WEBVTT

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(ambient music)

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♪

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(narrator)
A roof terrace.

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A primary school
with a paddling pool.

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A movie screen
made of concrete.

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A sports hall.

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♪

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Inside, corridors
that stretch 150 meters.

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337 apartments
for 1,600 residents

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under one roof.

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Supermarket, bakery,
hairdresser, butcher, library,

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all built on a human scale.

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Cité Radieuse,
The Radiant City,

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on the outskirts of Marseille.

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A vision of the residential
building of the future.

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A building like a small city,

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conceived and built
last century

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by architect Le Corbusier.

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On the other side of the world,

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the barrio Picacho

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in Colombia\'s Medellín.

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Here, 250,000 people

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are crammed into
the smallest of space.

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A neighborhood built
and expanded by its residents.

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The north and the south.

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The yesterday and the today.

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(hooves clopping)

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♪

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The 20th century
was rich in visions of utopia

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and better societies.

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The question was
how to build a new world

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and who could build it.

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A small art college
in the German provinces

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played a key role
in all that.

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Its vision stretches
right up to the present day.

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♪

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When you think of Bauhaus,

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you think of
modern architecture,

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beautiful design,
and colorful figures.

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But it was first
and foremost a school,

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a campus home for utopians,
inventors, and dreamers.

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In the 1930s,

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Bauhaus protagonist
Xanti Schawinsky

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posed a question
of whether the aim was

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to design the environment
or redesign the world.

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Good question,

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then and now.

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In the 1990s,

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Stephen Kovats developed
media art projects

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and exhibitions

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at Bauhaus Dessau.

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(Kovats)
When I first came in 1989

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just a few days after
the fall of the Berlin Wall,

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I wasn\'t even sure back then

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as an architecture student
in Canada

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if the Bauhaus as a building
in East Germany still existed,

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whether it was still there
or a ruin or fenced in,

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but I had to find it.

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For me, the Bauhaus was
one of the most important icons

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of the 20th century.

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As I arrived in Dessau
and came closer,

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wow, yes, this Bauhaus
actually did exist.

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Amazing!

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Today, we see
that the Bauhaus buildings

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are still here,

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while the furniture
and design objects

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are mostly stored away
in museums and warehouses.

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But for us,

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we never wanted
to see the Bauhaus reduced

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to simply being a museum

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but to persevere as a piece
of living architecture

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with functions
that have sense today.

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However, the whole story
of the Bauhaus

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didn\'t begin in Dessau at all
but in Weimar.

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(narrator)
Weimar. Goethe. Schiller.

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No place is more evocative
of the German classics.

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Conservative
and ultra provincial.

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It was here that Berlin
architect Walter Gropius

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founded the Staatliches Bauhaus,

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known to us simply
as Bauhaus,

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in 1919.

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So it was here
of all places

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that people flocked
with dreams of building

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the cathedrals of the future,

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of crystal cloud cuckoo lands,

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of new beginnings

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after the disaster
that was World War I.

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Of new people,
who could overcome anything--

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the disaffections of work,

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the division of soul and body,

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the wretched circumstances
of life.

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(layered rhythmic music)

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♪

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If you want vision,
you need visionaries.

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Building the future required
new master builders.

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But they could not be trained
by the legacy architects.

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(shrill, jazzy music
playing in classroom)

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♪

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♪

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(electronic music)

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♪

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(narrator)
If you are
a computer scientist

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who practices
martial arts,

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you can go from there
to street dancing

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and from street dancing
to contemporary dance.

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You can receive as a gift
a book of Kandinsky

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at just the right moment.

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You can put it
all together yourself.

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There are pearls strewn
on every path.

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♪

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♪

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♪

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♪

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♪

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(narrator)
In the year 2011,

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designer Rosan Bosch
was tasked with designing

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a school in Stockholm

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that the children
never wanted to leave.

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The result was a school
without a single classroom.

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(children\'s chatter)

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(Bosch)
We are
a multidisciplinary studio

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working with art, design,
and architecture.

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We create design as a tool.

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So our goal is not
creating lovely design things,

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but our goal is
influencing the society

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with our work.

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(children\'s chatter)

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Society has always
been changing,

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but I think that
there are some big challenges,

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some kind of
fundamental changes

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happening right now.

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So, in a way,
we actually don\'t really know

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what children have to learn
in order to be best prepared

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for the future of tomorrow.

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But I know one thing,

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that if these children
have learned

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the tools how to learn,

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have learned
to know themselves,

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what their possibilities are,

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and they feel confident
with themselves,

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and they have experienced
the joy of learning,

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and learning is just fun,
it\'s great,

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it\'s a good thing for me,
it makes me feel good,

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then they\'re best prepared
for this future.

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This is actually originally
an old industrial space.

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It\'s very open,

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but the space is divided
with different elements,

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creating space
inside a space.

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Behind me, you can see
the blue mountain,

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the core of the school,

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which is like
a theater space.

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Inside the mountain,

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we have a small red dark,
like, cinema,

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and also a cave space.

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You can go in here
and be alone and for yourself.

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On this side
of the mountain,

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we have a different kind
of open space,

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with small group spaces,
the houses,

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which are actually spaces for
groups to work and dialogue,

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what we call campfire spots.

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And, yeah,
and with me here,

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I\'m also carrying one of
the specialties of the school.

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This is a little carpet,

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and as you can see,

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you can carry it around.

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And I think that
for some kind of reason,

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this is the core
of what Vittra School is about.

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It\'s about giving
the children the opportunity

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to be active
instead of passive.

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It\'s this change
were you can actually be

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where you need to be,

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according to your learning.

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(children\'s chatter)

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Now, you\'re walking
around a mountain,

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and as you can see,

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this is actually a way
of dividing the space

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in different areas,

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and we have platforms
in the window,

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which is like a space to sit
when you want to be

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a bit separate

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and maybe you need
to concentrate

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or you want to be
a bit more private.

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(children\'s chatter)

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(speaking foreign language)

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(reciting in foreign language)

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(children\'s chatter)

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(Bosch)
It\'s kind of a weird concept

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that our mind
is separated from our body

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and that we learn
with our minds, our brain,

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and not with our body,
which is completely absurd.

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It\'s obvious
that our body is kind of

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the shell that creates
our understanding

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of the world,

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and we do interact,
you know,

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we modificate our movements,

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our way of communicating
with each other

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in accordance to
the physical space

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and the objects in it
that are surrounding us.

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We change our way of walking

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depending on what kind
of landscape we\'re in,

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and we change our way
of communicating with each other

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depending on, you know,

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the context
that is surrounding us,

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whatever--yeah.

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So, for me,
I think that design is about

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body.

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(chuckles)

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(children\'s chatter)

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(indistinct conversations)

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(percussive electronic music)

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♪

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(narrator)
The Bauhaus School was
a foreign body in Weimar,

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subject to hostility.

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It disturbed and shocked.

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The students flew kites
in the middle of the city.

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They had parties,

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walked around like punks.

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And whatever they were
learning there

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seemed complete nonsense

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and was highly dubious.

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♪

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Bauhaus had to justify
its existence,

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and in 1923,

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it mounted a large exhibition.

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Oskar Schlemmer painted
murals in the school\'s stairway

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for the occasion,

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with his vision of humanity.

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(Kovats)
This entire stairway
was painted such,

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with its tonality,

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the structure
of its colors

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from the ceiling
all the way down,

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that it would be understood
by Schlemmer

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to be all about the flow
and perception of space,

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that in fact, it was
a type of design lesson.

00:22:34.166 --> 00:22:37.166
(speaking German)

00:22:39.166 --> 00:22:41.166
As with many other
Bauhaus details,

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this painting by Schlemmer
formed a part of his teachings,

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about the way in which
the body in space

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and scale and movement worked.

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Essentially, this was
Schlemmer\'s thesis.

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The humans are not
spiritually autonomous beings

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but, rather, spatial figures

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that define the space
around them.

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(speaking German)

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Then, when the Nazis
came to power

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in the Thuringian
state parliament in 1930,

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they painted over
the complete work of art.

00:23:25.999 --> 00:23:27.208
(narrator)
It was clear:

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Bauhaus had no future
in Weimar.

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But it wasn\'t just
political pressure

00:23:32.041 --> 00:23:33.291
that drove Walter Gropius

00:23:33.291 --> 00:23:36.417
to seek out
a new place for the school.

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He wanted the school
to reinvent itself,

00:23:39.500 --> 00:23:43.291
to move away from the idea
of artisan craftspeople,

00:23:43.291 --> 00:23:46.792
and work together
with industry.

00:23:48.500 --> 00:23:50.041
The Haus am Horn building
in Weimar

00:23:50.041 --> 00:23:54.083
was the first concrete example
of the movement\'s new watchword,

00:23:54.083 --> 00:23:56.166
a unity of art
and engineering.

00:23:56.166 --> 00:23:59.375
Together, artists and engineers
would be able to design

00:23:59.375 --> 00:24:02.999
a better world
for everyone.

00:24:09.625 --> 00:24:10.375
In the end,

00:24:10.375 --> 00:24:12.792
Bauhaus moved the school
in 1925

00:24:12.792 --> 00:24:14.667
to the industrial city
of Dessau,

00:24:14.667 --> 00:24:18.041
at the time, one of Germany\'s
high-tech centers.

00:24:18.041 --> 00:24:21.083
While the new school building
designed by Walter Gropius

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was being built,

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the Bauhaus students
were already working

00:24:24.500 --> 00:24:26.834
on the interior fittings.

00:24:26.834 --> 00:24:29.583
(bright ambient music)

00:24:29.583 --> 00:24:30.959
And so it came to stand,

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almost floating
in the open space,

00:24:33.250 --> 00:24:36.125
like the embodiment
of the idea of harmony

00:24:36.125 --> 00:24:39.417
between reason and beauty.

00:24:39.417 --> 00:25:25.291
♪

00:25:25.291 --> 00:25:28.291
(speaking German)

00:25:28.625 --> 00:25:30.875
(Kovats)
Of course, we know
that the building was

00:25:30.875 --> 00:25:32.375
some kind of experiment.

00:25:32.375 --> 00:25:33.291
It was an experiment about

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the state of architecture
itself,

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:38.792
as well as being an experiment
for the students.

00:25:38.792 --> 00:25:41.333
(speaking German)

00:25:41.333 --> 00:25:44.417
One can also see how
the building actually functions

00:25:44.417 --> 00:25:45.959
like a sort of machine.

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It\'s all mechanical,

00:25:46.792 --> 00:25:49.041
full of industrialized
elements.

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The Bauhaus moved far away
from its Arts and Crafts roots,

00:25:53.333 --> 00:25:54.166
and with this building,

00:25:54.166 --> 00:25:57.250
it jumped straight into
the industrial era.

00:25:57.250 --> 00:26:01.458
(speaking German)

00:26:20.583 --> 00:26:23.417
(speaking German)

00:26:23.417 --> 00:26:25.709
The Bauhaus was something
of a gezaäähmt kunstrecht,

00:26:25.709 --> 00:26:28.999
in which everyone participated
in its architectural

00:26:28.999 --> 00:26:30.417
and interior design.

00:26:30.417 --> 00:26:32.375
Here in the auditorium,
for example,

00:26:32.375 --> 00:26:34.875
the seating was designed
by Marcel Breuer,

00:26:34.875 --> 00:26:37.208
installed and even tested
by him.

00:26:37.208 --> 00:26:39.291
That was also in itself
a form of experiment,

00:26:39.291 --> 00:26:43.917
to see how the fabric
in its materiality functioned.

00:26:43.917 --> 00:26:46.917
(speaking German)

00:26:49.125 --> 00:26:52.458
Moholy-Nagy designed,
tested, and implemented

00:26:52.458 --> 00:26:54.083
the lighting systems.

00:26:54.083 --> 00:26:54.959
In a certain sense,

00:26:54.959 --> 00:26:56.542
one can say that the Bauhaus was

00:26:56.542 --> 00:26:58.959
a form of proof of concept.

00:26:58.959 --> 00:27:00.125
There was the opportunity here,

00:27:00.125 --> 00:27:02.458
because they were working
with students

00:27:02.458 --> 00:27:03.291
to try things out,

00:27:03.291 --> 00:27:07.959
things that were not necessarily
immediately made public.

00:27:07.959 --> 00:27:10.959
(speaking German)

00:27:15.667 --> 00:27:18.667
(speaking German)

00:27:19.709 --> 00:27:21.750
There were a number
of trade workshops

00:27:21.750 --> 00:27:22.834
at the Bauhaus:

00:27:22.834 --> 00:27:24.667
a carpentry workshop,

00:27:24.667 --> 00:27:26.000
a printing workshop,

00:27:26.000 --> 00:27:26.834
a weaving workshop.

00:27:26.834 --> 00:27:29.792
This is where the students
were able to put into practice

00:27:29.792 --> 00:27:31.625
the theory of their studies.

00:27:31.625 --> 00:27:33.166
This gave birth
to the alternative

00:27:33.166 --> 00:27:37.458
pedagogical catchphrase
\"learning by doing.\"

00:27:37.458 --> 00:27:38.959
Next to the artistic directors,

00:27:38.959 --> 00:27:40.834
there was also
a master craftsperson

00:27:40.834 --> 00:27:43.083
guiding the students
with technical skills

00:27:43.083 --> 00:27:44.417
so that at the end
of their studies,

00:27:44.417 --> 00:27:48.959
they also received an official
apprenticeship certificate.

00:27:48.959 --> 00:27:50.000
The Bauhaus masters,

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:51.166
including Gropius himself,

00:27:51.166 --> 00:27:53.166
coerced most of
the female students

00:27:53.166 --> 00:27:54.834
into the weaving workshop.

00:27:54.834 --> 00:27:55.999
Marianne Brandt
was the only one

00:27:55.999 --> 00:28:00.875
who made it in to
Moholy-Nagy\'s metal workshop.

00:28:00.875 --> 00:28:03.875
(speaking German)

00:28:13.208 --> 00:28:16.667
(percussive music)

00:28:16.667 --> 00:28:51.667
♪

00:28:51.667 --> 00:28:54.667
(speaking German)

00:28:56.291 --> 00:28:58.917
Here,
in Marianne Brandt\'s room,

00:28:58.917 --> 00:29:00.709
one can get a hint
of this feeling

00:29:00.709 --> 00:29:01.917
of community spirit.

00:29:01.917 --> 00:29:05.417
And in this residence section
of the Bauhaus, the atelier,

00:29:05.417 --> 00:29:08.333
is where both students
and teachers came together.

00:29:08.333 --> 00:29:09.875
These were people
from countries

00:29:09.875 --> 00:29:10.709
all over the place,

00:29:10.709 --> 00:29:12.667
speaking all sorts
of languages.

00:29:12.667 --> 00:29:15.750
So there was a huge
cacophony of sounds.

00:29:15.750 --> 00:29:17.583
These walls were
super porous,

00:29:17.583 --> 00:29:18.917
without any soundproofing,

00:29:18.917 --> 00:29:20.792
so one could hear
everything going on

00:29:20.792 --> 00:29:23.417
throughout the whole building.

00:29:23.417 --> 00:29:26.417
(speaking German)

00:29:31.458 --> 00:29:34.583
The balconies were also
an extremely important

00:29:34.583 --> 00:29:35.750
element of the rooms.

00:29:35.750 --> 00:29:37.709
They were part of the
communication structure,

00:29:37.709 --> 00:29:40.583
in a sense, part of the
basic concept of the Bauhaus,

00:29:40.583 --> 00:29:43.625
whereby people could speak with
and wave to each other,

00:29:43.625 --> 00:29:46.041
and if they hadn\'t already
introduced each other

00:29:46.041 --> 00:29:47.125
through the walls,

00:29:47.125 --> 00:29:50.166
they could do so
outside on the facade.

00:29:50.166 --> 00:29:51.000
In principle,

00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:52.750
just as the Bauhaus itself
sought to link

00:29:52.750 --> 00:29:55.959
all these various layers
of meaning with each other,

00:29:55.959 --> 00:29:58.041
the balconies were
a connecting element

00:29:58.041 --> 00:29:59.542
between outside and inside,

00:29:59.542 --> 00:30:02.792
as well as creating a vertical
communication structure

00:30:02.792 --> 00:30:05.375
that is seen
throughout the building.

00:30:05.375 --> 00:30:08.375
(speaking German)

00:30:14.583 --> 00:30:17.583
(distant chatter)

00:30:20.999 --> 00:30:24.125
(indistinct conversations)

00:31:02.208 --> 00:31:05.999
(shrill, percussive music)

00:31:05.999 --> 00:32:07.792
♪

00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:38.875
(birdsong)

00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:25.875
(birdsong)

00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:12.000
(speaking German)

00:35:13.041 --> 00:35:14.999
(Kovats)
That which stood here earlier,

00:35:14.999 --> 00:35:16.333
the Gropius Masters\' House,

00:35:16.333 --> 00:35:18.375
essentially
the director\'s house,

00:35:18.375 --> 00:35:19.458
was lost during the war.

00:35:19.458 --> 00:35:22.583
Afterwards, there was simply
a little East German house

00:35:22.583 --> 00:35:23.208
here on the site

00:35:23.208 --> 00:35:25.417
that was occupied
in a completely normal way.

00:35:25.417 --> 00:35:29.041
Bombs also destroyed half
of the adjacent Masters\' House,

00:35:29.041 --> 00:35:30.208
and when I came here,

00:35:30.208 --> 00:35:35.583
these were all just being used
as regular residential houses.

00:35:40.250 --> 00:35:40.917
A few years ago,

00:35:40.917 --> 00:35:43.458
this abstracted element
was added to give a sense

00:35:43.458 --> 00:35:47.625
of how the ensemble
as a whole functioned.

00:35:54.625 --> 00:35:56.667
(narrator)
The Masters\' Houses
were considered a model

00:35:56.667 --> 00:35:59.041
of modern
residential building.

00:35:59.041 --> 00:36:01.250
Gropius\'s wife Ise
and her friends

00:36:01.250 --> 00:36:03.208
even appeared in
a kind of training film

00:36:03.208 --> 00:36:07.625
to demonstrate the culture
of \"modern living.\"

00:36:07.625 --> 00:36:10.417
(playful, old-timey music)

00:36:10.417 --> 00:36:58.999
♪

00:37:15.166 --> 00:37:16.458
Most people, however,

00:37:16.458 --> 00:37:18.250
had no access
to lovely homes

00:37:18.250 --> 00:37:21.250
and cleverly constructed
buildings.

00:37:21.250 --> 00:37:22.333
Quite the opposite.

00:37:22.333 --> 00:37:24.375
So Walter Gropius built
one of the first

00:37:24.375 --> 00:37:25.917
estates of row houses,

00:37:25.917 --> 00:37:27.667
in Dessau\'s Toöörten sector,

00:37:27.667 --> 00:37:30.166
erected according
to industrial principles

00:37:30.166 --> 00:37:32.959
on the assembly line,
as it were.

00:37:32.959 --> 00:37:35.834
Each apartment was built
in less than two days.

00:37:35.834 --> 00:37:38.000
The foreman was
engineer Ernst Neufert,

00:37:38.000 --> 00:37:39.375
who had also
overseen construction

00:37:39.375 --> 00:37:44.041
of the Bauhaus school
buildings in Dessau.

00:37:44.041 --> 00:37:46.041
(speaking German)

00:37:46.041 --> 00:37:46.999
(Kovats)
Without standards,

00:37:46.999 --> 00:37:49.500
the systems of modularity
which create the basis

00:37:49.500 --> 00:37:52.000
of our contemporary
industrial era

00:37:52.000 --> 00:37:54.834
would not be possible.

00:37:58.542 --> 00:38:01.333
(speaking German)

00:38:01.333 --> 00:38:03.250
Ernst Neufert\'s
architects data.

00:38:03.250 --> 00:38:06.542
It\'s actually unbelievable
what all he incorporated

00:38:06.542 --> 00:38:07.917
into his norms.

00:38:07.917 --> 00:38:09.542
Every element of construction,

00:38:09.542 --> 00:38:12.250
the way in which people move
within buildings,

00:38:12.250 --> 00:38:15.583
in rooms, and spaces
was measured.

00:38:15.583 --> 00:38:18.083
This was done with
what one could call

00:38:18.083 --> 00:38:19.834
such a sense of precision

00:38:19.834 --> 00:38:22.959
that both an absolute
minimum amount of space

00:38:22.959 --> 00:38:26.583
as well as the ideal
amount of space required

00:38:26.583 --> 00:38:28.709
can be surmised.

00:38:28.709 --> 00:38:32.917
(speaking German)

00:38:35.750 --> 00:38:37.999
One can even see here
how far back

00:38:37.999 --> 00:38:38.999
a chair can be placed

00:38:38.999 --> 00:38:44.417
in order that the waiter
can get by in the given space.

00:38:47.000 --> 00:38:50.000
(speaking German)

00:38:51.999 --> 00:38:53.542
Here, for example,
one can see

00:38:53.542 --> 00:38:55.208
that the toilet paper roll
should be

00:38:55.208 --> 00:38:57.999
17 centimeters
by 26 centimeters

00:38:57.999 --> 00:39:00.709
and sit 70 centimeters
above ground.

00:39:00.709 --> 00:39:03.875
The human figure was meant
to have a certain size.

00:39:03.875 --> 00:39:06.041
And one was too big,
they wouldn\'t fit.

00:39:06.041 --> 00:39:09.959
And even if they were too small,
it wouldn\'t work.

00:39:09.959 --> 00:39:12.709
Here, we have the desired
optimum of space

00:39:12.709 --> 00:39:16.333
such that one can comfortably
get a towel around the body

00:39:16.333 --> 00:39:19.125
to nicely dry the back.

00:39:19.125 --> 00:39:22.125
(speaking German)

00:39:23.917 --> 00:39:27.166
And of course, the space between
the bathtub and the wall

00:39:27.166 --> 00:39:29.709
is very important
when one bends over

00:39:29.709 --> 00:39:31.834
to clean the tub.

00:39:31.834 --> 00:39:34.583
(speaking German)

00:39:34.583 --> 00:39:36.500
Basically, it\'s a catalogue
of the history

00:39:36.500 --> 00:39:40.208
of the German culture
of standards and norms.

00:39:40.208 --> 00:39:42.959
Effectively,
Neufert\'s mantra was

00:39:42.959 --> 00:39:44.625
how to build a space
efficiently

00:39:44.625 --> 00:39:49.792
with the most ideal
and minimal use of materials.

00:40:01.208 --> 00:40:04.250
(bright ambient music)

00:40:04.250 --> 00:41:44.500
♪

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:28.208
(narrator)
As a young girl,

00:42:28.208 --> 00:42:29.417
Miss Anton moved
with her parents

00:42:29.417 --> 00:42:31.458
from a cramped, dark
working class apartment

00:42:31.458 --> 00:42:34.500
into this small house
with a garden,

00:42:34.500 --> 00:42:37.458
a huge step forward.

00:43:56.834 --> 00:43:59.875
(traffic, passing siren)

00:44:05.542 --> 00:44:07.333
(faint hammering)

00:46:37.750 --> 00:46:41.000
(speaking German)

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:43.875
(playful, old-timey music)

00:46:43.875 --> 00:46:47.500
♪

00:46:47.500 --> 00:46:48.917
(horn honking)

00:46:48.917 --> 00:47:08.291
♪

00:47:08.291 --> 00:47:10.999
(construction sounds)

00:47:10.999 --> 00:47:11.792
(horn honking)

00:47:11.792 --> 00:47:12.542
(car horn honking)

00:47:12.542 --> 00:47:13.750
(banging)

00:47:13.750 --> 00:47:16.792
(murmur of conversation)

00:47:19.166 --> 00:47:22.291
(narrator)
How do you build a city
for everyone?

00:47:22.291 --> 00:47:22.875
Urban-Think Tank,

00:47:22.875 --> 00:47:25.667
a collective of architects
and urban planners,

00:47:25.667 --> 00:47:26.999
works with its students
in Zurich

00:47:26.999 --> 00:47:31.542
developing concepts for
the city of the 21st century.

00:47:32.500 --> 00:47:35.542
(murmur of conversation)

00:47:36.875 --> 00:47:39.750
(Klumpner)
We have to train a new
generation of architects

00:47:39.750 --> 00:47:41.750
to engage, to align interests,

00:47:41.750 --> 00:47:45.041
to understand actually
what the challenges are

00:47:45.041 --> 00:47:47.041
and prepare them
for a profession

00:47:47.041 --> 00:47:51.041
which is not anymore
building one sustainable house

00:47:51.041 --> 00:47:53.875
with photovoltaic
panels on the roof

00:47:53.875 --> 00:47:56.667
in the countryside
of Switzerland,

00:47:56.667 --> 00:47:58.166
freestanding,
eating up land,

00:47:58.166 --> 00:48:03.125
but building a dense,
socially challenged environment

00:48:03.125 --> 00:48:05.083
in the places where it matters.

00:48:05.083 --> 00:48:07.834
(mellow funky music)

00:48:07.834 --> 00:48:19.875
♪

00:48:19.875 --> 00:48:21.375
(narrator)
In Latin America,

00:48:21.375 --> 00:48:23.959
as much as 95% of the population

00:48:23.959 --> 00:48:25.709
lives in the cities.

00:48:25.709 --> 00:48:28.208
They are no longer able
to eke out an existence

00:48:28.208 --> 00:48:29.750
in the countryside.

00:48:29.750 --> 00:48:30.583
They escape to the cities

00:48:30.583 --> 00:48:33.709
and look for a free spot
to build themselves a hut.

00:48:33.709 --> 00:48:36.125
Urban-Think Tank has been
working in the slums

00:48:36.125 --> 00:48:39.542
of the southern hemisphere
for 20 years.

00:48:39.542 --> 00:48:50.458
♪

00:48:50.458 --> 00:48:52.500
(Klumpner)
A traditional city is built

00:48:52.500 --> 00:48:54.542
by requiring a land title,

00:48:54.542 --> 00:48:55.709
making a plan,

00:48:55.709 --> 00:48:56.583
building a house,

00:48:56.583 --> 00:48:58.458
and moving into that house.

00:48:58.458 --> 00:49:00.166
And if you look at slum areas,

00:49:00.166 --> 00:49:01.458
it\'s the exact opposite.

00:49:01.458 --> 00:49:04.500
You move on a site with nothing,
you build,

00:49:04.500 --> 00:49:07.917
perhaps at some moment
you will get a land title,

00:49:07.917 --> 00:49:11.792
and it\'s in this inversiveness
of things,

00:49:11.792 --> 00:49:14.166
in this collateral thinking,

00:49:14.166 --> 00:49:17.166
in this lack of regulations
and norms,

00:49:17.166 --> 00:49:20.834
that those are actually places
of innovation,

00:49:20.834 --> 00:49:23.208
not only of misery.

00:50:22.542 --> 00:50:25.750
(man speaking over loudspeaker)

00:50:31.041 --> 00:50:34.208
(distant whistle blowing)

00:50:50.208 --> 00:50:53.125
(Brillembourg)
Right in front of you,
you have gas tanks.

00:50:53.125 --> 00:50:55.542
Over there,
you have the main bus terminal.

00:50:55.542 --> 00:50:58.125
The train station is
just a little further,

00:50:58.125 --> 00:51:00.333
the subway stop,
the bus terminal.

00:51:00.333 --> 00:51:02.333
They come,
they cross the bridge,

00:51:02.333 --> 00:51:06.000
and the first barrio
that they hit

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:08.208
as refugees coming
from the countryside

00:51:08.208 --> 00:51:13.000
is the barrio of Moravia
in Oasis on the upper level.

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:16.917
So we\'re right at the heart
of the beginning

00:51:16.917 --> 00:51:20.125
of what we call
temporary housing,

00:51:20.125 --> 00:51:20.999
informal housing,

00:51:20.999 --> 00:51:24.500
or we can call it
first step housing.

00:51:24.500 --> 00:51:26.375
It\'s the first step you take

00:51:26.375 --> 00:51:29.792
when you decide to come
to the city.

00:51:31.542 --> 00:51:36.041
(Klumpner)
It is this barrio,
slum-like development

00:51:36.041 --> 00:51:37.750
that people can afford

00:51:37.750 --> 00:51:39.333
and where
they can find roots

00:51:39.333 --> 00:51:45.750
and develop that into perhaps
even consolidated neighborhoods.

00:51:57.458 --> 00:52:03.500
So even if people manage
to bring the first stronghold,

00:52:03.500 --> 00:52:06.083
put their foot
in the urban territory,

00:52:06.083 --> 00:52:07.458
they need assistance,

00:52:07.458 --> 00:52:09.583
so we need to incorporate today,

00:52:09.583 --> 00:52:11.125
in these settlements,

00:52:11.125 --> 00:52:15.166
we have to bring, like,
acupuncture points,

00:52:15.166 --> 00:52:16.583
infrastructures in.

00:52:16.583 --> 00:52:18.208
We have to bring
new buildings in

00:52:18.208 --> 00:52:20.667
that are beyond the reach
of the people.

00:52:20.667 --> 00:52:23.333
They cannot build
a bigger hall,

00:52:23.333 --> 00:52:24.999
a roofed city hall.

00:52:24.999 --> 00:52:27.166
They cannot build a schoolhouse.

00:52:27.166 --> 00:52:30.166
They\'re not going to build
public spaces.

00:52:30.166 --> 00:52:31.709
They need assistance.

00:52:31.709 --> 00:52:34.542
They cannot be left alone.

00:52:47.000 --> 00:52:50.417
(narrator)
Apart from lots carved out
for sporting activities,

00:52:50.417 --> 00:52:53.375
there\'s very little open space
in slum lands.

00:52:53.375 --> 00:52:55.999
Urban-Think Tank builds
upwards on those plots

00:52:55.999 --> 00:52:58.709
so they can be used
for a variety of purposes.

00:52:58.709 --> 00:53:02.125
The concept is called
a vertical gym.

00:53:02.125 --> 00:53:04.917
(Klumpner)
A vertical gym is obviously
a lot more

00:53:04.917 --> 00:53:06.166
than a sports structure.

00:53:06.166 --> 00:53:08.041
And you can do basically
everything there,

00:53:08.041 --> 00:53:11.208
from art, music school,
to a community center,

00:53:11.208 --> 00:53:13.083
whatever you want to do
on a sports field.

00:53:13.083 --> 00:53:15.999
It is again a piece
of infrastructure,

00:53:15.999 --> 00:53:16.709
a commitment,

00:53:16.709 --> 00:53:19.959
a visible transformation
of the neighborhood

00:53:19.959 --> 00:53:23.375
which is run by
the neighborhood.

00:53:23.999 --> 00:53:25.834
(indistinct chatter)

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:27.709
(narrator)
The vertical gym in Caracas

00:53:27.709 --> 00:53:30.458
attracts 15,000 visitors
per month,

00:53:30.458 --> 00:53:34.875
and neighborhood crime
has dropped by 30%.

00:53:35.500 --> 00:53:37.083
(Klumpner)
We also figured out, again,

00:53:37.083 --> 00:53:39.250
that actually
the martial arts area

00:53:39.250 --> 00:53:42.458
was also used as a kindergarten
and so forth.

00:53:42.458 --> 00:53:43.959
So people are very inventive

00:53:43.959 --> 00:53:45.750
once you give them a space

00:53:45.750 --> 00:53:47.208
that can be programmed freely.

00:53:47.208 --> 00:53:51.208
It is probably the biggest
pick-up place for young people,

00:53:51.208 --> 00:53:54.250
and we build another one
in Baruta,

00:53:54.250 --> 00:53:56.875
we build another one in Petare,

00:53:56.875 --> 00:53:58.792
in El Dorado,

00:53:58.792 --> 00:54:02.417
and it has become a system
that is replicable.

00:54:02.417 --> 00:54:06.542
And right now we\'re actually
looking at Medellín,

00:54:06.542 --> 00:54:09.583
where the mayor of Medellín
invited us

00:54:09.583 --> 00:54:10.750
where we need actually to attend

00:54:10.750 --> 00:54:13.083
an increasing number
of young population

00:54:13.083 --> 00:54:15.667
where such a vertical gym
makes a real difference

00:54:15.667 --> 00:54:18.709
in the day-to-day life
of those people.

00:54:18.709 --> 00:54:24.834
♪

00:54:34.417 --> 00:54:36.875
(Brillembourg)
Well, I measured that it\'s...

00:54:36.875 --> 00:54:38.959
from that tree to that wall,

00:54:38.959 --> 00:54:40.625
you have about 35 meters.

00:54:40.625 --> 00:54:41.959
-And we need 25, so...
-Right.

00:54:41.959 --> 00:54:43.792
So we need 25,
so we\'ve got space there.

00:54:43.792 --> 00:54:46.667
-It is sort of...
-Well, and then you can have

00:54:46.667 --> 00:54:47.458
the running track going around,

00:54:47.458 --> 00:54:51.125
which can connect with
a bridge into the school.

00:54:51.125 --> 00:54:54.792
(man rapping
in foreign language)

00:54:54.792 --> 00:54:59.500
♪

00:55:21.083 --> 00:55:23.542
♪

00:55:23.542 --> 00:55:26.000
(Brillembourg)
It\'s about 100,000 people

00:55:26.000 --> 00:55:28.166
living in this bowl,
this neighborhood,

00:55:28.166 --> 00:55:31.041
in a slum,
what you would call a slum,

00:55:31.041 --> 00:55:33.375
and they--
people call their homes.

00:55:33.375 --> 00:55:35.500
Um, and as you look around,

00:55:35.500 --> 00:55:37.333
you\'ll see it\'s very deficient

00:55:37.333 --> 00:55:38.709
of public infrastructure.

00:55:38.709 --> 00:55:43.166
And we have an open piece
of land where houses once stood,

00:55:43.166 --> 00:55:49.792
and the idea is to make
a strong social center.

00:55:55.834 --> 00:56:00.041
(Klumpner)
So how can we actually add
to what is already here,

00:56:00.041 --> 00:56:02.250
consolidate better
what is needed,

00:56:02.250 --> 00:56:05.417
and create a starting point,
a crystallization point,

00:56:05.417 --> 00:56:09.083
that people see that the city,
the city government cares,

00:56:09.083 --> 00:56:11.875
and that they can develop
the neighborhood

00:56:11.875 --> 00:56:13.999
out of their own efforts,

00:56:13.999 --> 00:56:18.709
but they have also assistant,
top down meets bottom up.

00:56:18.709 --> 00:56:22.291
♪

00:56:22.291 --> 00:56:25.208
(dogs barking)

00:56:32.125 --> 00:56:35.792
(narrator)
The lower strata of society
in 1920s Europe

00:56:35.792 --> 00:56:38.959
were also often former
agricultural laborers

00:56:38.959 --> 00:56:40.208
and impoverished farmers

00:56:40.208 --> 00:56:42.083
who now lived in slums
in shacks

00:56:42.083 --> 00:56:43.875
on the margins of urban areas.

00:56:43.875 --> 00:56:46.458
They arrived ready to work
in cities

00:56:46.458 --> 00:56:48.166
that were not ready for them.

00:56:48.166 --> 00:56:52.083
Modern architects responded
with residential estates

00:56:52.083 --> 00:56:54.417
designed to highlight,
above all,

00:56:54.417 --> 00:56:56.999
light, air, and hygiene.

00:56:56.999 --> 00:56:58.542
In the row houses in Toöörten,

00:56:58.542 --> 00:57:01.250
Walter Gropius actually
built a goat shed

00:57:01.250 --> 00:57:02.000
next to the kitchen.

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:05.709
But now it was time
for large apartment buildings.

00:57:05.709 --> 00:57:08.625
(wind blowing)

00:57:09.417 --> 00:57:12.542
Gropius finally set up
an architecture department

00:57:12.542 --> 00:57:15.041
at the Bauhaus School
in 1927.

00:57:15.041 --> 00:57:19.041
To lead it, he lured
the left wing Swiss architect

00:57:19.041 --> 00:57:21.166
Hannes Meyer to Dessau.

00:57:21.166 --> 00:57:23.709
A year later,
Gropius left Bauhaus

00:57:23.709 --> 00:57:26.834
and appointed Meyer
his successor.

00:57:26.834 --> 00:57:29.041
(speaking German)

00:57:29.041 --> 00:57:33.917
(Kovats)
For Meyer, art and architecture
was of no interest whatsoever.

00:57:33.917 --> 00:57:35.625
It wasn\'t important.

00:57:35.625 --> 00:57:38.750
For him, building
was a scientific process.

00:57:38.750 --> 00:57:42.709
Function and economics were
to find a way to work together.

00:57:42.709 --> 00:57:45.083
It didn\'t have to be chic
or elegant,

00:57:45.083 --> 00:57:48.834
simply functional
and affordable by anyone.

00:57:48.834 --> 00:57:51.250
His motto was,
\"People\'s needs

00:57:51.250 --> 00:57:53.166
rather than
the need for luxury.\"

00:57:53.166 --> 00:57:56.542
For example, one of
the exercises for his students

00:57:56.542 --> 00:57:59.000
was to build
a stable, functional,

00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:00.000
and economical chair

00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:02.583
out of one square meter
of plywood

00:58:02.583 --> 00:58:04.166
so that every person
had access

00:58:04.166 --> 00:58:05.083
to good quality furniture

00:58:05.083 --> 00:58:09.083
so that everyone could have
a stool just like this one.

00:58:12.834 --> 00:58:18.625
(Le-Mentzel)
My heroes, they\'re all located
in the Bauhaus era.

00:58:18.625 --> 00:58:21.999
They said (unintelligible).

00:58:21.999 --> 00:58:24.709
And I would like to bring
the idea of Bauhaus

00:58:24.709 --> 00:58:27.208
back to that track.

00:58:31.792 --> 00:58:34.417
I started with
the 24 Euro chair,

00:58:34.417 --> 00:58:38.625
which can be built
with just 24 Euros

00:58:38.625 --> 00:58:40.125
and within 24 hours.

00:58:40.125 --> 00:58:46.208
And the idea is to--to enable
people with low income

00:58:46.208 --> 00:58:51.375
to create their own
Bauhaus furniture.

00:58:55.166 --> 00:58:57.000
And I\'ve created blueprints

00:58:57.000 --> 00:58:59.750
and published them
in the internet

00:58:59.750 --> 00:59:03.999
with which you can rebuild your
own Bauhaus luxury furniture

00:59:03.999 --> 00:59:06.250
with very low money.

00:59:06.709 --> 00:59:08.792
(speaking German)

00:59:08.792 --> 00:59:11.417
It\'s a participation project.

00:59:12.000 --> 00:59:14.333
Like Bauhaus was.

00:59:14.542 --> 00:59:18.250
(narrator)
Hannes Meyer remained director
for less than three years.

00:59:18.250 --> 00:59:22.208
In 1930, he was dismissed
from the Bauhaus School

00:59:22.208 --> 00:59:24.583
for communist activities.

00:59:24.999 --> 00:59:27.999
The new director
was not only very famous,

00:59:27.999 --> 00:59:29.959
but also politically neutral.

00:59:29.959 --> 00:59:31.083
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

00:59:31.083 --> 00:59:35.709
His buildings set the style
for international architecture.

00:59:35.709 --> 00:59:38.583
(birds chirping)

00:59:51.166 --> 00:59:54.083
But his international reputation
was of no use

00:59:54.083 --> 00:59:55.709
to Mies and Dessau.

00:59:55.709 --> 00:59:59.917
The Bauhaus there was closed
by the local council in 1932

00:59:59.917 --> 01:00:03.000
at the request
of the Nazi Party.

01:00:03.542 --> 01:00:06.542
And the only building
Mies built in Dessau

01:00:06.542 --> 01:00:08.500
was a refreshment stand.

01:00:10.208 --> 01:00:13.125
Mies moved the Bauhaus School
to Berlin,

01:00:13.125 --> 01:00:16.125
then closed it voluntarily
in 1933

01:00:16.125 --> 01:00:18.375
under pressure from the Nazis.

01:00:18.375 --> 01:00:20.999
Oskar Schlemmer spent
the last years of his life

01:00:20.999 --> 01:00:23.458
working in a paint factory
in Wuppertal.

01:00:23.458 --> 01:00:25.583
The Bauhaus building
in Dessau

01:00:25.583 --> 01:00:27.542
became a home economics college.

01:00:27.542 --> 01:00:30.208
(slow tempo music)

01:00:30.208 --> 01:00:38.750
♪

01:00:38.750 --> 01:00:41.500
Bauhaus was hit by a hammer,

01:00:41.500 --> 01:00:44.959
and the shards burst out
into the world.

01:00:44.959 --> 01:00:49.500
In 1933, Bauhaus teacher
Josef Albers and his wife,

01:00:49.500 --> 01:00:53.709
the weaver Anni Albers,
emigrated to America.

01:00:53.709 --> 01:00:54.625
In North Carolina,

01:00:54.625 --> 01:00:56.500
Black Mountain College
had just opened

01:00:56.500 --> 01:01:01.000
as the incarnation of
a universal Bauhaus spirit.

01:01:01.000 --> 01:01:02.208
It was a liberal arts school

01:01:02.208 --> 01:01:04.959
that also taught
natural sciences.

01:01:04.959 --> 01:01:06.375
A place where books
were written

01:01:06.375 --> 01:01:09.417
and campus life was organized
as a collective.

01:01:09.417 --> 01:01:12.750
An outpost of utopia
in the arid America

01:01:12.750 --> 01:01:13.999
of the Great Depression.

01:01:13.999 --> 01:01:16.667
(percussive music)

01:01:16.667 --> 01:01:21.959
♪

01:01:21.959 --> 01:01:24.667
Josef and Anni Albers
alighted there,

01:01:24.667 --> 01:01:26.375
where they taught for 16 years.

01:01:26.375 --> 01:01:29.583
Other Bauhaus adherents
would follow them.

01:01:29.583 --> 01:01:32.999
(spacey music)

01:01:32.999 --> 01:01:35.709
(music intensifies)

01:01:35.709 --> 01:02:21.917
♪

01:02:21.917 --> 01:02:23.458
(laughing)

01:02:23.458 --> 01:02:26.792
Two elderly ladies
in New York today,

01:02:26.792 --> 01:02:28.125
and perhaps that\'s what
it will be like

01:02:28.125 --> 01:02:30.375
when the children from
the Stockholm school,

01:02:30.375 --> 01:02:32.583
with the blue mountain
at its center,

01:02:32.583 --> 01:02:35.041
look back at their lives.

01:02:36.750 --> 01:02:38.625
In 1950, as a young woman,

01:02:38.625 --> 01:02:40.750
Canadian painter
Dorothea Rockburne

01:02:40.750 --> 01:02:44.125
moved to the States
and studied art and mathematics

01:02:44.125 --> 01:02:45.792
at Black Mountain.

01:02:47.500 --> 01:02:51.458
(Rockburne)
I was 13 when I decided
to be an artist.

01:02:51.458 --> 01:02:52.834
Serious artist.

01:02:52.834 --> 01:02:55.333
Why--it\'s not that
I made a decision.

01:02:55.333 --> 01:02:59.375
It\'s that that seemed to be
what was happening.

01:02:59.375 --> 01:03:02.792
It\'s the only thing
I really wanted to do.

01:03:05.583 --> 01:03:10.625
Which at that point
in the history of women,

01:03:10.625 --> 01:03:12.667
not so easy.

01:03:12.667 --> 01:03:14.542
No.

01:03:14.542 --> 01:03:15.709
These are the Eisenhower years,

01:03:15.709 --> 01:03:20.208
and America
was particularly repressed.

01:03:20.208 --> 01:03:23.709
Just right after
the Second World War,

01:03:23.709 --> 01:03:25.625
and...

01:03:25.625 --> 01:03:27.166
you know, ticky-tacky houses,

01:03:27.166 --> 01:03:28.917
and, you know,
two and a half children,

01:03:28.917 --> 01:03:33.250
and that was the--
what was being preached.

01:03:34.041 --> 01:03:36.583
And that wasn\'t Black Mountain.

01:03:38.083 --> 01:03:40.875
And when I went
to Black Mountain,

01:03:40.875 --> 01:03:44.041
I took math and art
and music,

01:03:44.041 --> 01:03:45.291
and that\'s what you did
at Black Mountain,

01:03:45.291 --> 01:03:50.625
and it was a real community
and everybody was very smart.

01:03:50.625 --> 01:03:54.125
Each day was exciting
and interesting.

01:03:54.125 --> 01:03:58.208
And I knew that I would
have a foundation for my life

01:03:58.208 --> 01:04:00.542
by going there,
which I did.

01:04:02.458 --> 01:04:04.792
I don\'t think I was goal--

01:04:04.792 --> 01:04:07.375
I\'m still not goal oriented.

01:04:07.375 --> 01:04:08.792
I don\'t really like goals.

01:04:08.792 --> 01:04:11.208
They seem like
the end of something.

01:04:11.208 --> 01:04:13.917
I\'m much more interested
in process.

01:04:13.917 --> 01:04:17.208
And I was interested
in the process of learning.

01:04:17.208 --> 01:04:19.709
And I just learn, learn, learn.

01:04:24.250 --> 01:04:27.750
(Weil)
And I was 18
and I\'d been living at home

01:04:27.750 --> 01:04:32.792
until I went first to Paris
and then to Black Mountain.

01:04:32.792 --> 01:04:35.500
I mostly was very interested
in going there

01:04:35.500 --> 01:04:38.542
because of Albers
and studying art,

01:04:38.542 --> 01:04:43.250
because it was my whole focus
when I was just 18.

01:04:43.250 --> 01:04:47.792
And since we had several
Bauhaus people at the school,

01:04:47.792 --> 01:04:52.583
one had to always be concerned
about the aesthetics

01:04:52.583 --> 01:04:54.542
of everything in life.

01:04:54.542 --> 01:04:57.875
And I liked that very much.

01:05:04.917 --> 01:05:06.041
(laughing)

01:05:06.041 --> 01:05:08.500
And if you were studying
science,

01:05:08.500 --> 01:05:10.458
it\'s very disciplined.

01:05:10.458 --> 01:05:12.250
The same in the art.

01:05:12.250 --> 01:05:14.834
You had to find your way.

01:05:14.834 --> 01:05:17.208
Within that you were a community

01:05:17.208 --> 01:05:21.792
and we all had to participate
in community life

01:05:21.792 --> 01:05:24.333
and help to make
the school work.

01:05:24.333 --> 01:05:28.291
We worked on the farm,
we worked in the kitchen.

01:05:28.291 --> 01:05:31.834
Bob Rauschenberg and I
were on the garbage crew,

01:05:31.834 --> 01:05:34.792
and we had so much fun
doing the trash

01:05:34.792 --> 01:05:36.792
that everybody
wanted to go with us

01:05:36.792 --> 01:05:38.834
\'cause we\'d always
come back laughing

01:05:38.834 --> 01:05:44.500
and bringing more things back
than we picked up and took.

01:05:46.709 --> 01:05:50.166
It\'s a collage of these women

01:05:50.166 --> 01:05:53.500
who were called
the Ziegfeld Girls.

01:05:53.500 --> 01:05:54.291
Here in this collage,

01:05:54.291 --> 01:05:57.750
we were trying to keep
the circles consistent.

01:05:57.750 --> 01:06:01.166
So everything else kind of
adjusts to the circles.

01:06:01.166 --> 01:06:04.875
They look almost like
they could be fine,

01:06:04.875 --> 01:06:07.458
but they are a little strange.

01:06:07.458 --> 01:06:09.834
A little bit dressed,
a little bit undressed,

01:06:09.834 --> 01:06:15.166
arms not quite touching
the other part of the arms.

01:06:15.166 --> 01:06:18.000
But they kind of seem jolly.

01:06:18.000 --> 01:06:23.959
(Rockburne)
Other schools turned you out
to be something.

01:06:23.959 --> 01:06:27.375
You went in one end
and you came out the other

01:06:27.375 --> 01:06:31.625
as an engineer or a writer
or whatever.

01:06:31.625 --> 01:06:36.250
And Black Mountain was
all about cross-pollination.

01:06:37.083 --> 01:06:41.583
They were interested in
your having an education

01:06:41.583 --> 01:06:45.125
and learning philosophy.

01:06:45.125 --> 01:06:45.875
(laughing)

01:06:45.875 --> 01:06:49.500
History, you know,
mathematics,

01:06:49.500 --> 01:06:53.125
painting, dance, music,

01:06:53.125 --> 01:06:55.709
and the way you earned a living
when you got out

01:06:55.709 --> 01:06:59.208
was something
you had to deal with.

01:06:59.208 --> 01:07:02.417
And I think that\'s what
education should be.

01:07:03.041 --> 01:07:04.959
Due to the education I received,

01:07:04.959 --> 01:07:08.125
I was able to teach myself
mathematics,

01:07:08.125 --> 01:07:09.750
and that\'s not easy.

01:07:09.750 --> 01:07:10.583
I mean, first of all,

01:07:10.583 --> 01:07:14.083
I learned good study habits.

01:07:14.083 --> 01:07:17.542
And, you know,

01:07:17.542 --> 01:07:20.333
the--just the joy of learning,
as they say.

01:07:20.333 --> 01:07:22.792
It\'s not ever been
goal oriented

01:07:22.792 --> 01:07:27.208
\'cause I think that
having goal orient

01:07:27.208 --> 01:07:30.458
is a shortsighted vision.

01:07:32.333 --> 01:07:35.959
(narrator)
Black Mountain had become one
of the most important schools

01:07:35.959 --> 01:07:38.041
in the post-war art landscape,

01:07:38.041 --> 01:07:39.667
a wellspring for John Cage,

01:07:39.667 --> 01:07:42.625
Robert Rauschenberg,
Merce Cunningham,

01:07:42.625 --> 01:07:46.125
installations and happenings.

01:07:46.125 --> 01:07:47.250
Modern architecture from Europe

01:07:47.250 --> 01:07:51.208
lived on in the international
style of new world cities,

01:07:51.208 --> 01:07:53.999
cities built from scratch
on open spaces

01:07:53.999 --> 01:07:56.750
that pragmatically changed
their gestalt

01:07:56.750 --> 01:07:58.667
when it was time.

01:07:59.750 --> 01:08:00.375
But back home,

01:08:00.375 --> 01:08:03.417
the old European city
was still cramped,

01:08:03.417 --> 01:08:05.709
overcrowded,
and blighted.

01:08:05.709 --> 01:08:06.250
There were perhaps

01:08:06.250 --> 01:08:09.000
a few modern residential tracks
on the outskirts,

01:08:09.000 --> 01:08:11.917
but the city centers
were made up of slums,

01:08:11.917 --> 01:08:14.500
alleyways, and backyards.

01:09:21.000 --> 01:09:22.834
(narrator)
A boat journey.

01:09:22.834 --> 01:09:25.709
A fresh wind and a vista
to the horizon.

01:09:25.709 --> 01:09:30.291
Clever folk, perhaps cheerful,
perhaps empathetic,

01:09:30.291 --> 01:09:31.417
and László Moholy-Nagy,

01:09:31.417 --> 01:09:35.291
avant-garde media artist
and former Bauhaus teacher,

01:09:35.291 --> 01:09:38.041
captures the crossing on film.

01:09:38.750 --> 01:09:40.875
But what emerged
from the journey,

01:09:40.875 --> 01:09:41.959
the Athens Charter,

01:09:41.959 --> 01:09:44.625
was a ruthless document
on urban living

01:09:44.625 --> 01:09:49.542
which foresaw entire old towns
falling in its path.

01:09:50.125 --> 01:09:53.500
The vision of a society
flooded with light and air

01:09:53.500 --> 01:09:56.458
was now being transformed
into a project

01:09:56.458 --> 01:09:59.000
for a technocratic necropolis.

01:09:59.000 --> 01:10:01.875
(chatter)

01:10:03.250 --> 01:10:04.083
(soft moody music)

01:10:04.083 --> 01:10:08.125
The new ideal city was to be
above all functional and tidy.

01:10:08.125 --> 01:10:11.000
The city\'s center was to be
reserved for commerce,

01:10:11.000 --> 01:10:13.959
administration,
and leisure activities.

01:10:13.959 --> 01:10:15.625
Nobody would live there anymore.

01:10:15.625 --> 01:10:19.542
One one side, there would be
open residential estates

01:10:19.542 --> 01:10:20.709
with recreational spaces.

01:10:20.709 --> 01:10:24.375
On the other, work, the filth,
and the stench.

01:10:24.375 --> 01:10:27.291
New satellite towns,
bedroom communities,

01:10:27.291 --> 01:10:30.250
would be built far away
from everything in green belts.

01:10:30.250 --> 01:10:34.333
Broad streets would offset
the resulting traffic flows.

01:10:34.333 --> 01:10:36.999
And after the destruction
of World War II,

01:10:36.999 --> 01:10:39.875
those concepts
would actually be implemented.

01:10:39.875 --> 01:10:42.417
What began here
had its sad culmination

01:10:42.417 --> 01:10:46.542
in the car-friendly cities
of the 1960s.

01:10:46.542 --> 01:10:48.250
Those plans relegated
the idea

01:10:48.250 --> 01:10:52.542
of the holistic human
and their needs to history.

01:10:52.542 --> 01:11:02.792
♪

01:11:02.792 --> 01:11:06.166
Walter Gropius,
who by then lived in Cambridge,

01:11:06.166 --> 01:11:07.709
was commissioned in the 1960s

01:11:07.709 --> 01:11:10.959
to plan a residential estate
south of Berlin.

01:11:10.959 --> 01:11:12.875
He wanted the tallest
of the buildings

01:11:12.875 --> 01:11:14.875
to have a maximum
of five stories.

01:11:14.875 --> 01:11:18.500
In the end, the highest house
in the Gropiusstadt

01:11:18.500 --> 01:11:20.709
would reach 30 stories.

01:12:31.166 --> 01:12:34.208
(distant horns honking)

01:12:42.875 --> 01:12:43.959
(birds chirping)

01:12:43.959 --> 01:12:47.500
(narrator)
Le Corbusier also built
his Cité Radieuse

01:12:47.500 --> 01:12:50.166
on the outskirts of Marseille
on open land.

01:12:50.166 --> 01:12:53.291
It was intended to be
an ideal residential complex

01:12:53.291 --> 01:12:56.667
in a city that would be divided
according to function.

01:12:56.667 --> 01:12:59.917
Beautiful, intelligently
laid out apartments

01:12:59.917 --> 01:13:01.125
far ahead of their time,

01:13:01.125 --> 01:13:03.583
a building with
its own infrastructure,

01:13:03.583 --> 01:13:04.542
and lots of public space

01:13:04.542 --> 01:13:07.999
for everything people
didn\'t want to do at home.

01:13:07.999 --> 01:13:10.041
The roof to serve
as a town square,

01:13:10.041 --> 01:13:12.041
schoolyard,
and cultural center.

01:13:12.041 --> 01:13:14.291
Shops and a bar
on the third floor.

01:13:14.291 --> 01:13:19.417
Every apartment like a small
house on a village main street.

01:13:50.375 --> 01:13:51.375
With storage for pans,

01:13:51.375 --> 01:13:52.500
which is a very clever way

01:13:52.500 --> 01:13:55.250
to hide the extraction
of the fumes,

01:13:55.250 --> 01:13:56.875
which is behind here.

01:13:56.875 --> 01:14:00.208
Um, and everything
is actually sliding

01:14:00.208 --> 01:14:01.208
so you don\'t lose space

01:14:01.208 --> 01:14:03.959
with the doors
coming up to your face.

01:14:03.959 --> 01:14:07.500
You also have a way
to evacuate rubbish

01:14:07.500 --> 01:14:08.750
directly through the sink

01:14:08.750 --> 01:14:11.250
with the water of the washing.

01:14:11.250 --> 01:14:13.500
It goes to the sewage system.

01:14:13.500 --> 01:14:14.709
And, um, you might have noticed

01:14:14.709 --> 01:14:18.375
that there\'s also an ice box
fitting the kitchen,

01:14:18.375 --> 01:14:22.458
which can be used also
from the outside

01:14:22.458 --> 01:14:24.625
for the delivering
of the ice blocks.

01:14:24.625 --> 01:14:27.999
The 1950s till quite late
in the \'60s,

01:14:27.999 --> 01:14:30.875
you could actually place
phone orders

01:14:30.875 --> 01:14:32.500
to the stores
on the third level,

01:14:32.500 --> 01:14:35.667
and they would deliver
your groceries or your milk

01:14:35.667 --> 01:14:38.625
or your dry clean
into this box.

01:14:38.625 --> 01:14:39.750
And from the inside
of the flat,

01:14:39.750 --> 01:14:42.999
you have a little door
where you can get it back.

01:14:42.999 --> 01:14:44.667
So the specificity
of this kitchen

01:14:44.667 --> 01:14:48.333
is that it\'s completely open
into the dining space.

01:14:48.333 --> 01:14:49.333
Uh, the point, the key point

01:14:49.333 --> 01:14:53.750
was that the housewife
was not locked in the kitchen

01:14:53.750 --> 01:14:55.125
preparing the meal
for the family,

01:14:55.125 --> 01:14:58.041
but she was able to discuss,
interact,

01:14:58.041 --> 01:15:00.500
and also to get some help
from the kids.

01:15:00.500 --> 01:15:03.208
Like on that side,
she would prepare the meal,

01:15:03.208 --> 01:15:05.834
she could pass the plate here.

01:15:05.834 --> 01:15:07.166
And on the other end,

01:15:07.166 --> 01:15:08.166
the kids could help her

01:15:08.166 --> 01:15:09.166
by setting up the table,

01:15:09.166 --> 01:15:10.750
by taking the glass
and the plates

01:15:10.750 --> 01:15:13.542
from the cupboard
on that side.

01:16:25.959 --> 01:16:28.667
(narrator)
The building was planned
as low cost housing

01:16:28.667 --> 01:16:31.458
and became a visionary
construction project.

01:16:31.458 --> 01:16:34.834
But it was in fact
prohibitively expensive.

01:16:34.834 --> 01:16:36.333
It cost 40 times as much

01:16:36.333 --> 01:16:39.166
as a traditional
residential high rise,

01:16:39.166 --> 01:16:41.792
and it stood alone,
under a different star,

01:16:41.792 --> 01:16:45.500
than all the other satellite
towns and bedroom communities

01:16:45.500 --> 01:16:48.333
that were carving out
their spots.

01:17:21.959 --> 01:17:26.250
(narrator)
It\'s an almost fanciful place,
labyrinthine, bold,

01:17:26.250 --> 01:17:27.458
but annoyingly empty.

01:17:27.458 --> 01:17:29.709
The neighborhood appears
to be sleeping.

01:17:29.709 --> 01:17:31.959
There\'s nothing to do here.

01:18:13.834 --> 01:18:16.834
(distant chatter)

01:18:54.583 --> 01:18:57.417
(chatter)

01:19:00.875 --> 01:19:02.917
(speaking in foreign language)

01:19:15.041 --> 01:19:17.917
(chatter)

01:20:06.999 --> 01:20:11.959
(Brillembourg)
And so we\'re interested
in looking at new models

01:20:11.959 --> 01:20:12.583
of development.

01:20:12.583 --> 01:20:17.417
We are looking at
a kind of cross section

01:20:17.417 --> 01:20:18.792
between high technology

01:20:18.792 --> 01:20:23.125
combined with
incredible local knowledge.

01:20:23.917 --> 01:20:26.625
(mellow funky music)

01:20:26.625 --> 01:20:38.458
♪

01:20:38.458 --> 01:20:43.750
(narrator)
The barrio of San Javier in
Medellín is on a steep slope.

01:20:43.750 --> 01:20:45.000
♪

01:20:45.000 --> 01:20:45.792
In 2011,

01:20:45.792 --> 01:20:47.583
six escalators were built
on the hill

01:20:47.583 --> 01:20:51.500
to make the neighborhood more
accessible for its residents.

01:20:51.500 --> 01:20:56.208
The moving stairs cover a height
equivalent to 28 stories.

01:20:56.208 --> 01:20:58.083
During the civil war
and the drug wars,

01:20:58.083 --> 01:21:01.333
the neighborhood was considered
the most dangerous in the city,

01:21:01.333 --> 01:21:05.959
with military campaigns
claiming several thousand lives.

01:21:06.709 --> 01:21:08.709
The escalators provide
an infrastructure

01:21:08.709 --> 01:21:11.999
for everyday activities,
participation,

01:21:11.999 --> 01:21:14.667
and gestures of reconciliation.

01:21:17.500 --> 01:21:20.166
You expect to see escalators
in train stations

01:21:20.166 --> 01:21:23.125
and department stores,
not slums.

01:21:23.125 --> 01:21:25.375
And cable cars
belong in the Alps.

01:21:25.375 --> 01:21:29.041
But Urban-Think Tank
work with an Austrian company

01:21:29.041 --> 01:21:30.500
to develop new infrastructure

01:21:30.500 --> 01:21:34.250
for a barrio
with 45,000 residents

01:21:34.250 --> 01:21:39.125
which previously had no access
to the public metro system.

01:21:39.125 --> 01:21:42.625
(Klumpner)
Clearly this sort of
apartheid system

01:21:42.625 --> 01:21:46.542
that poor people and rich people
are separated by infrastructure,

01:21:46.542 --> 01:21:48.917
and we found it
a perfect opportunity

01:21:48.917 --> 01:21:52.709
to bring the population
from the top of the mountain

01:21:52.709 --> 01:21:53.625
into the metro system

01:21:53.625 --> 01:21:57.417
and connect them
with the rest of the town.

01:21:59.375 --> 01:22:03.542
(narrator)
A similar project was built
at the same time in Medellín.

01:22:03.542 --> 01:22:06.458
It represents the use
of modern technology

01:22:06.458 --> 01:22:08.083
in a way never envisioned.

01:22:08.083 --> 01:22:10.000
It opens up new perspectives.

01:22:10.000 --> 01:22:15.041
(Klumpner)
The three stations on the top
included a music school,

01:22:15.041 --> 01:22:16.792
a sports facility,

01:22:16.792 --> 01:22:19.709
and one place
just to enjoy the city

01:22:19.709 --> 01:22:23.375
from one of the most greatest
spots in town,

01:22:23.375 --> 01:22:25.625
perhaps the first time
in history

01:22:25.625 --> 01:22:28.083
that people from
that formal wealthy part

01:22:28.083 --> 01:22:31.417
would go into the barrio
on the top of the mountain

01:22:31.417 --> 01:22:34.709
and see their own city
from the same perspective

01:22:34.709 --> 01:22:36.291
40,000 people looked at it.

01:22:36.291 --> 01:22:39.250
It was almost like
you go up to the moon

01:22:39.250 --> 01:22:41.125
and you look back on Earth.

01:22:41.125 --> 01:22:42.667
This change of viewpoints

01:22:42.667 --> 01:22:47.083
I think is as important
as the pragmatic access question

01:22:47.083 --> 01:22:50.834
that has been provided
by the system.

01:22:54.375 --> 01:22:56.458
(Brillembourg)
Before there was no cable car

01:22:56.458 --> 01:22:58.709
people walked down two hours.

01:22:58.709 --> 01:23:00.500
Now they can go down
in ten minutes.

01:23:00.500 --> 01:23:05.417
So you can imagine old people
couldn\'t get to hospitals.

01:23:05.417 --> 01:23:06.500
Women who were pregnant

01:23:06.500 --> 01:23:08.208
couldn\'t get down
to have their babies,

01:23:08.208 --> 01:23:13.792
and a lot of babies
were--were born dead up here.

01:23:13.792 --> 01:23:14.834
So that whole change,

01:23:14.834 --> 01:23:18.125
by just introducing
infrastructure.

01:23:18.125 --> 01:23:23.166
In the future, the problem
will be about urban design.

01:23:23.166 --> 01:23:26.208
We already know
how to make housing.

01:23:26.208 --> 01:23:27.166
If you look around here,

01:23:27.166 --> 01:23:30.792
all the houses
have been made self-built.

01:23:30.792 --> 01:23:34.333
So the real problem
is not the housing.

01:23:34.333 --> 01:23:36.208
And maybe Bauhaus,
in that sense,

01:23:36.208 --> 01:23:39.959
was not looking so much
at the turn of the century

01:23:39.959 --> 01:23:41.917
at that problem of urban design.

01:23:41.917 --> 01:23:44.834
They were looking at individual
pieces of architecture.

01:23:44.834 --> 01:23:47.041
They were looking at the unit
of the house

01:23:47.041 --> 01:23:49.542
and innovating
in the actual house.

01:23:49.542 --> 01:23:51.125
But now in the 21st century,

01:23:51.125 --> 01:23:55.999
urban design and planning
is absolutely the key.

01:23:55.999 --> 01:23:58.834
(chatter)

01:24:10.750 --> 01:24:12.542
(Klumpner)
Today in urban design,

01:24:12.542 --> 01:24:16.000
people look actually
for pedestrian areas.

01:24:16.000 --> 01:24:18.542
These cities are pedestrian.

01:24:18.542 --> 01:24:20.375
We\'re looking for dense areas.

01:24:20.375 --> 01:24:24.250
Barrios are naturally
and usually very dense.

01:24:24.250 --> 01:24:27.750
They produce relatively
little solid trash.

01:24:27.750 --> 01:24:30.875
They are masters in recycling
if you want so.

01:24:30.875 --> 01:24:35.542
And we believe actually that we
can learn a lot from barrios

01:24:35.542 --> 01:24:39.166
if you understand better
how they function

01:24:39.166 --> 01:24:44.834
and incorporate it in a new
paradigm for urbanization.

01:24:44.834 --> 01:24:47.667
(chatter)

01:24:50.750 --> 01:24:52.041
(narrator)
In some places,

01:24:52.041 --> 01:24:53.999
we realize how much we know,

01:24:53.999 --> 01:24:57.709
and that we actually know
what it is we need.

01:24:57.709 --> 01:25:00.875
The history and the story
of Bauhaus

01:25:00.875 --> 01:25:03.208
is about participation
and empathy,

01:25:03.208 --> 01:25:07.667
about the courage to counter
what exists with a new idea.

01:25:07.667 --> 01:25:11.625
So it can also be about
escalators and cable cars,

01:25:11.625 --> 01:25:14.750
about building blocks
and schoolchildren

01:25:14.750 --> 01:25:17.667
so that history continues.

01:25:17.667 --> 01:25:19.333
(cheering)

01:25:19.333 --> 01:25:22.417
(Brillembourg)
The most concrete thing
that we can bring

01:25:22.417 --> 01:25:23.792
from the south to the north

01:25:23.792 --> 01:25:30.250
is a long history
of dealing with self regulation.

01:25:30.250 --> 01:25:33.083
\'Cause we have
no governing system in place,

01:25:33.083 --> 01:25:34.583
or a very inefficient one,

01:25:34.583 --> 01:25:36.417
people have had to deal with

01:25:36.417 --> 01:25:38.875
problems of water
and infrastructure themselves,

01:25:38.875 --> 01:25:41.667
as you know through the barrios
and the slums.

01:25:41.667 --> 01:25:44.959
So it gives us great hope

01:25:44.959 --> 01:25:49.250
that a self-regulating society
maybe could work.

01:25:49.250 --> 01:25:51.709
Decentralized, self regulating.

01:25:51.709 --> 01:25:55.583
And we find ways in which
the city can be built,

01:25:55.583 --> 01:26:00.750
but partially built,
incrementally built over time,

01:26:00.750 --> 01:26:03.709
which is the way we used
to build cities.

01:26:04.625 --> 01:26:06.000
So what\'s the idea?

01:26:06.000 --> 01:26:08.458
Europe centers,
city centers

01:26:08.458 --> 01:26:14.750
of about one kilometer radius
is going to be densified.

01:26:14.750 --> 01:26:15.792
There\'s no question

01:26:15.792 --> 01:26:18.041
that these urban centers
will be densified.

01:26:18.041 --> 01:26:21.083
So we\'ve got to go vertical
with those cities.

01:26:21.083 --> 01:26:24.542
If you add two more floors
to the buildings, what do we do?

01:26:24.542 --> 01:26:27.208
We need maybe elevators,
maybe we need connectives.

01:26:27.208 --> 01:26:29.166
Okay, so we don\'t need
an elevator

01:26:29.166 --> 01:26:30.709
for every building
or every house,

01:26:30.709 --> 01:26:34.208
so let\'s make public elevators
on the outside.

01:26:34.208 --> 01:26:36.750
Let\'s make them
part of the subway system,

01:26:36.750 --> 01:26:37.834
part of the train network,

01:26:37.834 --> 01:26:39.709
part of the infrastructure
of ABB.

01:26:39.709 --> 01:26:43.041
Now these public elevators
connect with bridges

01:26:43.041 --> 01:26:46.291
to the new top of the cities,
right?

01:26:46.291 --> 01:26:47.875
You can go up, connect,

01:26:47.875 --> 01:26:48.999
and then we make sky lobbies

01:26:48.999 --> 01:26:51.667
where the new movie\'s playing
of Lars von Trier,

01:26:51.667 --> 01:26:55.166
where we have the new sky party
on the roof deck, right?

01:26:55.166 --> 01:26:57.417
We add all of
that new infrastructure

01:26:57.417 --> 01:26:58.959
to the existing city.

01:26:58.959 --> 01:27:00.166
We don\'t build a new city,

01:27:00.166 --> 01:27:02.375
we don\'t increase the footprint
of cities.

01:27:02.375 --> 01:27:07.750
We have a whole scenario
for creating a fun city.

01:27:07.750 --> 01:27:10.458
(mellow funky music)

01:27:10.458 --> 01:27:30.917
♪

01:27:30.917 --> 01:27:33.667
(soft dramatic music)

01:27:33.667 --> 01:27:49.792
♪

01:27:49.792 --> 01:27:52.500
(indistinct chatter)

01:27:52.500 --> 01:28:15.875
♪

01:28:15.875 --> 01:28:18.375
(rattling)

01:28:18.375 --> 01:28:25.000
♪

01:28:25.000 --> 01:28:28.083
(hum of engine)

01:28:28.083 --> 01:28:30.667
(beeping)

01:28:30.667 --> 01:28:32.542
♪

01:28:32.542 --> 01:28:34.959
(indistinct shouting)

01:28:34.959 --> 01:28:53.917
♪

01:28:53.917 --> 01:28:56.625
(indistinct chatter)

01:28:56.625 --> 01:29:09.125
♪

01:29:09.125 --> 01:29:10.208
(clattering)

01:29:10.208 --> 01:29:12.959
(indistinct chatter)

01:29:12.959 --> 01:29:46.709
♪

01:29:46.709 --> 01:29:48.041
(laughter)

01:29:48.041 --> 01:29:51.083
(indistinct chatter)

01:29:52.375 --> 01:29:54.709
(clapping)

01:29:54.709 --> 01:29:55.959
(horn honking)

01:29:55.959 --> 01:29:58.999
(indistinct chatter)