that you
take those steps to do it.

00:53:43.767 --> 00:55:35.100
{\an8}♪

00:55:37.867 --> 00:55:40.476
{\an8}Announcer: To learn more
about this program,

00:55:40.500 --> 00:55:41.809
{\an8}meet the people who are in it,

00:55:41.833 --> 00:55:45.043
{\an8}and how the film was made,
please visit our website

00:55:45.067 --> 00:55:49.176
{\an8}at thebrokenpromisefilm.com.

00:55:49.200 --> 00:55:52.733
{\an8}♪

00:55:55.867 --> 00:55:59.200
{\an8}♪

00:56:00.133 --> 00:56:03.000
{\an8}♪