WEBVTT

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[atmospheric music]

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(Zedeno)
SHORTLY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH,

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EVERYONE THAT I SPOKE TO
WOULD SAY,

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\"YOU ARE BLESSED.

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\"GOD HAS A PURPOSE FOR YOU.

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\"WOW.

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IT\'S SO GREAT
THAT YOU SURVIVED.\"

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AND FOR A VERY LONG TIME,

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EVERY TIME SOMEONE SAID
ONE OF THOSE WORDS TO ME,

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I WOULD SAY TO MYSELF,

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\"I DON\'T THINK SO.

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\"THIS IS A TREMENDOUS BURDEN
THAT I\'M CARRYING WITH ME,

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\"THE BURDEN OF MEMORY,

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AND THERE\'S NOTHING BLESSED
ABOUT IT.\"

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(Burke) MOST OF MY FRIENDS WERE KILLED
ON SEPTEMBER 11TH.

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MY BROTHER,
WHO WAS MY BEST FRIEND,

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WAS KILLED.

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IT\'S MARCH OF 2008.

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I STILL STRUGGLE EVERY NIGHT
WITH THAT MOMENT IN TIME.

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(Lopez)
I JUST SAT DOWN,

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AND THEN SOMEBODY CAME RUNNING
INTO MY OFFICE,

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AND THEY SAID,
\"OH, MY GOD.

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DID YOU HEAR THAT A PLANE HIT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER?\"

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AND I WAS LIKE,
\"NO, I JUST GOT HERE.\"

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\"IT JUST HIT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER,

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A PLANE, A WHOLE PLANE.\"

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AND I WAS LIKE,
\"WOW.\"

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I MEAN I COULDN\'T BELIEVE IT.

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TO ME, IT SEEMED JUST LIKE
SOMETHING, YOU KNOW, ON TV.

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(LeDoux) EVERY ANIMAL IS BORN
WITH THE CAPACITY TO BE AFRAID,

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SO WE DON\'T HAVE TO LEARN
HOW TO BE AFRAID.

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WHAT WE LEARN IS WHAT
TO BE AFRAID OF IN OUR LIVES.

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FEAR SPREADS VERY EASILY
BETWEEN PEOPLE.

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IT\'S CONTAGIOUS.

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IT SPREADS TO THE PEOPLE
AROUND YOU DIRECTLY,

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TO THE PEOPLE WHO HEAR ABOUT IT,
AND ON AND ON.

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IT STARTS FROM ONE THOUGHT
THAT THEN SPREADS CONTAGIOUSLY.

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JUST AS FEAR CAN SPREAD
WITHIN A SOCIETY,

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SO CAN ANXIETY SPREAD
WITHIN THE SOCIETY OF YOUR MIND.

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[man on TV] LET ME JUST INTERRUPT YOU
FOR A MINUTE,

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BECAUSE WE HAVE
A NEW PIECE OF FOOTAGE

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THAT HAS COME IN THAT GIVES US
ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE...

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YET ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE
OF THE TRAGEDY,

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AS IT WAS LITERALLY UNFOLDING
THIS DAY,

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SHOWING THAT SECOND PLANE
FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE

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AS IT SLAMMED INTO THE...

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[jet engine roaring]

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[people screaming]

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(female narrator)
FEAR IS A POWERFUL MEANS

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OF GAINING CONTROL
OF PEOPLE\'S MINDS.

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IT\'S VERY EASY TO LEARN
BUT HARD TO FORGET.

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JOSEPH LEDOUX,

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WHO HAS MADE SOME OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

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ABOUT THE FEAR CIRCUITRY
IN THE BRAIN,

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WORKS A FEW MILES
FROM GROUND ZERO.

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EVEN THOUGH FEAR IS AN EMOTION,

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IT CAN ALSO BE STUDIED
AND UNDERSTOOD.

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LEDOUX LEADS A NETWORK
OF SCIENTISTS NAMED

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THE CENTER FOR THE NEUROSCIENCE
OF FEAR AND ANXIETY

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THAT COLLABORATES TO FIND
NEW WAYS TO STUDY, TREAT,

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OR EVEN PREVENT
FEAR AND ANXIETY DISORDERS.

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WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES
OF 9/11 ON THEIR STUDIES?

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(Cloitre) BEFORE 9/11, I\'VE BEEN WORKING
IN THE FIELD OF

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POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
FOR 15 YEARS,

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AND I WATCHED IT
ON TELEVISION,

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LIKE MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK.

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ONE OF THE STRONGEST
CONTRIBUTIONS OF 9/11

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TO THE STUDY OF
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

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IS AROUND THE RECOGNITION

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THAT ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE
A PARTICIPANT TO

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OR DIRECT WITNESS
OF TRAUMATIC EVENTS

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OR THREATENING EVENTS
TO DEVELOP THE DISORDER.

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WE HAVE THE ABILITY
OF OUR HIGHER BRAIN

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TO CONTEXTUALIZE
WHAT WE\'RE SEEING,

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THAT IT\'S COMING FROM A TV
OR A MAGAZINE.

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BUT STILL, THOSE ARE
LATER PARTS OF THE BRAIN,

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AND IT TAKES WORK.

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IT TAKES WORK TO REMEMBER THAT,

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TO, YOU KNOW,
CREATE AN INTERPRETATION

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WHICH IS THAT
THIS IS ONLY AN IMAGE.

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WE WORKED WITH PROBABLY
OVER 6,000 SCHOOLCHILDREN.

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THESE WERE PICTURES
THAT CHILDREN DREW.

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WHAT\'S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE IMAGES

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THAT ARE REPEATEDLY SHOWN
ON THE COVER OF TIME MAGAZINE,

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AND THE IMAGES THAT ARE SHOWN
OF CHILDREN\'S ARTWORK?

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THERE\'S THE DIFFERENCE

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OF CONTEXTUALIZATION
AND MEANING-MAKING,

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THAT IN THE CASE
OF THE CHILDREN\'S WORK,

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WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING IS
A CHILD MAKING SENSE.

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I THINK WE UNDERSTAND
THAT IMMEDIATELY

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WHEN WE LOOK AT THE WORK
OF CHILDREN,

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THAT IT\'S THERAPEUTIC
FOR US TOO.

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(Phelps) WE TOOK THIS OPPORTUNITY
OF THIS TRAGEDY IN NEW YORK CITY

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TO STUDY MEMORY
FOR EMOTIONAL EVENTS

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IN A VERY LARGE SCALE.

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WE PUT TOGETHER A SURVEY

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THAT WE GAVE TO EVERYBODY
WITHIN A WEEK OF 9/11.

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PEOPLE IN GENERAL
WERE MORE AROUSED.

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THEY RATED THEIR MEMORIES
AS MORE VIVID.

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THEY SAID THEY HAD
A SENSE OF RE-LIVING

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WHEN THEY CAME UP
WITH THOSE MEMORIES.

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THEY SAID THEY RECOLLECTED
THE DETAILS OF THESE MEMORIES,

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THEY WERE HIGHLY CONFIDENT
ABOUT THESE MEMORIES,

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AND THEY WERE MORE NEGATIVE.

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WHAT WE ALSO FOUND WAS,
SOME SUBJECTS DIDN\'T DO THIS.

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AND THEN WE SAID,
\"WELL WHAT\'S THE DIFFERENCE

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BETWEEN THESE PEOPLE?\"

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AND THE MAIN FACTOR
THAT PREDICTED THIS

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IS HOW CLOSE THEY WERE
TO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER.

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SO THE PEOPLE THAT WERE REALLY
CLOSE TO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER

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HAD THIS ENHANCED SENSE
OF MEMORY,

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WHEREAS PEOPLE
THAT WERE SORT OF IN MIDTOWN

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OR FARTHER UP NORTH
IN MANHATTAN,

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AREAS WHERE YOU WOULDN\'T
ACTUALLY SEE AND SMELL

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AND HEAR THE SITUATION
OR FEEL THREATENED,

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DIDN\'T HAVE THIS ENHANCED SENSE
OF MEMORY.

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AND THEN WE SAID,

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\"WELL, WHAT\'S HAPPENING
IN THE BRAIN TO THESE PEOPLE

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THAT SHOW US THIS VERY VIVID
MEMORIES FROM 9/11?\"

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(narrator) THE TIDAL WAVE OF FEAR
FIRST HIT THOSE

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WHO WERE AT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER

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ON SEPTEMBER 11TH.

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ELIA WAS ONE OF THEM.

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(Zedeno) I DON\'T KNOW IF
I MENTIONED TO YOU

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THAT I BEGAN WORKING AT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER IN 1980.

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THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
SAW TERRORISM FIRST

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ON FEBRUARY 26, 1993.

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SOME OF US
WERE INSIDE ELEVATORS.

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THAT\'S WHERE I WAS.

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I HAD MY ORDEAL

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ON FEBRUARY 26, 1993,

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AND I WAS ACTUALLY ONE
OF THE FIRST PEOPLE

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WHO MARCHED RIGHT BACK
INTO THE NORTH TOWER

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ONCE IT GOT CLEANED UP
AND EVERYTHING WAS OKAY.

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I REMEMBER THAT I EXPRESSED
TO A FRIEND OF MINE

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HOW WORRIED I WAS
THAT SOMETHING LIKE THIS

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WAS GOING TO HAPPEN AGAIN.

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AND HE SAID,
\"LIGHTING NEVER HITS TWICE.\"

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AND I SAID, \"YEAH.\"

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IT\'S ALL I WANTED TO HEAR.

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I NEEDED TO HEAR THAT

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SO THAT I COULD GO ON
WITH MY LIFE,

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BECAUSE AT THE TIME,

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I THOUGHT GOING ON
WITH MY LIFE

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MEANS FORGET ABOUT IT.

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JUST FORGET ABOUT IT.

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SO THAT ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001,
I WAS SITTING AT MY DESK

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ON THE 73RD FLOOR
OF THE NORTH TOWER,

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WHEN I HEAR AND FEEL
A TREMENDOUS IMPACT.

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THE BUILDING SHOOK.

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AND I REMEMBER

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THAT I SCREAMED OUT LOUD,
\"WHAT\'S HAPPENING?\"

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AND THAT MAN WHO SAID
LIGHTING NEVER HITS TWICE,

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HE YELLED BACK, SAYING,
\"GET OUT OF THE BUILDING!

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GET OUT OF THE BUILDING NOW!\"

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(Silbersweig) ELIA IS A VERY STRONG
AND SMART PERSON

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WHOSE LIFE WAS DRAMATICALLY
AFFECTED BY 9/11.

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SHE WAS EVEN IN THE FIRST
WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING

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IN THE 1990s,

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AND SO IN HER,
ONE IS ABLE TO SEE

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THE EFFECT TWICE, REALLY,
AND IN THE SAME PLACE,

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WITH ALL OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS.

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ANY GIVEN PERSON MAY COME
TO ANY EXPERIENCE

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WITH A CERTAIN
BIOLOGICAL LOADING,

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A CERTAIN SET
OF PAST EXPERIENCES

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THAT HAVE IMPACTED
UPON THEIR BRAIN AND THEIR MIND

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AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGY.

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PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD
PREVIOUS DIFFICULTIES

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WITH FEAR AND ANXIETY

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CAN BE MORE VULNERABLE

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AND CAN HAVE AN EXACERBATION
UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES,

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AND THAT IF THE TRAUMA
IS GREAT ENOUGH

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AND A PERSON\'S EXPOSURE
IS GREAT ENOUGH,

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THEN THEY MAY DEVELOP
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

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OR A MORE TRANSIENT SYNDROME
THAT THEN HOPEFULLY GOES AWAY.

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(narrator) WHAT IS THE AFTERMATH OF 9/11
ON VULNERABLE MINDS?

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CHRIS LOST HIS BROTHER, TOM,

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AND HUNDREDS
OF EX-CO-WORKERS THAT DAY,

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AND SOON HE WOULD DISCOVER

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THAT HIS MIND COULD NOT FACE
THE RAW TRUTH OF THAT LOSS.

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(Burke) I COULDN\'T DO ANYTHING
FOR MY BROTHER.

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I COULDN\'T DO ANYTHING
FOR MY FRIENDS.

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BUT I COULDN\'T JUST STAND THERE.

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SO WHO NEEDED HELP?

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ALL THESE WIVES,

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THESE WIVES
OF ALL THESE FRIENDS I KNEW,

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ALL THESE KIDS OF MY FRIENDS,
MY FRIENDS\' KIDS,

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THIS IS WHERE I TURNED.

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AND I MADE PHONE CALLS;
I SAID, \"LOOK, I\'M HERE.\"

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SO AT MY BROTHER\'S
MEMORIAL SERVICE,

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I ANNOUNCED THE FOUNDING
OF TUESDAY\'S CHILDREN,

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TO COME TO THE AID OF THESE
FAMILIES AND TO THESE CHILDREN,

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TO STAND WITH THEM

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AND TO HELP THEM FIND
POSITIVES IN THEIR OWN LIVES,

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MOVING FORWARD.

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IN THE BUILDING
OF TUESDAY\'S CHILDREN,

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I DEALT WITH A LOT
OF MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS,

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EXPERTS IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS,
IN ANXIETY.

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AND IT DIDN\'T TAKE THEM LONG,
I THINK,

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IN SITTING WITH ME
IN REALIZING THAT, YOU KNOW,

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THE GUY TRYING
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

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HAS A BIGGER PROBLEM
THAN ANYBODY.

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(LeDoux)
OKAY, ARLENE\'S,

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YOU READY FOR MUSIC
OF MIND AND BRAIN

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AND MENTAL DISORDER?

00:10:54.700 --> 00:10:57.999
[exotic rock music]

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WHY?

00:11:00.133 --> 00:11:02.099
WHY?

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WHY DO WE FEEL SO AFRAID?

00:11:05.300 --> 00:11:08.066
WHY?

00:11:08.067 --> 00:11:10.066
WHY?

00:11:10.067 --> 00:11:13.966
WHY DO WE FEEL SO AFRAID?

00:11:13.967 --> 00:11:17.866
DON\'T HAVE TO LOOK VERY FAR

00:11:17.867 --> 00:11:21.632
DON\'T GET STUCK IN A RUT

00:11:21.633 --> 00:11:25.366
DON\'T GO LOOKING TOO HARD

00:11:25.367 --> 00:11:28.667
IT\'S ALL IN A NUT

00:11:32.233 --> 00:11:35.133
IN YOUR BRAIN

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(narrator) WHERE DOES FEAR COME FROM,
BIOLOGICALLY?

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THERE\'S A NUT-SHAPED STRUCTURE

00:11:41.900 --> 00:11:43.666
IN THE DEEPEST PART
OF OUR BRAINS

00:11:43.667 --> 00:11:47.099
THAT RULES OUR EMOTIONAL
REACTION TO A REAL THREAT.

00:11:47.100 --> 00:11:48.999
IT IS CALLED THE AMYGDALA,

00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:51.299
AND LEDOUX HAS SHOWN
THAT IN HUMANS

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AS WELL AS IN ALL
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS,

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THE AMYGDALA IS
THE DEFENSIVE MECHANISM

00:11:56.133 --> 00:11:59.599
THAT MAKES US REACT
BEFORE THINKING.

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THE AMYGDALA DOES NOT FEEL FEAR.

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IT HAS NO FEELING.

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THE AMYGDALA IS A MACHINE
FOR DETECTING DANGER

00:12:06.567 --> 00:12:08.532
AND RESPONDING TO DANGER

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THAT GOES BACK
TO OUR EARLIEST LINEAGE

00:12:10.900 --> 00:12:12.532
AS A VERTEBRATE ORGANISM.

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THERE ARE TWO PATHWAYS
FOR TURNING ON THE AMYGDALA.

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ONE IS GOING
THROUGH THE NEOCORTEX,

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WHERE WE PERCEIVE
THE EXTERNAL STIMULUS,

00:12:20.833 --> 00:12:24.299
AND THAT INFORMATION
IS ACTIVATING THE AMYGDALA

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ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPLETE
PROCESSING OF THE STIMULUS.

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BUT THAT TAKES A LOT OF TIME.

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AND WHAT WE DISCOVERED
VERY EARLY IN OUR RESEARCH

00:12:32.267 --> 00:12:34.199
WAS THAT THERE WAS
A SECOND PATHWAY

00:12:34.200 --> 00:12:36.566
THAT COMES DIRECTLY
FROM THE THALAMUS.

00:12:36.567 --> 00:12:39.432
NOW, THE THALAMUS GOES
DIRECTLY TO THE AMYGDALA.

00:12:39.433 --> 00:12:42.099
YOU FREEZE; YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE
AND HEART RATE INCREASE;

00:12:42.100 --> 00:12:44.566
YOUR BREATHING RATE GOES UP;
STRESS HORMONES ARE RELEASED.

00:12:44.567 --> 00:12:46.932
ALL OF THAT OCCURS WITHIN
THE FIRST FEW MILLISECONDS

00:12:46.933 --> 00:12:49.899
OF THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE.

00:12:49.900 --> 00:12:54.099
THE DISCOVERY OF THE DUAL
PATHWAYS TO THE AMYGDALA

00:12:54.100 --> 00:12:59.566
WAS IMPORTANT IN THE 1980s,
WHEN WE MADE THIS OBSERVATION,

00:12:59.567 --> 00:13:01.366
BECAUSE IT WAS SORT OF

00:13:01.367 --> 00:13:04.599
THE FIRST
NEUROLOGICAL DEMONSTRATION

00:13:04.600 --> 00:13:07.166
OF AN UNCONSCIOUS
INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM

00:13:07.167 --> 00:13:08.832
IN THE BRAIN.

00:13:08.833 --> 00:13:11.332
(narrator)
LEDOUX\'S DISCOVERY

00:13:11.333 --> 00:13:13.699
OF THE DOUBLE FEAR CIRCUITRY
IN THE BRAIN

00:13:13.700 --> 00:13:16.399
WAS INSPIRED
BY THE REVOLUTIONARY METHODS

00:13:16.400 --> 00:13:20.166
OF ERIC KANDEL,
NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN 2000.

00:13:20.167 --> 00:13:22.199
AFTER THE 1950s,

00:13:22.200 --> 00:13:24.699
THE GOLDEN AGE
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS,

00:13:24.700 --> 00:13:26.732
KANDEL DECIDED
TO STUDY THE BRAIN

00:13:26.733 --> 00:13:30.199
USING A BIOLOGICAL APPROACH.

00:13:30.200 --> 00:13:32.232
(Kandel) AT HARVARD,
I BEGAN TO READ FREUD,

00:13:32.233 --> 00:13:36.232
AND I BECAME INTERESTED
IN THE UNCONSCIOUS, YOU KNOW.

00:13:36.233 --> 00:13:39.199
MY IDEA WAS THAT TO REALLY
UNDERSTAND HUMAN BEHAVIOR,

00:13:39.200 --> 00:13:40.799
TO UNDERSTAND ANXIETY STATES,

00:13:40.800 --> 00:13:43.732
ONE NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND
THE MIND.

00:13:43.733 --> 00:13:45.366
AND THEN IN MY SENIOR YEAR,

00:13:45.367 --> 00:13:46.966
I DECIDED
THAT EVEN A PSYCHOANALYST

00:13:46.967 --> 00:13:48.899
SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING
ABOUT THE BRAIN,

00:13:48.900 --> 00:13:52.499
SO I CAME HERE, TO COLUMBIA,
AND WORKED WITH HARRY GRUNDFEST.

00:13:52.500 --> 00:13:54.399
I THOUGHT I WANTED TO DO
SOMETHING IMPORTANT

00:13:54.400 --> 00:13:55.799
FOR PSYCHOANALYSIS,
SO I SAID,

00:13:55.800 --> 00:13:58.832
\"YOU KNOW, I\'D LIKE TO STUDY
WHERE THE ID, THE EGO,

00:13:58.833 --> 00:14:01.866
AND THE SUPEREGO ARE LOCATED.\"

00:14:01.867 --> 00:14:03.999
AND HE LOOKED AT ME
AS IF I WAS CRAZY,

00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.032
AND HE SAID,
\"LOOK, THIS IS RIDICULOUS.

00:14:06.033 --> 00:14:07.932
\"I MEAN WE HAVE NOT
THE FOGGIEST NOTION

00:14:07.933 --> 00:14:10.399
\"WHETHER OR NOT
THOSE STRUCTURES EXIST,

00:14:10.400 --> 00:14:12.699
AND IF THEY DO,
HOW TO STUDY THEM.\"

00:14:12.700 --> 00:14:14.832
THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE PROGRESS
IN THE BRAIN

00:14:14.833 --> 00:14:17.532
IS TO STUDY IT
ONE CELL AT A TIME.

00:14:17.533 --> 00:14:20.999
SO I LOOKED AROUND
FOR A SIMPLE ANIMAL,

00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:22.266
THAT COULD LEARN.

00:14:22.267 --> 00:14:24.299
RATHER THAN THE MOST COMPLEX
FORM OF LEARNING,

00:14:24.300 --> 00:14:26.666
I WOULD GO TO THE SIMPLEST FORM
OF LEARNING,

00:14:26.667 --> 00:14:28.299
IN THE SIMPLEST ANIMAL,

00:14:28.300 --> 00:14:30.166
WORK OUT THE BEHAVIOR,

00:14:30.167 --> 00:14:33.032
AND SEE HOW THE BEHAVIOR
IS MODIFIED BY LEARNING.

00:14:33.033 --> 00:14:38.132
AND I FOCUSED IN A MARINE SNAIL,
CALLED APLYSIA.

00:14:38.133 --> 00:14:40.899
AND THEN,
INFLUENCED BY JOE LEDOUX,

00:14:40.900 --> 00:14:44.632
I ALSO BEGAN TO STUDY
LEARNED FEAR IN THE MOUSE,

00:14:44.633 --> 00:14:48.332
LOOKING AT ANIMAL MODELS
OF MENTAL DISORDER.

00:14:48.333 --> 00:14:50.732
SO WE\'VE LOOKED AT LEARNED FEAR,
AND WE\'VE DEVELOPED

00:14:50.733 --> 00:14:53.732
A NUMBER OF ANIMAL MODELS
OF LEARNED FEAR.

00:14:53.733 --> 00:14:56.599
JOE LEDOUX HAD SHOWN
YOU CAN PRODUCE LEARNED FEAR

00:14:56.600 --> 00:14:58.866
IN THE MOUSE.

00:14:58.867 --> 00:15:00.466
WE WENT TO THE AMYGDALA.

00:15:00.467 --> 00:15:02.966
WE DISSECTED OUT SINGLE CELLS.

00:15:02.967 --> 00:15:06.732
WE IDENTIFIED GENES THAT ARE
ENRICHED IN THE AMYGDALA.

00:15:06.733 --> 00:15:10.266
AND WE SHOWED THAT SOME OF THOSE
SERVE AS INHIBITORY CONSTRAINTS.

00:15:10.267 --> 00:15:11.866
IF YOU REMOVE THEM,

00:15:11.867 --> 00:15:13.932
THE ANIMAL BECOMES
MUCH MORE FRIGHTENED

00:15:13.933 --> 00:15:16.933
THAN IT NORMALLY DOES.

00:15:22.167 --> 00:15:23.632
(Zedeno)
\"GET OUT OF THE BUILDING!

00:15:23.633 --> 00:15:26.632
GET OUT OF THE BUILDING NOW!\"

00:15:26.633 --> 00:15:28.732
AND I REACTED.

00:15:28.733 --> 00:15:31.266
AND I REMEMBER THAT I STARTED
TURNING AROUND IN CIRCLES.

00:15:31.267 --> 00:15:34.532
I DIDN\'T IMMEDIATELY RUN OUT.

00:15:34.533 --> 00:15:36.999
AND IN MY FRENZY
OF GOING AROUND IN CIRCLES

00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:41.166
I ENDED UP OUTSIDE OF MY OFFICE.

00:15:41.167 --> 00:15:46.599
AND I WAS SCREAMING, \"NOT AGAIN,
GOD, PLEASE, NOT AGAIN,\"

00:15:46.600 --> 00:15:51.099
WHEN SUDDENLY, WE HEARD A SOUND
AND WE ALL LOOKED UP.

00:15:51.100 --> 00:15:54.499
AND FROM THE WINDOWS,
WHAT WE SAW

00:15:54.500 --> 00:15:57.832
WERE THESE HUGE BALLS OF FIRE,

00:15:57.833 --> 00:16:02.132
THEN BLACK SMOKE
AND THINGS FLYING IN THE AIR,

00:16:02.133 --> 00:16:07.532
AND THEN A VOICE YELLED OUT,
\"GET AWAY FROM THE WINDOWS!\"

00:16:07.533 --> 00:16:09.732
IT WAS A STRANGE FEELING
AT THAT POINT,

00:16:09.733 --> 00:16:15.666
BECAUSE MY MIND SAID,
\"OH, YEAH, GOT TO GET AWAY.\"

00:16:15.667 --> 00:16:17.966
AND ALL OF US MUST HAVE THOUGHT
THE SAME THING,

00:16:17.967 --> 00:16:20.799
BECAUSE ALL OF US
JUST TURNED AROUND IN UNISON

00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:27.099
AND RAN AWAY FROM THOSE WINDOWS.

00:16:27.100 --> 00:16:28.899
ONE OF THE THINGS
WE KNOW RIGHT NOW

00:16:28.900 --> 00:16:32.832
IS THAT THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN
INVOLVED IN THINKING,

00:16:32.833 --> 00:16:35.532
PLANNING, DECISION MAKING
AND SO FORTH,

00:16:35.533 --> 00:16:37.599
IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX,

00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.866
IN THE NEWEST PART
OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX,

00:16:39.867 --> 00:16:42.032
THESE PARTS
OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

00:16:42.033 --> 00:16:45.299
HAVE NO DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
TO THE AMYGDALA.

00:16:45.300 --> 00:16:47.132
THIS MEANS THAT
IT\'S VERY DIFFICULT

00:16:47.133 --> 00:16:50.732
FOR A THOUGHT
TO CONTROL AN EMOTION.

00:16:50.733 --> 00:16:51.932
ON THE OTHER HAND,

00:16:51.933 --> 00:16:53.666
THE AMYGDALA HAS
MASSIVE CONNECTIONS

00:16:53.667 --> 00:16:55.432
THROUGHOUT THE NEOCORTEX,

00:16:55.433 --> 00:16:58.466
SO IT\'S VERY EASY FOR AN EMOTION
TO INFLUENCE A THOUGHT.

00:16:58.467 --> 00:17:02.232
ONCE WE ARE EMOTIONALLY AROUSED,
OUR THOUGHTS ARE HIJACKED

00:17:02.233 --> 00:17:04.766
OR MONOPOLIZED BY OUR EMOTIONS,

00:17:04.767 --> 00:17:07.799
AND IT\'S NOT SO EASY FOR
OUR THOUGHTS TO TURN IT AROUND

00:17:07.800 --> 00:17:10.999
AND TO CONTROL OUR EMOTIONS
IN THE SAME SITUATION.

00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:12.932
SO IT\'S VERY HARD FOR US TO SAY,

00:17:12.933 --> 00:17:14.032
\"OKAY, I\'M NOT GOING TO BE

00:17:14.033 --> 00:17:15.966
FEARFUL OR ANXIOUS
OR DEPRESSED.\"

00:17:15.967 --> 00:17:17.999
AND THAT\'S WHY PEOPLE
GO TO THERAPISTS,

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:20.832
TO HELP THEM
TRY AND CIRCUMVENT THE PROBLEM

00:17:20.833 --> 00:17:23.132
THAT THE AMYGDALA
DOES NOT RECEIVE

00:17:23.133 --> 00:17:24.866
ANY CONNECTIVITY
FROM THE THINKING,

00:17:24.867 --> 00:17:28.366
PLANNING PARTS
OF THE NEOCORTEX.

00:17:28.367 --> 00:17:31.232
THE STORY OF CHRIS
IS VERY INTERESTING,

00:17:31.233 --> 00:17:33.799
BECAUSE WHEN I MET HIM,
I KNEW HE HAD PTSD.

00:17:33.800 --> 00:17:36.332
HE HAD ALL OF THE SYMPTOMS,
RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME.

00:17:36.333 --> 00:17:40.532
BUT HE HAD A LARGER HISTORY
THAN 9/11 TO CONTEND WITH,

00:17:40.533 --> 00:17:42.332
WHICH WASN\'T CLEAR
AT THE BEGINNING,

00:17:42.333 --> 00:17:47.899
WHICH I THINK UNDERMINED
HIS CAPACITY TO RECOVER.

00:17:47.900 --> 00:17:49.399
IT\'S GREAT TO BE
BACK IN THIS OFFICE.

00:17:49.400 --> 00:17:51.066
THIS... I... YOU KNOW,

00:17:51.067 --> 00:17:52.599
THIS IS WHERE
IT ALL STARTED.

00:17:52.600 --> 00:17:53.699
I KNOW.
I KNOW.

00:17:53.700 --> 00:17:54.932
SIX YEARS AGO.
THAT\'S RIGHT.

00:17:54.933 --> 00:17:56.132
I COME FROM A WORLD

00:17:56.133 --> 00:17:59.132
WHERE PEOPLE DON\'T TALK
TO PEOPLE LIKE YOU,

00:17:59.133 --> 00:18:03.032
WHERE THERE\'S A BIG TABOO
ABOUT PEOPLE LIKE YOU.

00:18:03.033 --> 00:18:05.099
YOU\'RE A TRAINED
PROFESSIONAL.

00:18:05.100 --> 00:18:07.199
THIS IS YOUR JOB, TO...
I GUESS,

00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:11.032
TO SPOT PEOPLE LIKE ME
AND TO SPOT THE SYMPTOMS.

00:18:11.033 --> 00:18:13.832
WHAT WAS SO AMAZING
ABOUT YOU

00:18:13.833 --> 00:18:17.899
WAS THAT I SAW
THE TWO SIDES OF YOU IN ACTION,

00:18:17.900 --> 00:18:21.966
SIMULTANEOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY,
LIKE, RIGHT, FOR FOUR YEARS,

00:18:21.967 --> 00:18:23.232
WHERE I COULD SEE

00:18:23.233 --> 00:18:25.432
YOU LIVED WITH NIGHTMARES,

00:18:25.433 --> 00:18:27.732
YOU LIVED
WITH SLEEPLESSNESS,

00:18:27.733 --> 00:18:29.632
YOU LIVED
WITH STARTLE RESPONSES,

00:18:29.633 --> 00:18:31.866
HYPERVIGILANCE
THAT WOULD MAKE ANYBODY CRAZY,

00:18:31.867 --> 00:18:35.699
AND YET SIMULTANEOUSLY
ORGANIZED HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE,

00:18:35.700 --> 00:18:39.199
HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE,
TO DO SOMETHING GOOD.

00:18:39.200 --> 00:18:41.632
AND THAT WAS
VERY POWERFUL FOR ME.

00:18:41.633 --> 00:18:44.999
I SAW THE ESSENTIAL YOU,
RIGHT,

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:47.366
JUST A VERY GOOD PERSON.

00:18:47.367 --> 00:18:49.066
THANK GOD YOU DID.

00:18:49.067 --> 00:18:50.799
I MEAN, THERE WAS TIMES...

00:18:50.800 --> 00:18:54.799
IT WAS OFTEN DIFFICULT
TO WORK WITH YOU, FOR ME,

00:18:54.800 --> 00:18:57.266
BECAUSE I KNEW
YOU COULD SEE.

00:18:57.267 --> 00:19:00.866
I KNEW THAT THE MASK
WASN\'T WORKING WITH YOU.

00:19:00.867 --> 00:19:02.899
MY FEAR WAS...

00:19:02.900 --> 00:19:04.832
AND IT WAS THE FEAR
OF A LOT OF THESE FAMILIES TOO,

00:19:04.833 --> 00:19:06.632
IN TERMS OF DEALING
JUST WITH 9/11...

00:19:06.633 --> 00:19:11.532
THAT IF YOU LET THE TOOTHPASTE
OUT OF THE TUBE,

00:19:11.533 --> 00:19:13.799
IF YOU REALLY SIT DOWN

00:19:13.800 --> 00:19:16.599
AND BE OPEN AND HONEST
WITH PROFESSIONALS,

00:19:16.600 --> 00:19:17.932
LIKE DR. CLOITRE,

00:19:17.933 --> 00:19:22.299
WITH, YOU KNOW, PSYCHOLOGISTS,

00:19:22.300 --> 00:19:26.432
THAT THE MESS WOULD BE
TOO BIG TO HANDLE.

00:19:26.433 --> 00:19:31.166
(narrator)
WHAT MESS WAS CHRIS HIDING?

00:19:31.167 --> 00:19:35.499
AN ANCIENT, DEEP-SEATED FEAR,
STORED IN HIS EMOTIONAL BRAIN.

00:19:35.500 --> 00:19:38.866
9/11 BROUGHT IT BACK
TO THE SURFACE.

00:19:38.867 --> 00:19:40.632
(LeDoux)
LET\'S SAY THAT A PERSON HAS

00:19:40.633 --> 00:19:43.099
THESE KIND OF LITTLE FRAGMENTS
OF A MEMORY

00:19:43.100 --> 00:19:45.166
BUT NOT AN ENTIRE MEMORY

00:19:45.167 --> 00:19:48.866
AND A LATER STRESS,
SUCH AS 9/11,

00:19:48.867 --> 00:19:51.799
RE-ACTIVATES THOSE FRAGMENTS

00:19:51.800 --> 00:19:56.499
AND SOMEHOW MOTIVATES THE PERSON
TO PIECE THEM TOGETHER.

00:19:56.500 --> 00:19:59.732
IN ANY FEAR-AROUSING SITUATION,

00:19:59.733 --> 00:20:02.799
MANY SYSTEMS IN THE BRAIN
WILL BE FORMING MEMORIES.

00:20:02.800 --> 00:20:05.032
THE AMYGDALA IS REQUIRED
FOR THE FORMATION

00:20:05.033 --> 00:20:07.066
OF THE EMOTIONAL MEMORY.

00:20:07.067 --> 00:20:09.066
THIS IS AN UNCONSCIOUS MEMORY.

00:20:09.067 --> 00:20:11.632
THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS REQUIRED
FOR THE FORMATION

00:20:11.633 --> 00:20:14.432
OF THE MEMORY
ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SITUATION.

00:20:14.433 --> 00:20:15.999
IT\'S A KIND OF COGNITIVE MEMORY.

00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:19.466
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS
IN A VERY STRESSFUL SITUATION

00:20:19.467 --> 00:20:23.299
IS THAT CORTISOL IS RELEASED
FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND,

00:20:23.300 --> 00:20:26.099
AND THIS IS
THE SO-CALLED STRESS HORMONE,

00:20:26.100 --> 00:20:29.566
AND IT GOES BACK TO THE BRAIN
AND GOES TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

00:20:29.567 --> 00:20:32.232
NOW, IN THE SHORT TERM
IT\'S BENEFICIAL,

00:20:32.233 --> 00:20:36.432
BUT IF THE STRESS IS PROLONGED
OR REPEATED MANY TIMES,

00:20:36.433 --> 00:20:39.432
THEN THE ABILITY
OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS

00:20:39.433 --> 00:20:42.432
TO PROCESS
THE CORTISOL WEAKENS

00:20:42.433 --> 00:20:44.999
AND THE CELLS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:47.399
ACTUALLY BEGIN TO SUFFER
AND CAN DIE.

00:20:47.400 --> 00:20:49.732
SO DAMAGE TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS
WILL INTERFERE

00:20:49.733 --> 00:20:52.666
WITH THE COGNITIVE MEMORY
ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SITUATION

00:20:52.667 --> 00:20:55.032
BUT NOT
WITH THE EMOTIONAL MEMORY.

00:20:55.033 --> 00:20:59.199
SO A CHILD WHO IS TRAUMATIZED
EARLY IN LIFE

00:20:59.200 --> 00:21:02.266
WILL FORM PERHAPS
AN INCOMPLETE MEMORY

00:21:02.267 --> 00:21:03.532
OF THAT EXPERIENCE

00:21:03.533 --> 00:21:06.633
AND NOT BE ABLE TO RECALL IT
THROUGH LATER LIFE.

00:21:07.633 --> 00:21:11.532
[sighs]

00:21:11.533 --> 00:21:13.399
(Burke)
DR. CLOITRE HAD REALIZED

00:21:13.400 --> 00:21:18.099
THAT 9/11 WAS NOT
THE ONLY TRAUMA IN MY LIFE,

00:21:18.100 --> 00:21:22.399
THAT MY LIFE WAS ACTUALLY
BOOKENDED BY TRAUMAS

00:21:22.400 --> 00:21:24.299
THAT HAD HAD A DEEP EFFECT

00:21:24.300 --> 00:21:28.266
ON THE ALMOST 50 YEARS
THAT I\'VE BEEN ON THIS PLANET.

00:21:28.267 --> 00:21:31.599
LISTEN, I WAS THE POSTER CHILD
FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS

00:21:31.600 --> 00:21:35.399
BEFORE THAT TERM
EVER ENTERED THE LEXICON.

00:21:35.400 --> 00:21:41.232
MY EARLIEST MEMORY IN LIFE
IS ONE OF ABUSE.

00:21:41.233 --> 00:21:47.066
MY FATHER PHYSICALLY
AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY ABUSED ME,

00:21:47.067 --> 00:21:48.666
TORTURED ME.

00:21:48.667 --> 00:21:50.666
WAS IT FEAR?

00:21:50.667 --> 00:21:52.499
I LIVED IN FEAR
FROM THE TIME I WAS BORN

00:21:52.500 --> 00:21:55.599
UNTIL, I GUESS, FOREVER.

00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:57.566
I\'M GOING TO BE 50 YEARS OLD,

00:21:57.567 --> 00:22:02.666
BUT FOR 47 YEARS,
I REFUSED TO GET ANY HELP.

00:22:02.667 --> 00:22:08.166
I REFUSED TO ACKNOWLEDGE
THAT I NEEDED THE HELP,

00:22:08.167 --> 00:22:11.799
BECAUSE IT GOES BACK
TO THE TOOTHPASTE.

00:22:11.800 --> 00:22:15.700
I NEEDED TO KEEP IT IN THE TUBE.

00:22:17.900 --> 00:22:21.132
(Zedeno) AND THEN I CAME TO THE END
OF THE STAIRWAYS,

00:22:21.133 --> 00:22:25.699
AND I REMEMBER
THE BIT OF HOPE AND JOY

00:22:25.700 --> 00:22:30.799
THAT CAME OVER ME WHEN I SAW
THAT I WAS AT THE END.

00:22:30.800 --> 00:22:32.832
BUT I WASN\'T OUTSIDE.

00:22:32.833 --> 00:22:35.832
I WAS AT THE MEZZANINE LEVEL
OF THE BUILDING.

00:22:35.833 --> 00:22:41.100
AND IT WAS AT THIS POINT
WHERE I HAD MY FIRST LOOK.

00:22:46.467 --> 00:22:49.332
AND I JUST KEPT STARING
AS I WAS WALKING,

00:22:49.333 --> 00:22:55.699
AND I FELT MYSELF SLOWING DOWN
AND SLOWING DOWN,

00:22:55.700 --> 00:22:57.332
AND THE MOMENT I STOPPED,

00:22:57.333 --> 00:23:03.399
I REALIZED THAT I WASN\'T STARING
AT DEBRIS.

00:23:03.400 --> 00:23:07.699
LINED UP ALL AROUND
THE PERIMETER OF THE BUILDING

00:23:07.700 --> 00:23:13.399
WERE HUMAN BODIES
IN THE MOST GROTESQUE...

00:23:13.400 --> 00:23:19.200
THE MOST GROTESQUE SHAPES,
COLORS.

00:23:24.067 --> 00:23:28.067
AND I REMEMBER THAT I FROZE.

00:23:30.900 --> 00:23:33.632
I JUST FROZE.

00:23:33.633 --> 00:23:37.166
IF YOU ARE MOVING AROUND A LOT,
YOU\'LL BE DETECTED,

00:23:37.167 --> 00:23:40.466
WHEREAS IF YOU ARE FROZEN SOLID,
YOU WON\'T BE DETECTED.

00:23:40.467 --> 00:23:44.332
IMAGINE THAT THERE\'S A HUNGRY
PREDATOR SCANNING THE HORIZON,

00:23:44.333 --> 00:23:45.832
LOOKING FOR YOU.

00:23:45.833 --> 00:23:47.966
HE IS UNLIKELY TO DETECT YOU
IF YOU\'RE NOT MOVING,

00:23:47.967 --> 00:23:49.332
BUT IF YOU START MOVING,

00:23:49.333 --> 00:23:51.532
HE CAN SEE THAT MOVEMENT
IN THE DISTANCE

00:23:51.533 --> 00:23:52.966
AND GO AFTER YOU.

00:23:52.967 --> 00:23:56.933
NOW SOME RATS
SIMPLY CANNOT STOP FREEZING.

00:23:59.167 --> 00:24:05.799
(Burke) THEY CALL IT THE FIGHT, FLIGHT,
OR FREEZE MECHANISM.

00:24:05.800 --> 00:24:07.699
IT COMES FROM THE LUMBAR REGION
IN OUR BRAIN,

00:24:07.700 --> 00:24:09.099
FROM THE PREHISTORIC TIMES.

00:24:09.100 --> 00:24:11.666
THIS IS HOW ANIMALS ACT
WHEN THEY\'RE ATTACKED.

00:24:11.667 --> 00:24:12.932
WHAT ARE THEIR CHOICES?

00:24:12.933 --> 00:24:16.366
THEY FIGHT IF THEY CAN,

00:24:16.367 --> 00:24:20.566
THEY RUN IF THEY CAN,

00:24:20.567 --> 00:24:23.332
OR THEY FREEZE.

00:24:23.333 --> 00:24:27.699
AS A FOUR-YEAR-OLD KID

00:24:27.700 --> 00:24:31.732
BEING BEATEN
WITH BELTS AND SHOES,

00:24:31.733 --> 00:24:35.999
BEING TOLD
THAT YOU ARE A PIECE OF SHIT,

00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:37.932
THAT YOU\'RE WORTHLESS,

00:24:37.933 --> 00:24:40.099
THAT YOU NEVER
SHOULD HAVE BEEN BORN,

00:24:40.100 --> 00:24:42.666
YOU FREEZE.

00:24:42.667 --> 00:24:44.699
YOU SHUT DOWN.

00:24:44.700 --> 00:24:47.132
AND THAT\'S WHAT HAPPENED TO ME.

00:24:47.133 --> 00:24:51.800
I SHUT DOWN EMOTIONALLY.

00:25:00.733 --> 00:25:03.166
(narrator) CHRIS REMAINED FROZEN
FOR DECADES.

00:25:03.167 --> 00:25:06.732
HIS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA MADE HIM
MORE VULNERABLE THAN OTHERS.

00:25:06.733 --> 00:25:08.166
CAN SCIENCE MEASURE

00:25:08.167 --> 00:25:13.899
THE DEGREE OF VULNERABILITY
TO FEAR IN INDIVIDUALS?

00:25:13.900 --> 00:25:16.566
WE WANTED TO SEE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

00:25:16.567 --> 00:25:19.699
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS
REPRESENTATION OF FEAR.

00:25:19.700 --> 00:25:23.766
PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD
EXPRESS EMOTION

00:25:23.767 --> 00:25:25.532
IN A LIMITED NUMBER OF WAYS,

00:25:25.533 --> 00:25:30.299
SEVEN OR EIGHT CANONICAL
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS.

00:25:30.300 --> 00:25:35.366
WE SHOWED PEOPLE EKMAN FACES
OF FEARFUL EXPRESSION

00:25:35.367 --> 00:25:37.066
AND WE SHOWED IT IN TWO WAYS.

00:25:37.067 --> 00:25:39.266
WE SHOWED IT VERY BRIEFLY,

00:25:39.267 --> 00:25:42.699
SO THAT THE SUBJECT
WOULD NOT BE ABLE

00:25:42.700 --> 00:25:47.299
TO RECOGNIZE CONSCIOUSLY
THAT IT WAS FEARFUL.

00:25:47.300 --> 00:25:49.932
WE THEN SHOWED THEM
THE SAME PICTURE SLOWLY,

00:25:49.933 --> 00:25:52.432
SO ANYONE COULD SEE
THIS WAS A FEARFUL FACE.

00:25:52.433 --> 00:25:56.599
MOREOVER, WE\'VE GIVEN
ALL OF THESE SUBJECTS A SCALE,

00:25:56.600 --> 00:26:00.432
A QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR BASELINE ANXIETY.

00:26:00.433 --> 00:26:02.299
AND OF COURSE,
IN ANY DISTRIBUTION,

00:26:02.300 --> 00:26:04.132
IF YOU WERE TO DO THIS
IN THIS ROOM,

00:26:04.133 --> 00:26:05.932
YOU FIND SOME PEOPLE
ARE VERY RELAXED

00:26:05.933 --> 00:26:08.099
AND SOME PEOPLE
ARE A LITTLE BIT ANXIOUS.

00:26:08.100 --> 00:26:10.899
AND WE FOUND
THAT IF WE NOW SAW

00:26:10.900 --> 00:26:17.266
HOW THIS ANXIETY SCALE RELATED
TO THE INTENSITY OF RESPONSE,

00:26:17.267 --> 00:26:20.366
WITH THE IMAGING
OF CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION,

00:26:20.367 --> 00:26:21.799
THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE.

00:26:21.800 --> 00:26:24.332
BUT IN UNCONSCIOUS PERCEPTION,

00:26:24.333 --> 00:26:26.699
THERE WAS
A SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIP.

00:26:26.700 --> 00:26:29.266
PEOPLE WHO WERE VERY ANXIOUS
HAD A BIG SIGNAL,

00:26:29.267 --> 00:26:31.266
WHERE THOSE
WHO WERE VERY RELAXED

00:26:31.267 --> 00:26:32.899
HAD VERY LITTLE SIGNAL.

00:26:32.900 --> 00:26:35.632
SO HERE\'S A MARKER
FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY ANXIOUS.

00:26:35.633 --> 00:26:38.466
ONE IS LOOKING FOR MARKERS,
BIOLOGICAL MARKERS,

00:26:38.467 --> 00:26:44.132
TO DIAGNOSE MENTAL ILLNESSES
AND TO TREAT THEM.

00:26:44.133 --> 00:26:45.932
(narrator)
FEAR IS UNIVERSAL,

00:26:45.933 --> 00:26:48.466
BUT IT HAS A HIDDEN SIDE
IN OUR SUBCONSCIOUS,

00:26:48.467 --> 00:26:50.199
WHICH IS WHAT MAKES IT UNIQUE,

00:26:50.200 --> 00:26:52.299
BIOLOGICALLY
AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY.

00:26:52.300 --> 00:26:54.532
THE STUDY
OF INDIVIDUAL CASE HISTORIES

00:26:54.533 --> 00:26:57.599
IS THE KEY
TO UNDERSTANDING FEAR.

00:26:57.600 --> 00:27:01.766
YOU LEFT A TRACE

00:27:01.767 --> 00:27:05.566
IN MY MEMORY

00:27:05.567 --> 00:27:09.232
A PERMANENT PLACE

00:27:09.233 --> 00:27:12.866
IN MY SYNAPTIC SEA

00:27:12.867 --> 00:27:16.599
THEY SAY THAT TIME

00:27:16.600 --> 00:27:20.266
HEALS ALL PAIN

00:27:20.267 --> 00:27:23.599
TIME CAN\'T ERASE

00:27:23.600 --> 00:27:26.899
YOUR PLACE IN MY BRAIN

00:27:26.900 --> 00:27:30.899
I THINK THAT OUR FUTURE
IN UNDERSTANDING WHAT PTSD IS,

00:27:30.900 --> 00:27:33.166
INCLUDING IN NEUROSCIENCE,

00:27:33.167 --> 00:27:36.599
IS GOING TO BE ABOUT PTSD

00:27:36.600 --> 00:27:39.432
AND ITS RELATION
TO SOCIAL BONDS.

00:27:39.433 --> 00:27:42.866
AND WE KNOW THINGS ABOUT...

00:27:42.867 --> 00:27:45.499
YOU KNOW,
FROM OUR NEUROSCIENCE STUDIES,

00:27:45.500 --> 00:27:49.532
THAT WHEN PEOPLE OBSERVE
OTHERS BEING HURT,

00:27:49.533 --> 00:27:52.399
THAT THEIR OWN AMYGDALA
LIGHTS UP.

00:27:52.400 --> 00:27:54.133
THAT\'S PRETTY INCREDIBLE.

00:27:57.167 --> 00:27:59.932
(Phelps) HUMANS ARE NOT RATS.
WE\'RE DEFINITELY NOT RATS.

00:27:59.933 --> 00:28:02.732
AS MUCH AS YOU CAN TAKE A RAT
AND YOU CAN TAKE A HUMAN

00:28:02.733 --> 00:28:05.199
AND YOU CAN SHOW THEM SOMETHING
AND GIVE THEM A SHOCK

00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:07.332
AND SHOW THAT THE BRAIN
IS SOMEWHAT SIMILAR

00:28:07.333 --> 00:28:09.699
IN WHAT IT\'S DOING
IN BOTH CASES,

00:28:09.700 --> 00:28:12.332
IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND
HOW HUMANS LEARN FEAR,

00:28:12.333 --> 00:28:16.132
WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THE COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENT WE WORK IN

00:28:16.133 --> 00:28:18.533
AND THE COMPLEX TYPE
OF COGNITION THAT WE HAVE.

00:28:22.267 --> 00:28:24.566
AND THE TRUTH IS,
MOST OF THE TIME,

00:28:24.567 --> 00:28:26.966
WHEN YOU LEARN SOMETHING
IS FEARFUL,

00:28:26.967 --> 00:28:29.799
YOU DIDN\'T LEARN BECAUSE
IT WAS PAIRED WITH A SHOCK.

00:28:29.800 --> 00:28:31.132
MOST OF THE TIME, YOU KNOW,

00:28:31.133 --> 00:28:32.699
YOU LEARN BECAUSE
YOUR MOTHER TOLD YOU,

00:28:32.700 --> 00:28:35.099
YOU KNOW,
\"YOU SHOULD BE AFRAID OF THIS,\"

00:28:35.100 --> 00:28:37.299
OR YOU SAW YOUR FRIEND GET HURT.

00:28:37.300 --> 00:28:39.299
SO THIS TYPE OF LEARNING
THROUGH LANGUAGE,

00:28:39.300 --> 00:28:41.299
THROUGH SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION,

00:28:41.300 --> 00:28:42.499
OR THROUGH WATCHING OTHERS

00:28:42.500 --> 00:28:44.566
ARE SOCIAL MEANS
OF FEAR LEARNING

00:28:44.567 --> 00:28:46.232
THAT ARE VERY POWERFUL
IN HUMANS.

00:28:46.233 --> 00:28:48.366
IN FACT, A LOT OF PHOBIAS
ARE THOUGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED

00:28:48.367 --> 00:28:52.767
NOT BY PAIN BUT BY LEARNING
FROM YOUR PARENTS.

00:28:54.433 --> 00:28:56.999
(narrator) THIS SOCIAL MEANS
OF FEAR LEARNING

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:00.066
EXPLAINS HOW FEAR SPREAD
FROM GROUND ZERO,

00:29:00.067 --> 00:29:03.299
THROUGH IMAGES,
TO THE WORLD AT LARGE.

00:29:03.300 --> 00:29:05.899
RECOGNIZING FEAR
IN OTHER HUMAN BEINGS

00:29:05.900 --> 00:29:07.466
RAISED THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY

00:29:07.467 --> 00:29:10.199
IN THOSE NOT PERSONALLY INVOLVED
IN THE CATASTROPHE.

00:29:10.200 --> 00:29:13.199
THAT\'S THE CASE OF LOURDES.

00:29:13.200 --> 00:29:15.066
(Lopez)
ANXIETY, FOR ME,

00:29:15.067 --> 00:29:17.832
HAS ALWAYS BEEN
SOMETHING THAT JUST...

00:29:17.833 --> 00:29:19.732
I CAN\'T KIND OF
SHAKE OUT MY MIND.

00:29:19.733 --> 00:29:21.399
YOU KNOW,
IT\'S ALWAYS BOTHERING ME THERE.

00:29:21.400 --> 00:29:22.599
IT\'S A CONSTANT WORRY.

00:29:22.600 --> 00:29:23.999
(Silbersweig)
WERE YOU IN NEW YORK

00:29:24.000 --> 00:29:25.632
AROUND 9/11,

00:29:25.633 --> 00:29:27.799
WHEN THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
DISASTER HAPPENED?

00:29:27.800 --> 00:29:28.999
YES.

00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:30.932
AND THEN DID IT
AFFECT YOUR PANIC

00:29:30.933 --> 00:29:32.832
AND/OR ANXIETY
AFTER THAT?

00:29:32.833 --> 00:29:35.099
YEAH, I REALLY BELIEVE THAT,

00:29:35.100 --> 00:29:37.699
YOU KNOW, ESPECIALLY
WITH RIDING THE TRAINS,

00:29:37.700 --> 00:29:39.932
WHICH WAS ALWAYS
KIND OF AN ISSUE FOR ME,

00:29:39.933 --> 00:29:41.599
IT GOT A LOT WORSE
AFTER THAT,

00:29:41.600 --> 00:29:44.966
BECAUSE NOW I WAS REALLY
STEPPING OUT OF MY HOUSE

00:29:44.967 --> 00:29:46.266
EVERY MORNING, SAYING,

00:29:46.267 --> 00:29:47.899
\"SHOULD I TAKE THE LOCAL,

00:29:47.900 --> 00:29:50.932
\"OR SHOULD I TAKE
THE NUMBER 6 TRAIN?

00:29:50.933 --> 00:29:52.232
WHAT SHOULD I DO?\"

00:29:52.233 --> 00:29:54.300
BECAUSE ALL OF MY THOUGHTS NOW
WERE TERRORISM.

00:30:02.733 --> 00:30:05.266
THE LAST TIME
I GOT THE ANXIETY ATTACK

00:30:05.267 --> 00:30:06.632
OR THE PANIC ATTACK,

00:30:06.633 --> 00:30:11.732
I WAS RIDING THE SUBWAY,
AND I STARTED TO FEEL LIKE,

00:30:11.733 --> 00:30:13.932
YOU KNOW,
MY BREATHING WAS VERY SHALLOW,

00:30:13.933 --> 00:30:16.832
LIKE I COULDN\'T REALLY TAKE
A FULL BREATH.

00:30:16.833 --> 00:30:18.999
AND I STARTED TO FEEL VERY HOT.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:20.966
AND I STARTED TO FEEL SWEATY.

00:30:20.967 --> 00:30:23.366
AND I STARTED TO FEEL LIKE
I COULD PASS OUT,

00:30:23.367 --> 00:30:27.632
WHICH IS REALLY THE PART THAT
GETS ME VERY, VERY FRIGHTENED,

00:30:27.633 --> 00:30:30.232
BECAUSE NOW MY HEART
STARTS BEATING VERY QUICKLY,

00:30:30.233 --> 00:30:32.699
AND I FEEL LIKE,
\"OH, MY GOD.

00:30:32.700 --> 00:30:34.899
I HAVE TO GET OUT.
I HAVE TO RUN.\"

00:30:34.900 --> 00:30:36.966
AND THE HARDEST THING
ABOUT THAT

00:30:36.967 --> 00:30:40.766
IS THAT WHEN I KNOW
THAT I\'M RIDING IN THE TUNNEL,

00:30:40.767 --> 00:30:42.932
I\'M JUST PRAYING
THAT I CAN GET TO THE NEXT STOP

00:30:42.933 --> 00:30:46.332
AND GET OUT QUICKLY ENOUGH
BEFORE... I DON\'T KNOW...

00:30:46.333 --> 00:30:48.932
BEFORE, I GUESS,
I MAKE A FOOL OF MYSELF

00:30:48.933 --> 00:30:51.166
OR SCREAM OR FAINT
OR SOMETHING.

00:30:51.167 --> 00:30:56.032
I JUST DON\'T KNOW
WHAT\'S GOING TO HAPPEN.

00:30:56.033 --> 00:31:00.499
PANIC DISORDER CAN AFFECT
ABOUT 1.5% TO 3.5%

00:31:00.500 --> 00:31:02.432
OF THE POPULATION
OVER THEIR LIFETIME.

00:31:02.433 --> 00:31:06.332
LOURDES WAS QUITE TYPICAL
OF A PANIC DISORDER PATIENT

00:31:06.333 --> 00:31:08.499
WHERE THE THREAT
IN PANIC DISORDER

00:31:08.500 --> 00:31:10.499
COMES FROM INSIDE THE BODY,

00:31:10.500 --> 00:31:12.499
WHEREAS IN POSTTRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER,

00:31:12.500 --> 00:31:16.832
IT COMES
FROM AN EXTERNAL SOURCE.

00:31:16.833 --> 00:31:18.566
AS A PHYSICIAN-SCIENTIST,

00:31:18.567 --> 00:31:22.266
WHAT IS OF GREATEST IMPORT TO ME
AND WHAT DRIVES ME MOST

00:31:22.267 --> 00:31:26.466
IS THAT BY UNDERSTANDING
THE SO-CALLED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,

00:31:26.467 --> 00:31:28.499
BY UNDERSTANDING WHAT HAPPENS
IN THE BRAIN

00:31:28.500 --> 00:31:31.899
UNDER THESE VARIOUS CONDITIONS,
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL,

00:31:31.900 --> 00:31:33.632
WE CAN BEGIN TO PIECE TOGETHER

00:31:33.633 --> 00:31:36.266
AN UNDERSTANDING
OF ANXIETY DISORDERS,

00:31:36.267 --> 00:31:39.599
IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE,
AND A BIOLOGY OF THEM.

00:31:39.600 --> 00:31:43.932
(Kandel) THE NEW SCIENCE OF MIND
IS A RECENT CONVERGENCE

00:31:43.933 --> 00:31:46.766
INTO ONE COHERENT DISCIPLINE

00:31:46.767 --> 00:31:50.466
OF SEVERAL PREVIOUSLY
INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINES

00:31:50.467 --> 00:31:53.966
TO BECOME A VERY POWERFUL VIEW
OF MENTAL PROCESSES,

00:31:53.967 --> 00:31:56.432
AN APPROACH
TO MENTAL PROCESSES

00:31:56.433 --> 00:31:59.499
BASED UPON THE IDEA
THAT EVERY ASPECT

00:31:59.500 --> 00:32:01.532
OF MENTAL ACTIVITY
COMES FROM THE BRAIN,

00:32:01.533 --> 00:32:03.099
FROM THE SIMPLEST REFLEX ACT

00:32:03.100 --> 00:32:06.832
TO THE MOST
COMPLICATED CREATIVE THOUGHT.

00:32:06.833 --> 00:32:10.632
THESE ARE ALL DIFFERENT FORMS
OF MENTAL PROCESSES

00:32:10.633 --> 00:32:12.932
THAT CAN BE MODIFIED
BY LEARNING.

00:32:12.933 --> 00:32:17.099
LEARNING CAN DRAMATICALLY
ENHANCE THE STRENGTH

00:32:17.100 --> 00:32:20.099
OF COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN NEURAL CELLS.

00:32:20.100 --> 00:32:23.266
THAT IS CALLED
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY,

00:32:23.267 --> 00:32:26.199
AND WE SHOWED THAT IT EXISTS
IN TWO FORMS.

00:32:26.200 --> 00:32:28.766
WHEN THE ANIMAL
LEARNS SOMETHING ONCE,

00:32:28.767 --> 00:32:30.866
SO THAT THE MEMORY IS SHORT,

00:32:30.867 --> 00:32:33.199
CHANGES ARE FUNCTIONAL.

00:32:33.200 --> 00:32:35.866
THERE ARE NO ANATOMICAL CHANGES.

00:32:35.867 --> 00:32:39.032
IT\'S A CHANGE IN THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYNAPSE,

00:32:39.033 --> 00:32:40.766
THROUGH BIOCHEMISTRY.

00:32:40.767 --> 00:32:42.966
BUT IF YOU DO REPEATED TRAINING,

00:32:42.967 --> 00:32:46.166
YOU SEND A SIGNAL BACK
TO THE NUCLEUS FROM THE SYNAPSE

00:32:46.167 --> 00:32:49.466
THAT ALTERS
THE EXPRESSION OF GENES,

00:32:49.467 --> 00:32:52.532
AND THAT GIVES RISE TO PROTEINS

00:32:52.533 --> 00:32:55.032
THAT CAUSE THE GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.

00:32:55.033 --> 00:32:56.399
SO LONG-TERM MEMORY...

00:32:56.400 --> 00:33:01.366
FOR A PERIOD OF DAYS,
WEEKS OR LONGER...

00:33:01.367 --> 00:33:04.699
IS ASSOCIATED
WITH AN ANATOMICAL CHANGE.

00:33:04.700 --> 00:33:10.232
(narrator) KANDEL\'S STUDIES BUILT A BRIDGE
BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

00:33:10.233 --> 00:33:12.666
THE BRAIN AND ITS GENES
ARE GIVEN AT BIRTH,

00:33:12.667 --> 00:33:15.632
BUT THEY ALSO CHANGE
IN THE COURSE OF OUR LIVES.

00:33:15.633 --> 00:33:18.999
A TRAUMATIC MEMORY
ALTERS THE BRAIN ANATOMICALLY.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:22.332
WHAT\'S NEW IN SCIENCE
IS THAT PSYCHOTHERAPY,

00:33:22.333 --> 00:33:24.399
BY WORKING
ON TRAUMATIC MEMORIES,

00:33:24.400 --> 00:33:26.866
CAN ALSO MODIFY
THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.

00:33:26.867 --> 00:33:29.532
THE MEANS REQUIRED
TO CONFIRM THOSE CHANGES

00:33:29.533 --> 00:33:33.699
WAS PROVIDED
BY BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES.

00:33:33.700 --> 00:33:39.599
(Silbersweig) BRAIN IMAGING HAS
REVOLUTIONIZED PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSCIENCE.

00:33:39.600 --> 00:33:43.266
BRAIN IMAGING
ALLOWS US TO IDENTIFY

00:33:43.267 --> 00:33:44.832
THOSE AREAS IN THE BRAIN

00:33:44.833 --> 00:33:47.566
THAT ARE INCREASINGLY
OR DECREASINGLY ACTIVE

00:33:47.567 --> 00:33:50.199
WHEN A PERSON HAS
A CERTAIN EMOTION,

00:33:50.200 --> 00:33:52.767
PERCEPTION, THOUGHT,
OR BEHAVIOR.

00:33:55.367 --> 00:33:58.866
(Cloitre) WE HAVE BEEN PROVIDING
PEOPLE WITH FMRls

00:33:58.867 --> 00:34:00.699
BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT,

00:34:00.700 --> 00:34:02.766
WITH THE GOAL IN MIND
TO ANSWER THE QUESTION:

00:34:02.767 --> 00:34:04.666
CAN PSYCHOTHERAPY
CHANGE THE BRAIN,

00:34:04.667 --> 00:34:07.266
INCLUDING PRIMARILY
FEAR CIRCUITRY?

00:34:07.267 --> 00:34:10.866
AND SO FAR,
WE THINK THE ANSWER IS YES.

00:34:10.867 --> 00:34:12.999
AND, YOU KNOW, IT MIGHT
HAVE BEEN RATHER AMAZING

00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:16.766
AT ONE TIME
TO THINK THAT WORDS, TALKING,

00:34:16.767 --> 00:34:19.432
CAN ACTUALLY CHANGE
THE WAY THE BRAIN WORKS,

00:34:19.433 --> 00:34:21.733
BUT IT SEEMS TO BE TRUE.

00:34:24.967 --> 00:34:26.799
(Zedeno)
AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH,

00:34:26.800 --> 00:34:30.966
I WAS CONSTANTLY
BEING REMINDED OF THE DAY,

00:34:30.967 --> 00:34:35.866
AND I WAS BASICALLY LIVING...
RELIVING THE DAY EVERY MOMENT,

00:34:35.867 --> 00:34:38.766
WHERE I WOULD START CRYING
OR I WOULD PANIC

00:34:38.767 --> 00:34:43.599
BECAUSE I WAS ON A BUS
OR ANYTHING OF THAT SORT.

00:34:43.600 --> 00:34:46.066
I WOULD JUST PUT IT AWAY
AND SAY,

00:34:46.067 --> 00:34:49.032
\"YOU KNOW WHAT?
IN TIME, IT\'LL BE GONE.\"

00:34:49.033 --> 00:34:51.632
INSTEAD, WHAT WAS HAPPENING
WAS THAT I STARTED

00:34:51.633 --> 00:34:53.999
TO BECOME ALIENATED.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:56.732
I REMEMBER,
I WAS AFRAID A LOT.

00:34:56.733 --> 00:35:00.832
I HAD NO ENERGY WHATSOEVER.

00:35:00.833 --> 00:35:04.799
AND I GOT SICK ENOUGH THAT
I ENDED UP IN THE HOSPITAL.

00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:08.232
I WENT INTO THE HOSPITAL,
TO EMERGENCY ROOM,

00:35:08.233 --> 00:35:11.332
WITH A BUNCH OF LITTLE THINGS
THAT WERE GOING ON,

00:35:11.333 --> 00:35:13.232
AND I DIDN\'T UNDERSTAND
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.

00:35:13.233 --> 00:35:18.366
I HAD A VERY DIFFICULT TIME,
ACTUALLY, FINDING A SAFE PLACE,

00:35:18.367 --> 00:35:22.499
BECAUSE FOR ME,
EVERYTHING WAS REALLY A REMINDER

00:35:22.500 --> 00:35:24.499
OF SOMETHING THAT HAD HAPPENED
IN THE PAST.

00:35:24.500 --> 00:35:28.432
(LeDoux) THE FEARS CAN ALWAYS BE BROUGHT
BACK IN SOME KIND OF WAY.

00:35:28.433 --> 00:35:32.099
HOWEVER, OUR RESEARCH IN RATS
IS BEGINNING TO SUGGEST THAT

00:35:32.100 --> 00:35:35.432
IF WE TREAT RATS
WITH ACTIVE COPING STRATEGIES

00:35:35.433 --> 00:35:38.032
RATHER THAN WITH
PASSIVE COPING STRATEGIES...

00:35:38.033 --> 00:35:39.432
IN OTHER WORDS,
IF WE TEACH THE RATS

00:35:39.433 --> 00:35:43.499
TO USE ACTIVE COPING STRATEGIES
RATHER THAN PASSIVE COPING

00:35:43.500 --> 00:35:44.766
TO DEAL WITH THEIR FEARS...

00:35:44.767 --> 00:35:47.532
IT SEEMS TO PREVENT
THE SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

00:35:47.533 --> 00:35:49.566
OF THE FEAR
MUCH MORE EFFECTIVELY

00:35:49.567 --> 00:35:51.699
THAN SIMPLY PASSIVE COPING.

00:35:51.700 --> 00:35:53.632
SO WE\'RE THINKING
THAT THE MORE

00:35:53.633 --> 00:35:56.466
THAT ACTIVE COPING
CAN BE INTRODUCED

00:35:56.467 --> 00:35:58.399
INTO THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS,

00:35:58.400 --> 00:36:01.966
PERHAPS THE MORE LONG-LASTING
THERAPY WILL BE.

00:36:01.967 --> 00:36:05.699
(Zedeno) I STILL HAD NOT MADE
THE CONNECTION

00:36:05.700 --> 00:36:11.532
BETWEEN MY MENTAL STATUS
AND MY PHYSICAL STATUS.

00:36:11.533 --> 00:36:13.666
NOBODY REALLY KNEW
WHAT WAS GOING ON.

00:36:13.667 --> 00:36:17.199
AND THEN A DOCTOR
AT MY JOB SAID,

00:36:17.200 --> 00:36:19.499
\"I THINK YOU SHOULD SEE
A COUNSELOR.\"

00:36:19.500 --> 00:36:24.732
SO THAT WAS HOW I ENDED UP
GOING TO THERAPY.

00:36:24.733 --> 00:36:27.866
SO I GATHER YOU DON\'T HAVE
PERIODS OF TIME...

00:36:27.867 --> 00:36:30.599
OR DO YOU...
WHERE YOU FEEL BLUE,

00:36:30.600 --> 00:36:32.232
ABOVE AND BEYOND
THE NORMAL VARIATIONS

00:36:32.233 --> 00:36:33.532
THAT PEOPLE MIGHT HAVE?

00:36:33.533 --> 00:36:35.066
I KNOW THAT YOU WENT THROUGH
A PERIOD OF DEPRESSION.

00:36:35.067 --> 00:36:36.599
YES.

00:36:36.600 --> 00:36:40.199
IT WAS A BIG TURNING POINT
FOR ME DURING MY THERAPY WHEN...

00:36:40.200 --> 00:36:41.699
I REMEMBER
ONE DAY

00:36:41.700 --> 00:36:42.999
WHEN I WAS FEELING
SO DEPRESSED.

00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:49.666
AND I REMEMBER THAT
I ACTUALLY MOVED OVER,

00:36:49.667 --> 00:36:51.066
ON THE COUCH,

00:36:51.067 --> 00:36:53.332
LEFT PLENTY OF SPACE
RIGHT NEXT TO ME,

00:36:53.333 --> 00:36:57.332
AND I SAID,
\"SADNESS TAKE A SEAT.

00:36:57.333 --> 00:36:59.399
\"YOU WANT TO BE SAD TODAY?

00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:01.332
BE WITH ME TODAY.\"

00:37:01.333 --> 00:37:03.432
AND I TOOK THAT
REST OF THE DAY OFF.

00:37:03.433 --> 00:37:07.332
I JUST SAT THERE,
AND I JUST WAS SAD.

00:37:07.333 --> 00:37:09.166
AND GUESS WHAT.

00:37:09.167 --> 00:37:11.499
SAD DOESN\'T WANT TO HURT ME.

00:37:11.500 --> 00:37:13.132
IT WAS JUST THERE.

00:37:13.133 --> 00:37:15.999
WHAT PROBABLY
HELD ME BACK THE MOST

00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:19.899
WAS THAT I THOUGHT
THAT THE IDEA WAS TO GO BACK

00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:22.966
TO WHO I WAS
BEFORE SEPTEMBER 11TH.

00:37:22.967 --> 00:37:24.632
AND THAT\'S NOT THE IDEA.

00:37:24.633 --> 00:37:26.332
IT\'S NOT GOING BACK.

00:37:26.333 --> 00:37:28.299
IT\'S JUST SIMPLY
MOVING FORWARD.

00:37:28.300 --> 00:37:31.799
AND I STOPPED DEFINING MYSELF
AS A SURVIVOR.

00:37:31.800 --> 00:37:33.666
I WAS SIMPLY THERE.

00:37:33.667 --> 00:37:34.899
IT\'S INTERESTING.

00:37:34.900 --> 00:37:36.499
A FEW DAYS AGO,
WE HAD A MEETING

00:37:36.500 --> 00:37:38.599
OF THE CENTER GRANT
THAT WE HAVE,

00:37:38.600 --> 00:37:39.832
THE GROUP OF SCIENTISTS,

00:37:39.833 --> 00:37:42.999
ALL OF WHOM ARE TRYING
TO PUT THEIR HEADS TOGETHER

00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:45.899
TO UNDERSTAND FEAR,
ANXIETY, THE BIOLOGY,

00:37:45.900 --> 00:37:47.466
WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT.

00:37:47.467 --> 00:37:50.932
AND THERE\'S THIS NOTION
OF ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE COPING,

00:37:50.933 --> 00:37:52.966
AND EVEN BIOLOGICAL
MODELS OF THAT,

00:37:52.967 --> 00:37:57.399
AND YOU ARE A GREAT EXAMPLE
OF ACTIVE COPING.

00:37:57.400 --> 00:38:01.866
IN ORDER FOR THE RAT TO STOP
FREEZING AND TAKE ACTION...

00:38:01.867 --> 00:38:04.666
AND THOSE ACTIONS WOULD THEN
ELIMINATE THE STIMULUS

00:38:04.667 --> 00:38:07.166
FROM ITS LIFE...

00:38:07.167 --> 00:38:09.699
THE CIRCUIT
THAT NORMALLY CONTROLS

00:38:09.700 --> 00:38:11.199
PASSIVE COPING AND FREEZING

00:38:11.200 --> 00:38:12.666
HAS TO BE SWITCHED.

00:38:12.667 --> 00:38:14.932
SO INSTEAD OF GOING THIS WAY,
THE CIRCUIT HAS TO GO THIS WAY.

00:38:14.933 --> 00:38:16.066
SO THAT\'S THE SWITCH

00:38:16.067 --> 00:38:18.199
THAT HAS TO BE THROWN
IN THE AMYGDALA

00:38:18.200 --> 00:38:20.199
TO REDIRECT
INFORMATION PROCESSING

00:38:20.200 --> 00:38:22.666
FROM ONE PART
TO A DIFFERENT PART.

00:38:22.667 --> 00:38:24.499
THE REASON THAT\'S IMPORTANT
IS BECAUSE

00:38:24.500 --> 00:38:28.866
THE SECOND PART ALLOWS
THE FEAR AROUSING STIMULUS

00:38:28.867 --> 00:38:33.867
TO ENTER INTO BRAIN CIRCUITS
THAT CONTROL POSITIVE BEHAVIORS.

00:38:38.800 --> 00:38:41.499
(narrator) TAKING ACTION
RATHER THAN FREEZING,

00:38:41.500 --> 00:38:45.699
IN HUMANS AS IN RATS,
IS ONE WAY TO OVERCOME FEAR.

00:38:45.700 --> 00:38:50.299
ELIA HAS MANAGED IT;
CHRIS, NOT YET.

00:38:50.300 --> 00:38:52.666
WHAT YOU SEE PEOPLE
DO NATURALLY

00:38:52.667 --> 00:38:56.166
AFTER A BIG EVENT,
UPSETTING EVENT LIKE 9/11,

00:38:56.167 --> 00:38:57.866
IS THAT THEY KEEP
TELLING THE STORY

00:38:57.867 --> 00:38:59.399
TO ANYONE WHO WILL LISTEN.

00:38:59.400 --> 00:39:03.166
AND THAT PROCESS IS
THE NATURAL PROCESS OF RECOVERY,

00:39:03.167 --> 00:39:05.532
WHERE THEY\'RE TAKING SOMETHING
THAT DIDN\'T MAKE ANY SENSE...

00:39:05.533 --> 00:39:07.832
A BUILDING FALLING DOWN
IN NEW YORK CITY

00:39:07.833 --> 00:39:09.066
DIDN\'T MAKE SENSE...

00:39:09.067 --> 00:39:12.299
AND PEOPLE TRY
TO PUT TOGETHER THE NARRATIVE

00:39:12.300 --> 00:39:15.199
VERY LITERALLY
IN TERMS OF TIME

00:39:15.200 --> 00:39:19.166
AND A MEANING TO IT,
ASCRIBING CAUSE AND EFFECT.

00:39:19.167 --> 00:39:24.433
WHEN THE NARRATIVE MAKES SENSE,
PTSD RESOLVES.

00:39:26.767 --> 00:39:31.299
FOR CHRIS, WHY DIDN\'T
HIS PTSD GO AWAY?

00:39:31.300 --> 00:39:34.099
AND I THINK IT\'S BECAUSE
THE NARRATIVE

00:39:34.100 --> 00:39:35.666
THAT HE WAS CREATING
IN THE PRESENT

00:39:35.667 --> 00:39:39.499
WASN\'T CONNECTED TO THE
NARRATIVE THAT HE LIVED WITH

00:39:39.500 --> 00:39:41.132
AND WAS CREATED
IN HIS CHILDHOOD,

00:39:41.133 --> 00:39:44.799
AND THE CAPACITY
TO INTEGRATE THOSE NARRATIVES

00:39:44.800 --> 00:39:47.599
WOULD HAVE MADE
THE TRUE STORY FOR HIM,

00:39:47.600 --> 00:39:52.000
BUT HE WAS UNABLE TO BRING
THOSE TWO THINGS TOGETHER.

00:39:53.300 --> 00:39:54.732
NOW YOU BE HONEST WITH ME.

00:39:54.733 --> 00:39:55.966
I\'VE BEEN HONEST WITH YOU, DOC,

00:39:55.967 --> 00:39:57.499
NOW YOU BE HONEST WITH ME.

00:39:57.500 --> 00:39:58.899
IS THIS GONNA GET ANY BETTER?

00:39:58.900 --> 00:40:01.566
DOES THIS GET ANY BETTER,

00:40:01.567 --> 00:40:07.299
OR IS IT JUST A MATTER
OF ACCEPTING

00:40:07.300 --> 00:40:12.632
THAT THIS IS WHAT YOUR LIFE IS
AND FINDING YOUR WAY THROUGH?

00:40:12.633 --> 00:40:15.666
FIGURING OUT WHAT YOU NEED
TO DO ON ANY GIVEN DAY,

00:40:15.667 --> 00:40:18.499
NOT TO CHANGE THAT
OR NOT TO REMOVE THAT...

00:40:18.500 --> 00:40:20.632
WHICH WOULD BE GREAT,
IF THAT\'S IN THE CARDS,

00:40:20.633 --> 00:40:24.000
BUT THE REAL REALITY
IS JUST LIVING WITH IT.

00:40:25.967 --> 00:40:27.432
(Phelps)
THE SHIFT IN OUR RESEARCH

00:40:27.433 --> 00:40:29.899
AND ALSO IN THE RESEARCH
IN THE NONHUMANS, IN THE RATS,

00:40:29.900 --> 00:40:31.466
IS TO START TO SAY,

00:40:31.467 --> 00:40:33.866
\"HOW CAN WE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT FEAR LEARNING

00:40:33.867 --> 00:40:35.332
TO SEE HOW
WE GET RID OF THEM?\"

00:40:35.333 --> 00:40:37.599
AND WE\'RE REALLY LOOKING
AT THREE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES.

00:40:37.600 --> 00:40:38.866
ONE IS EXTINCTION.

00:40:38.867 --> 00:40:41.866
SO ONE OF THE PROBLEMS
WHEN YOU HAVE A FEAR IS,

00:40:41.867 --> 00:40:43.832
YOU DON\'T WANT TO BE
AROUND THAT THING.

00:40:43.833 --> 00:40:46.732
AND SO YOU\'RE NEVER NOW LEARN
IT\'S NOT DANGEROUS.

00:40:46.733 --> 00:40:49.066
SO WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS
OF EXTINCTION, OF EXPOSURE,

00:40:49.067 --> 00:40:51.432
AND HOW DOES THAT CHANGE
YOUR FEAR RESPONSE?

00:40:51.433 --> 00:40:54.499
HUMANS CAN ALSO THINK
ABOUT THINGS DIFFERENTLY.

00:40:54.500 --> 00:40:55.799
WE DO THIS ALL THE TIME.

00:40:55.800 --> 00:40:57.099
YOU CAN BE AFRAID OF SOMETHING,

00:40:57.100 --> 00:40:58.999
AND THEN YOU CAN TELL YOURSELF,
\"DON\'T BE AFRAID;

00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:00.899
THIS REALLY ISN\'T
A DANGEROUS CIRCUMSTANCE,\"

00:41:00.900 --> 00:41:03.032
AND YOU CONVINCE YOURSELF
NOT TO BE AFRAID.

00:41:03.033 --> 00:41:05.366
AND THAT CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT
EFFECT ON YOUR MOOD.

00:41:05.367 --> 00:41:07.466
THIS IS CALLED
EMOTION REGULATION.

00:41:07.467 --> 00:41:10.299
SO WE\'RE ALSO TRYING TO SAY
HOW DO WE REGULATE OUR EMOTIONS?

00:41:10.300 --> 00:41:12.699
WHAT PARTS OF THE BRAIN
ARE IMPORTANT IN THAT?

00:41:12.700 --> 00:41:14.499
HOW DOES THAT RELATE
TO EXTINCTION?

00:41:14.500 --> 00:41:16.332
AND THE FINAL TECHNIQUE
THAT\'S BEING USED

00:41:16.333 --> 00:41:18.166
IS RECONSOLIDATION.

00:41:18.167 --> 00:41:20.066
SO HERE, WE\'RE TRYING TO SAY,

00:41:20.067 --> 00:41:22.699
\"ARE THERE PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANIPULATIONS WE CAN USE

00:41:22.700 --> 00:41:25.799
THAT CAN ACTUALLY HELP DISRUPT
SOME OF YOUR FEAR MEMORIES?\"

00:41:25.800 --> 00:41:29.266
WE FOUND THAT WE COULD ELIMINATE
FEAR MEMORY

00:41:29.267 --> 00:41:32.932
FROM THE RAT BRAIN IF WE GAVE
A CERTAIN DRUG

00:41:32.933 --> 00:41:37.632
AFTER THE RAT WAS RE-EXPOSED
TO THE FEAR-AROUSING STIMULUS.

00:41:37.633 --> 00:41:39.132
AND SO WHEN WE DID THIS,

00:41:39.133 --> 00:41:41.999
THE RATS WERE NO LONGER AFRAID
OF THE STIMULUS.

00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:43.766
IF WE HADN\'T GIVEN THAT DRUG,

00:41:43.767 --> 00:41:46.866
THE RATS WOULD HAVE DEVELOPED
A STRONGER FEAR RESPONSE

00:41:46.867 --> 00:41:48.666
TO THE RETRIEVAL
OF THAT STIMULUS,

00:41:48.667 --> 00:41:51.999
BECAUSE OF THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:53.932
OF REACTIVATING THE FEAR SYSTEM.

00:41:53.933 --> 00:41:56.766
SO WE DEVELOPED THE IDEA
THAT IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE

00:41:56.767 --> 00:41:58.899
TO TREAT
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

00:41:58.900 --> 00:42:03.299
BY RE-EXPOSING THE PEOPLE
TO THEIR FEAR-AROUSING STIMULUS

00:42:03.300 --> 00:42:04.966
IN THE PRESENCE OF SOMETHING

00:42:04.967 --> 00:42:08.099
THAT PREVENTS THE RE-STORAGE
OF THAT INFORMATION.

00:42:08.100 --> 00:42:12.032
EACH TIME I REMEMBER

00:42:12.033 --> 00:42:15.499
I\'LL TAKE A PILL

00:42:15.500 --> 00:42:17.932
BLOCK THAT STORAGE

00:42:17.933 --> 00:42:21.099
MAKE MY MEMORY NIL

00:42:21.100 --> 00:42:24.132
JUST GIVE ME A PILL

00:42:24.133 --> 00:42:27.199
OH, YES, OH, PLEASE

00:42:27.200 --> 00:42:30.099
JUST GIVE ME A PILL

00:42:30.100 --> 00:42:33.033
WASH AWAY MY MEMORIES

00:42:34.967 --> 00:42:38.366
(narrator) THE IDEA OF A MEMORY PILL
TO REDUCE THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT

00:42:38.367 --> 00:42:41.666
OF TRAUMATIC MEMORIES
IS NO LONGER SCIENCE FICTION.

00:42:41.667 --> 00:42:44.199
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
ON FEAR AND ANXIETY

00:42:44.200 --> 00:42:45.666
STILL HAS A LONG WAY TO GO,

00:42:45.667 --> 00:42:47.966
BUT THE ROUTE IS MARKED OUT.

00:42:47.967 --> 00:42:51.466
NEUROSCIENCE, COMBINING
BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

00:42:51.467 --> 00:42:53.832
AND STUDYING INDIVIDUALS
RATHER THAN THE MASS,

00:42:53.833 --> 00:42:55.999
IS FOCUSING ON THE SPECIFIC,

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:58.699
SPECIFIC DRUGS
AND SPECIFIC THERAPIES.

00:42:58.700 --> 00:43:00.332
[knocks on door]

00:43:00.333 --> 00:43:01.566
HELLO.
JOE, HOW ARE YOU?

00:43:01.567 --> 00:43:02.799
NICE TO SEE YOU.
HI.

00:43:02.800 --> 00:43:04.199
THANK YOU
FOR COMING UP.

00:43:04.200 --> 00:43:06.132
(LeDoux) I KNOW YOU\'VE BEEN SEARCHING
FOR GENES

00:43:06.133 --> 00:43:09.332
THAT ARE UNIQUE TO THE AMYGDALA.

00:43:09.333 --> 00:43:11.532
DO YOU THINK IT\'S POSSIBLE THAT

00:43:11.533 --> 00:43:13.366
IF YOU ARE ABLE
TO FIND SUCH A GENE

00:43:13.367 --> 00:43:16.066
THAT MADE OF PROTEIN
THAT\'S UNIQUE TO THE AMYGDALA,

00:43:16.067 --> 00:43:18.832
YOU COULD USE THAT PROTEIN
AS A KIND OF

00:43:18.833 --> 00:43:20.299
UNWRAPPER,

00:43:20.300 --> 00:43:24.432
SO THAT YOU HAD A PILL
THAT HAS A MOLECULAR PACKAGE,

00:43:24.433 --> 00:43:27.166
AND IT GOES TO THE ENTIRE BRAIN
WHEN YOU TAKE IT ORALLY,

00:43:27.167 --> 00:43:29.566
BUT WHEN IT FINDS THAT PROTEIN...
OR IT HITS THAT PROTEIN

00:43:29.567 --> 00:43:32.266
AND THE AMYGDALA UNWRAPS,
AND IT\'S ONLY ACTIVE THERE?

00:43:32.267 --> 00:43:33.666
I THINK THAT\'S
QUITE LIKELY.

00:43:33.667 --> 00:43:35.599
I MEAN,
IN THE EXTREME CASE...

00:43:35.600 --> 00:43:39.232
LET\'S ASSUME YOU
HAD A RECEPTOR

00:43:39.233 --> 00:43:43.632
THAT ACTIVATED
AN INHIBITORY PATHWAY

00:43:43.633 --> 00:43:46.332
THAT REDUCED
THE IMPACT OF FEAR

00:43:46.333 --> 00:43:49.832
AND THE RECEPTOR
ON THE INHIBITORY NEURONS

00:43:49.833 --> 00:43:52.099
WAS UNIQUE...
I\'M MAKING UP A FANTASY...

00:43:52.100 --> 00:43:54.466
YOU TAKE A DRUG THAT WOULD BE
GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED,

00:43:54.467 --> 00:43:57.566
BUT THE ONLY TARGET
OF HIGH AFFINITY

00:43:57.567 --> 00:43:58.866
THAT IT WOULD HAVE

00:43:58.867 --> 00:44:02.032
WOULD BE THESE RECEPTORS
ON INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS.

00:44:02.033 --> 00:44:04.966
THAT\'S AN IDEAL SCENARIO,
IF YOU WILL,

00:44:04.967 --> 00:44:07.099
BUT NOT AN ABSURD ONE.

00:44:07.100 --> 00:44:09.932
SO PSYCHIATRY NEEDS
TO FIGURE OUT A WAY

00:44:09.933 --> 00:44:11.866
TO INHIBIT THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA;
THAT IS THE KEY.

00:44:11.867 --> 00:44:12.999
IT\'S NOT THAT EASY.

00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:14.532
AND SO WE CAME TO THE CONCLUSION

00:44:14.533 --> 00:44:18.232
THAT THE REALLY STRIKING ADVANCE
IN THE LAST DECADE

00:44:18.233 --> 00:44:20.799
HAS NOT BEEN IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW DRUGS,

00:44:20.800 --> 00:44:23.499
DESPITE THE FACT THAT THIS IS
THE ERA OF BIOLOGY,

00:44:23.500 --> 00:44:27.266
BUT IN THE SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION

00:44:27.267 --> 00:44:28.466
OF COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

00:44:28.467 --> 00:44:29.932
AND OTHER KINDS
OF THERAPY.

00:44:29.933 --> 00:44:32.399
AND WHEN THE TWO ARE GIVEN,
THEY\'RE OFTEN SYNERGISTIC.

00:44:32.400 --> 00:44:33.766
SO THAT\'S A MAJOR ADVANCE.

00:44:33.767 --> 00:44:34.966
NEUROSCIENCE IS NOT

00:44:34.967 --> 00:44:36.599
GOING TO BE REDUCED
TO PSYCHOLOGY.

00:44:36.600 --> 00:44:39.599
PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE
WILL INTERACT AND INTEGRATE.

00:44:39.600 --> 00:44:40.933
AND GET A NEW SCIENCE
GOING, YEAH.

00:44:45.167 --> 00:44:46.399
(Lopez)
WHAT I LEARNED SO FAR

00:44:46.400 --> 00:44:50.432
IS THAT WE LEARN
HOW TO THINK AND HOW TO ACT

00:44:50.433 --> 00:44:52.399
BASED UPON OUR EXPERIENCES.

00:44:52.400 --> 00:44:55.799
WHEN I WENT
TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY,

00:44:55.800 --> 00:44:58.032
WHICH I AM DOING NOW,
WHAT THEY DO IS,

00:44:58.033 --> 00:45:00.299
THEY GIVE YOU
A LOT OF EXERCISES TO DO.

00:45:00.300 --> 00:45:03.999
AND IF YOU\'VE HAD AN INCIDENT
OR SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED

00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:06.132
THAT\'S CAUSING YOU ANXIETY,

00:45:06.133 --> 00:45:09.399
YOU WRITE ABOUT THE FIRST
THOUGHTS THAT CAME TO YOUR MIND.

00:45:09.400 --> 00:45:11.332
YOU WRITE THE FEELINGS
THAT YOU FELT

00:45:11.333 --> 00:45:14.199
AS A RESULT OF THOSE THOUGHTS,

00:45:14.200 --> 00:45:15.399
AND THEN WHAT YOU DO IS,

00:45:15.400 --> 00:45:18.699
YOU TRY TO FIND
ALTERNATIVE THOUGHTS.

00:45:18.700 --> 00:45:21.032
ONE OF MY BIGGEST CONCERNS
WAS ALWAYS,

00:45:21.033 --> 00:45:23.199
\"I\'M CRAZY\"
OR \"SOMETHING\'S WRONG WITH ME.\"

00:45:23.200 --> 00:45:26.266
I WOULD SAY TO PEOPLE THAT
THERE\'S NOTHING WRONG WITH THEM,

00:45:26.267 --> 00:45:28.066
THAT THEY\'RE NOT CRAZY.

00:45:28.067 --> 00:45:29.299
IT\'S JUST THAT THEIR BODY

00:45:29.300 --> 00:45:31.666
HAS LEARNED HOW TO RESPOND
TO CERTAIN TRIGGERS,

00:45:31.667 --> 00:45:35.399
AND WHEN YOU
KIND OF FACE THAT

00:45:35.400 --> 00:45:37.699
AND YOU FACE THOSE TRIGGERS
AS WELL,

00:45:37.700 --> 00:45:39.732
WHEN YOU START LEARNING
WHAT THEY COME FROM,

00:45:39.733 --> 00:45:41.332
WHERE THEY COME FROM,

00:45:41.333 --> 00:45:43.899
YOU KNOW, YOUR WHOLE LIFE
STARTS TO CHANGE.

00:45:43.900 --> 00:45:45.932
THINGS OPEN UP FOR YOU.

00:45:45.933 --> 00:45:47.266
YOU FEEL FREE, YOU KNOW.

00:45:47.267 --> 00:45:49.699
I FEEL... JUST IN THE PAST
SEVERAL MONTHS,

00:45:49.700 --> 00:45:52.632
NOT HAVING A FULL-BLOWN
PANIC ATTACK,

00:45:52.633 --> 00:45:57.467
I FEEL SO MUCH FREER THAN
I\'VE FELT IN ALL OF MY LIFE.

00:45:59.133 --> 00:46:00.532
[knock at door]

00:46:00.533 --> 00:46:02.999
(Zedeno) IT WAS A HUGE CHANGE
THAT CAME OVER.

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:07.466
I SUDDENLY UNDERSTOOD THAT
THAT\'S WHAT LIFE IS ABOUT.

00:46:07.467 --> 00:46:09.366
IT\'S ABOUT CHANGE.

00:46:09.367 --> 00:46:10.599
THAT WAS A BIG LESSON

00:46:10.600 --> 00:46:12.632
THAT I LEARNED
FROM SEPTEMBER 11TH.

00:46:12.633 --> 00:46:14.232
AND THEN I SAID,

00:46:14.233 --> 00:46:20.332
\"THERE ARE SO MANY PEOPLE
OUT THERE WHO NEED HELP,

00:46:20.333 --> 00:46:22.066
ESPECIALLY CHILDREN.\"

00:46:22.067 --> 00:46:25.799
AND I FOUND OUT THAT THERE
WAS ACTUALLY AN EASY WAY

00:46:25.800 --> 00:46:27.132
OF ADOPTING CHILDREN.

00:46:27.133 --> 00:46:29.132
I ALWAYS THOUGHT
IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT.

00:46:29.133 --> 00:46:33.366
ABOUT A YEAR AFTER,
I HAD A CHILD AT MY HOME.

00:46:33.367 --> 00:46:35.299
AND I HAVE TO TELL YOU,

00:46:35.300 --> 00:46:38.532
IT WAS THE SCARIEST THING
IN THE WORLD.

00:46:38.533 --> 00:46:41.432
I READ BOOKS, AND I SAID,
\"I AM GOING TO BE THE BEST MOM

00:46:41.433 --> 00:46:42.866
\"I COULD EVER BE,

00:46:42.867 --> 00:46:45.999
AND I\'M GOING TO TEACH
THIS LITTLE KID SO MUCH.\"

00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:47.199
ARE YOU GONNA READ?

00:46:47.200 --> 00:46:49.166
SURE.

00:46:49.167 --> 00:46:52.199
(Lopez) AND A COUPLE OF WEEKS
AFTER HE WAS HERE,

00:46:52.200 --> 00:46:56.699
I SUDDENLY REALIZED,
I\'M NOT TEACHING HIM ANYTHING.

00:46:56.700 --> 00:47:00.066
HE IS THE ONE TEACHING ME.

00:47:00.067 --> 00:47:05.299
HE\'S MY TEACHER.

00:47:05.300 --> 00:47:08.899
AND NOW HE\'S BEEN WITH ME
FOR FOUR YEARS NOW,

00:47:08.900 --> 00:47:10.699
AND HE\'S DOING VERY WELL,

00:47:10.700 --> 00:47:14.566
AND I\'M VERY HAPPY TO SEE
HOW MUCH HE\'S GROWN

00:47:14.567 --> 00:47:15.732
AND HOW MUCH HE\'S MATURED

00:47:15.733 --> 00:47:19.266
AND HASN\'T STOPPED TEACHING ME.

00:47:19.267 --> 00:47:21.433
[laughs]

00:47:27.467 --> 00:47:31.532
(Burke) I HAVE THE SAME DREAM,
THIS RECURRING DREAM.

00:47:31.533 --> 00:47:34.332
IT ALWAYS BEGINS
IN A DREAM ROOM, NOT A REAL ONE.

00:47:34.333 --> 00:47:37.132
THIS ROOM IS A FUNERAL HOME.

00:47:37.133 --> 00:47:41.399
THERE ARE ROWS AND ROWS AND ROWS
OF WOODEN FOLDING CHAIRS,

00:47:41.400 --> 00:47:43.832
BUT THEY\'RE EMPTY.

00:47:43.833 --> 00:47:47.399
THEY ARE ALL EMPTY,
EXCEPT FOR THE LAST ROW.

00:47:47.400 --> 00:47:54.132
IN THE CORNER, IN THE DARK,
SITS A LITTLE GIRL, ALONE,

00:47:54.133 --> 00:47:56.266
QUIETLY SOBBING:

00:47:56.267 --> 00:48:00.266
\"DADDY. DADDY. DADDY.\"

00:48:00.267 --> 00:48:05.266
IN THE FRONT OF THE ROOM
LAYS AN OPEN CASKET,

00:48:05.267 --> 00:48:08.432
AND I FIND MYSELF SITTING
ON TOP OF THIS CASKET.

00:48:08.433 --> 00:48:10.966
IT\'S JUST ME AND ME

00:48:10.967 --> 00:48:15.066
AND TESS, OF COURSE,
IN THE BACK, CRYING.

00:48:15.067 --> 00:48:16.932
SO THIS IS WHAT YOU WANTED, EH?

00:48:16.933 --> 00:48:19.666
THIS IS WHAT
IT ALL COMES DOWN TO?

00:48:19.667 --> 00:48:21.532
WHAT CHOICE DID I HAVE?

00:48:21.533 --> 00:48:23.266
WHAT CHOICE?

00:48:23.267 --> 00:48:24.432
WHAT CHOICE?

00:48:24.433 --> 00:48:26.399
YOU HAD NOTHING BUT CHOICES.

00:48:26.400 --> 00:48:29.299
THAT\'S WHERE THE PROBLEM BEGINS.

00:48:29.300 --> 00:48:31.632
THAT\'S ALWAYS WHERE
THE PROBLEM BEGINS.

00:48:31.633 --> 00:48:33.000
CHOICES.

00:48:44.300 --> 00:48:45.366
TESS.

00:48:45.367 --> 00:48:48.099
[laughing]

00:48:48.100 --> 00:48:50.167
HOW ARE YOU DOING?

00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:52.833
GOOD TO SEE YOU.

00:48:55.533 --> 00:48:56.932
HOW ARE YOU?
GOOD.

00:48:56.933 --> 00:48:58.366
WHAT\'S GOING ON?
NOTHING.

00:48:58.367 --> 00:48:59.932
ALL RIGHT. YOU READY TO GO?
YES.

00:48:59.933 --> 00:49:03.166
ALL RIGHT, GUYS,
LET\'S GO.

00:49:03.167 --> 00:49:06.432
I\'M A LUCKY MAN
BECAUSE I HAVE TWO DAUGHTERS,

00:49:06.433 --> 00:49:11.299
CHARLOTTE AND TESS,
WHO ARE THE LOVES OF MY LIFE.

00:49:11.300 --> 00:49:13.566
I LOVE MY DAUGHTERS.

00:49:13.567 --> 00:49:15.366
I WANT TO LOVE LIFE.

00:49:15.367 --> 00:49:22.299
I WANT TO UNDO THE TAPE
THAT ROLLS IN MY HEAD.

00:49:22.300 --> 00:49:24.832
BUT IT TAKES A LOT OF WORK.
IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT.

00:49:24.833 --> 00:49:30.232
YOU\'RE TALKING ABOUT UNDOING
WHAT\'S BEEN ETCHED IN STONE

00:49:30.233 --> 00:49:32.999
BY YOUR ABUSERS
AND BY YOURSELF

00:49:33.000 --> 00:49:35.866
FOR DECADES,

00:49:35.867 --> 00:49:39.799
\'CAUSE PEOPLE LIKE ME
HAVE TO CONTINUALLY GRASP

00:49:39.800 --> 00:49:44.467
AND LOOK FOR A REASON
TO STAY ON THIS PLANET.

00:49:47.767 --> 00:49:51.166
FOR ME, THAT\'S FINDING WAYS
TO HELP OTHER PEOPLE.

00:49:51.167 --> 00:49:52.732
IF I CAN KEEP DOING THAT,

00:49:52.733 --> 00:49:54.999
THEN MY LIFE HAS
SOME MEANING TO ME.

00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:58.299
I\'M DETERMINED NOT TO LOSE HERE.

00:49:58.300 --> 00:50:01.866
I\'M DETERMINED TO COME
OUT OF THIS A GOOD PERSON

00:50:01.867 --> 00:50:04.867
AND COMFORTABLE IN THAT SKIN.

00:50:10.867 --> 00:50:12.732
(LeDoux)
THE HIDDEN FACE OF FEAR

00:50:12.733 --> 00:50:16.899
IS ABOUT HOW THE BRAIN
IS ABLE TO DETECT FEAR,

00:50:16.900 --> 00:50:20.566
IN A WAY THAT THE EXPERIENCING
PERSON IS NOT ALWAYS AWARE OF.

00:50:20.567 --> 00:50:23.432
THE BRAIN IS CAPABLE OF
UNCONSCIOUSLY PROCESSING DANGER,

00:50:23.433 --> 00:50:26.332
BECAUSE THIS IS AN IMPORTANT
ADAPTIVE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN.

00:50:26.333 --> 00:50:27.732
BUT SOMETIMES,

00:50:27.733 --> 00:50:31.366
THESE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING
MECHANISMS OF DANGER

00:50:31.367 --> 00:50:32.999
WILL ALSO CREATE FEARS IN US

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:35.066
THAT WE AREN\'T ABLE
TO COPE WITH AS WELL

00:50:35.067 --> 00:50:36.566
BECAUSE THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS.

00:50:36.567 --> 00:50:38.832
AND THIS IS A PRICE WE PAY

00:50:38.833 --> 00:50:41.199
FOR A VERY EFFICIENT
FEAR SYSTEM,

00:50:41.200 --> 00:50:44.666
THAT EVOLUTION FINE-TUNED
TO KEEP US ALIVE

00:50:44.667 --> 00:50:47.667
BUT PERHAPS IS NOT ALWAYS
EFFECTIVE IN MODERN LIFE.

00:50:56.333 --> 00:51:01.099
(man) I\'D LIKE TO NOW INTRODUCE
TO YOU ELIA ZEDENO,

00:51:01.100 --> 00:51:02.532
A VERY BRAVE WOMAN,

00:51:02.533 --> 00:51:06.666
A SURVIVOR
OF BOTH \'93 AND 2001.

00:51:06.667 --> 00:51:09.667
[applause]

00:51:11.900 --> 00:51:15.532
(Zedeno)
WE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE A TENDENCY

00:51:15.533 --> 00:51:18.299
TO WANT TO HOLD ON TO THINGS.

00:51:18.300 --> 00:51:20.899
WE WANT TO HOLD ON TO LOVE,

00:51:20.900 --> 00:51:23.366
AND WE WANT TO HOLD ON
TO PEOPLE.

00:51:23.367 --> 00:51:28.866
AND WE WANT TO HOLD ON
TO BEAUTIFUL, WONDERFUL MOMENTS.

00:51:28.867 --> 00:51:30.632
BUT THAT\'S NOT THE WAY LIFE IS.

00:51:30.633 --> 00:51:35.466
LIFE JUST CHANGES,
CONSTANTLY CHANGES.

00:51:35.467 --> 00:51:40.432
AND WE MUST ACCEPT THAT CHANGE,

00:51:40.433 --> 00:51:43.566
BECAUSE WE ARE CHANGE.

00:51:43.567 --> 00:51:46.966
AND IN THE SAME WAY
THAT WE MUST ACCEPT

00:51:46.967 --> 00:51:50.699
THAT LOVE SOMETIMES DISAPPEARS,

00:51:50.700 --> 00:51:54.099
WE MUST ALSO ACCEPT
THAT OUR ANGER

00:51:54.100 --> 00:51:58.699
AND OUR FEAR AND OUR SUFFERING
DOES LIVE ON.

00:51:58.700 --> 00:52:00.132
IT IS THERE.

00:52:00.133 --> 00:52:01.799
BUT IT CAN CHANGE,

00:52:01.800 --> 00:52:03.566
AND THAT\'S WHAT WE
ARE FREE TO DO.

00:52:03.567 --> 00:52:06.432
WE ARE FREE TO MAKE THAT CHANGE.

00:52:06.433 --> 00:52:10.532
ACCEPT THAT THE FEAR
IS STILL THERE.

00:52:10.533 --> 00:52:13.399
DON\'T THINK FOR ONE MOMENT
THAT FEAR IS NOT THERE,

00:52:13.400 --> 00:52:15.566
THAT THEY\'VE FORGOTTEN
ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED,

00:52:15.567 --> 00:52:16.567
THAT THEY DON\'T HAVE A DAY

00:52:16.568 --> 00:52:18.966
WHEN THEY SPENT
THEIR TIME CRYING.

00:52:18.967 --> 00:52:20.967
IT\'S THERE.