WEBVTT

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- GOOD EVENING.

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THIS IS AN EXTRAORDINARY PERIOD
FOR AMERICA\'S ECONOMY.

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Male narrator: IN 2007,
A CRISIS ERUPTED

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IN THE U.S. HOUSING MARKET

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WHICH SOON SPREAD
AROUND THE WORLD.

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MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
LOST THEIR HOMES AND THEIR JOBS,

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PROMPTING GOVERNMENTS
TO SPEND TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS

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IN ORDER TO RESCUE THE GLOBAL
FINANCIAL SYSTEM FROM COLLAPSE.

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THE EXTENT OF THE CRISIS
REMAINS UNCLEAR.

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BUT SUSPICIONS ARE GROWING

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THAT CAPITALISM
MAY BE ON THE BRINK OF COLLAPSE.

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- THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.

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- WE ARE IN DEEP SHIT,
AND WE KNOW IT.

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BUT SECRETLY,
WE DON\'T REALLY BELIEVE

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THAT IT CAN ALL FALL APART
AND SO ON.

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Narrator: IS CAPITALISM
DESTROYING ITSELF

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AND THE WEALTH
OF THE PLANET WITH IT?

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- I THINK THAT\'S TOTAL HOGWASH.

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CAPITALISM
DOESN\'T DESTROY WEALTH;

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CAPITALISM CREATES WEALTH.

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Narrator: TODAY, KARL MARX
AND THE IDEA OF COMMUNISM

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ARE BACK IN VOGUE.

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THE ORIGINAL
REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALIST

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HAS BECOME A CULTURAL ICON.

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- [speaking German]

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- [speaking French]

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narrator: BUT CAN
MARX\'S CRITIQUE OF CAPITALISM

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REALLY HELP US THROUGH
OUR CRISIS-RIDDEN TIMES?

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- THE QUESTION FROM MARX,

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WHICH MIGHT BE SLIGHTLY
DIFFERENT FOR US NOW,

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IS, WHAT COMES AFTER
THAT CRITIQUE?

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- [speaking indistinctly]

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narrator: WHAT MIGHT WE LEARN
FROM A THINKER

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WHOSE IDEAS WERE SUPPOSED
TO HAVE DISAPPEARED

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WITH THE FALL
OF THE BERLIN WALL

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MORE THAN 20 YEARS AGO?

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- [speaking German]

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narrator: HAVE WE BEEN LIVING
IN A DREAM?

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IS THE CAPITALIST WORLD
ABOUT TO BE UNMASKED

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AS AN IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSION

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AND REPLACED
BY THE COMMUNIST SYSTEM

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WE THOUGHT HAD GONE FOR GOOD?

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[thunder crashing]

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- AT LAST.
COMRADE MARX.

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- HAVE WE MET?

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- LET\'S JUST SAY WE ARE
THEORETICALLY ACQUAINTED.

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DO YOU BELIEVE IN DESTINY,
COMRADE?

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- MM. NO.

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- WHY NOT?

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- BECAUSE THE EMANCIPATION
OF THE PROLETARIAT

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REQUIRES THE CRITIQUE
OF BOURGEOIS IDEOLOGY.

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- OH, I KNOW EXACTLY
WHAT YOU MEAN.

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DO YOU WANT TO KNOW THE TRUTH,
COMRADE?

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YOU\'RE A SLAVE
TO A LIBERAL IDEOLOGY

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THAT GOES DEEPER
THAN YOU CAN POSSIBLY IMAGINE.

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IDEOLOGY IS EVERYWHERE...

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WHEN YOU READ SHAKESPEARE,

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WHEN YOU PAY FOR
YOUR DAUGHTER\'S ACTING CLASSES,

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WHEN YOU BUY
YOUR HEMORRHOID CREAM.

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- [clears throat]

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- NO ONE CAN BE TOLD
WHAT AN IDEOLOGY IS, KARL.

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YOU MUST SEE IT
NOT TO BELIEVE IT.

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TAKE THE BLUE PILL,

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AND YOU\'LL WAKE UP IN COLOGNE

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AS THE EDITOR
OF A PROVINCIAL NEWSPAPER

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AND JOIN A MASONIC LODGE.

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- HMM...

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- TAKE THE RED PILL,

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AND I WILL SHOW YOU HOW FAR
THE PERMANENT REVOLUTION GOES.

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- IT\'S A NIGHTMARE
THEY DON\'T WANT TO REVISIT.

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- TODAY, WE HAD A LOT OF
FINANCIAL FIREWORKS.

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Narrator: MARX DEVOTED HIS LIFE

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TO STUDYING CAPITALISM
AND ITS CRISES.

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BUT HOW DO TODAY\'S ECONOMISTS

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EXPLAIN THE MOST
DAMAGING ECONOMIC EVENT

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SINCE THE GREAT DEPRESSION
OF THE 1930s?

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NORBERT WALTER

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IS THE FORMER CHIEF ECONOMIST
AT DEUTSCHE BANK.

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- [speaking German]

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narrator: IN LONDON,
THE FINANCIAL CENTER OF EUROPE,

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THE CRISIS
HAS ALSO RAISED QUESTIONS

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ABOUT THE FUTURE
OF THE FREE MARKET.

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[phone ringing]

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EAMONN BUTLER IS THE HEAD
OF THE ADAM SMITH INSTITUTE.

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BUTLER BLAMES THE CRISIS

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NOT ON TOO LITTLE
FINANCIAL REGULATION

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BUT ON TOO MUCH.

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- ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS
OF THE MODERN ECONOMY IS MONEY.

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AND UNFORTUNATELY, MONEY
IS A MONOPOLY OF THE GOVERNMENT.

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AND SO WHAT THEY TEND TO DO
IS TO DEBAUCH THE CURRENCY.

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THEY OVERINFLATE THE CURRENCY.

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THEY KEEP INTEREST RATES
ARTIFICIALLY LOW,

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WHICH THE MARKET WOULD NOT DO.

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WE GO OUT,
AND WE GET LOANS,

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AND WE BUY HOUSES,
AND THEN WE FEEL EVEN...

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AND THE HOUSES GO UP IN VALUE,
AND THEN WE FEEL EVEN RICHER,

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AND THEN WE GO OUT
AND BUY MORE THINGS.

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IT\'S JUST LIKE BEING
ON A DRUG.

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YOU KNOW, YOU HAVE A DRUG,

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AND IT GIVES YOU
AN INSTANT HIGH,

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AND YOU SAY, \"THIS IS GREAT.\"

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BUT THEN IT STARTS TO WEAR OFF,
SO YOU TAKE A BIT MORE,

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AND THEN THAT WEARS OFF,

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SO YOU NEED
AN EVEN BIGGER DOSE NEXT TIME.

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AND THAT\'S WHAT
GOVERNMENTS HAVE DONE

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TO OUR ECONOMY, UNFORTUNATELY,

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AND THAT\'S WHY
WE ARE IN A BIG MESS,

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AND I REALLY HOPE THAT

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THEY DON\'T DO THE SAME THING
AGAIN.

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- MY ADMINISTRATION
IS WORKING WITH CONGRESS

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TO ADDRESS THE ROOT CAUSE

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BEHIND MUCH OF THE INSTABILITY
IN OUR MARKETS.

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Narrator:
WHAT WAS KARL MARX\'S APPROACH

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TO THINKING THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM
WE CALL CAPITALISM?

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HOW DO HIS IDEAS
HELP US UNDERSTAND A SYSTEM

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WHICH HAS COME TO DOMINATE
SO MANY ASPECTS OF OUR LIVES?

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- AS A THINKER,
I WOULD CHARACTERIZE MARX,

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PRINCIPALLY,

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AS A BRILLIANT THEORIST
OF CAPITALISM.

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BUT AS WELL AS BEING
A THEORIST OF CAPITALISM,

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HE WAS ALSO THE LEADER
OF A POLITICAL MOVEMENT

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AND WHAT I WOULD CALL
A UTOPIAN THEORIST.

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WHAT I MEAN IS THAT
HE BELIEVED HE\'D DISCOVERED

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A KIND OF LOGIC IN HISTORY,

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A KIND OF LOGIC
OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT,

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A LOGIC OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ENTIRE SPECIES,

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WHOSE BUILT-IN END POINT,

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ALTHOUGH IT MIGHT NOT
BE ACHIEVED,

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WAS A CONDITION
OF UNIVERSAL FREEDOM.

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- THERE\'S A BEAUTIFUL PHRASE,
BY, UH...

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OR EXPRESSION BY ERNEST BLOCH

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WRITING ABOUT MARX,
WHERE HE SAYS...

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WELL, MARX IS OFTEN ACCUSED

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FOR HAVING THIS
UNCOMPROMISING,

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YOU KNOW, BRUTALIZING,
KIND OF IMPERSONAL THINKING.

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AND BLOCH SAYS,
WELL, YOU KNOW, THIS IS...

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THIS IS A RESULT OF MARX HAVING
TO THINK LIKE CAPITALISM.

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SO HE SAYS,

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\"JUST LIKE THE BEST DETECTIVE
HAS TO THINK LIKE A CRIMINAL,

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\"THE BEST DETECTIVE

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HAS TO ENTER INTO
THE MENTALITY OF THE CRIMINAL,\"

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WHICH IS
A VERY DANGEROUS PRACTICE.

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AND, OF COURSE,
MANY MARXISTS

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WHO HAVE TRIED
TO THINK LIKE CAPITALISM

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HAVE EFFECTIVELY
BECOME APOLOGISTS OF CAPITALISM,

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AND THAT MIGHT BE
THE REASON WHY.

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BUT THAT, IN A SENSE,
IS, I THINK,

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A GREAT WAY OF UNDERSTANDING
MARX\'S METHOD

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AND THE ENERGY AND COMBATIVENESS
OF HIS THOUGHT.

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YOU KNOW,
WHAT DOES IT MEAN

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FOR A DETECTIVE
TO THINK LIKE A CRIMINAL?

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- \"A SPECTER
IS HAUNTING EUROPE,

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\"THE SPECTER OF COMMUNISM.

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\"ALL THE POWERS OF OLD EUROPE

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\"HAVE ENTERED INTO
A HOLY ALLIANCE

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\"TO EXORCISE THIS SPECTER...

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\"POPE AND CZAR,

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\"METTERNICH AND GUIZOT,

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FRENCH RADICALS,
AND GERMAN POLICE SPIES.\"

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narrator:
\"THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO\"

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IS MARX\'S MOST FAMOUS
POLITICAL WORK.

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IT SEEMS LIGHT-YEARS AWAY FROM
OUR MODERN LIBERAL CONCERNS.

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THEN AGAIN,
COULD IT BE

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THAT THE CLASS CONFLICTS
OF THE PAST

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BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

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OR CAPITALISTS AND PROLETARIANS

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ARE RETURNING
TO HAUNT THE PRESENT?

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[crowd shouting]

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[loud banging]

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- OVER HERE!

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[crowd shouting]

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narrator: TODAY, MARX REMAINS
INDISPENSIBLE READING

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FOR A NEW GENERATION

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OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED
PHILOSOPHERS,

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AMONG THEM, NINA POWER.

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- \"THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO\"
HAS ALWAYS HAD

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REALLY INTERESTINGLY DELAYED
EFFECTS IN HISTORY.

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YOU KNOW, IT\'S NOT A BOOK...

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EVEN THOUGH IT\'S WRITTEN
WITH THIS TONE OF URGENCY

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BECAUSE IT\'S A MANIFESTO;

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IT\'S THIS KIND OF, YOU KNOW...
A BREATHLESS TEXT, IN A WAY.

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NEVERTHELESS, THE KIND OF REAL
EFFECTS OF THAT

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WEREN\'T SORT OF SEEN
FOR KIND OF, YOU KNOW,

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50 OR SO YEARS LATER.

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AND I THINK, YOU KNOW,

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IT GOES THROUGH
VARIOUS REITERATIONS.

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YOU KNOW, IT REAPPEARS,
AND, YOU KNOW, ITS RELEVANCE

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AND DIFFERENT PARTS OF IT
ARE STRESSED AT DIFFERENT TIMES.

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Narrator: WHAT IS CAPITALISM?

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CAPITALISM IS AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
DRIVEN BY THE PROFIT MOTIVE.

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ACCORDING TO MARX,
CAPITALISM THRIVES

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ON THE EXPLOITATION
OF THE WORKING CLASS.

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IN ORDER TO MAKE A PROFIT,
THE CAPITALIST PAYS HIS WORKERS

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LESS THAN THE TRUE VALUE
OF THEIR LABOR TIME.

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FOR MARX,
SUCH EXPLOITATION

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WAS THE MAIN CAUSE
OF SOCIAL CONFLICT...

00:11:56.666 --> 00:11:58.632
OR CLASS STRUGGLE...

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BETWEEN CAPITALISTS DETERMINED
TO INCREASE THEIR PROFITS

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AND WORKERS
STRUGGLING TO EARN A LIVING.

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- BOTTOM LEVEL,
I MEAN, YOU KNOW,

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THERE REALLY ARE
ONLY TWO CLASSES,

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AND, YOU KNOW,
ONE OF THEM EXPLOITS THE OTHER.

00:12:21.400 --> 00:12:23.565
Narrator:
BUT DO MARX\'S THEORIES

00:12:23.566 --> 00:12:25.565
OF EXPLOITATION
AND CLASS STRUGGLE

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STILL HOLD TRUE TODAY?

00:12:28.066 --> 00:12:30.265
OR IS THE WAY
IN WHICH CAPITALISTS

00:12:30.266 --> 00:12:33.932
MAKE THEIR PROFITS CHANGING?

00:12:33.933 --> 00:12:37.065
SLAVOJ ZIZEK
IS A SLOVENIAN PHILOSOPHER

00:12:37.066 --> 00:12:39.599
AT THE FOREFRONT
OF A POPULAR REVIVAL

00:12:39.600 --> 00:12:43.765
IN MARXIST
AND COMMUNIST THINKING.

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- IT\'S OBVIOUS... AND MARX ALREADY
HAD AN IDEA... VAGUE... OF IT...

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THAT WITH KNOWLEDGE EMERGING

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AS A CENTRAL FACTOR
OF WEALTH PRODUCTION,

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THIS CLASSICAL LOGIC
OF EXPLOITATION NO LONGER WORKS.

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A VERY GOOD EXAMPLE,

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BILL GATES OWNS WHAT MARX CALLS
PART OF OUR GENERAL INTELLECT,

00:13:04.933 --> 00:13:07.765
OUR... THE SUBSTANCE...
OUR SYMBOLIC SUBSTANCE.

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MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

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AND IT\'S AS IF

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IN ORDER FOR US
TO COMMUNICATE AMONG OURSELVES,

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WE HAVE TO PAY HIM RENT.

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SO... AND ALSO, THIS, I THINK,
CHANGES THE VERY DEFINITION

00:13:19.866 --> 00:13:23.365
OF WHAT IS PROLETARIAT TODAY.

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PROLETARIAT POSITION...

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IT\'S NO LONGER
JUST THE WORKING CLASS.

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IT\'S NO LONGER TYPICAL.

00:13:28.066 --> 00:13:30.899
EVEN TO BE A LITTLE BIT CYNICAL
TODAY, THOSE...

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IT\'S ALMOST AS IF
MOST OF THE PROTESTS TODAY...

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PROTESTS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
AND SO ON...

00:13:37.333 --> 00:13:41.299
ARE IRONICALLY SUSTAINED
BY A DEMAND,

00:13:41.300 --> 00:13:44.299
\"PLEASE, PROVIDE US A JOB
WHERE WE CAN BE,

00:13:44.300 --> 00:13:46.633
AT LEAST IN A NORMAL WAY,
EXPLOITED.\"

00:13:49.133 --> 00:13:52.399
narrator: FOR MANY THINKERS,
THE QUESTION OF EXPLOITATION

00:13:52.400 --> 00:13:56.699
REMAINS AS IMPORTANT TODAY
AS IT WAS IN MARX\'S TIME.

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BUT CAPITALISM HAS EVOLVED
AND MODES OF WORK HAVE CHANGED

00:14:00.733 --> 00:14:04.432
IN WAYS WHICH MARX HIMSELF
WAS UNABLE TO PREDICT,

00:14:04.433 --> 00:14:06.765
ACCORDING TO ITALIAN
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER

00:14:06.766 --> 00:14:08.466
ANTONIO NEGRI.

00:15:04.100 --> 00:15:07.100
- [speaking German]

00:15:45.933 --> 00:15:48.399
narrator: HERFRIED MUNKLER
IS THE COEDITOR

00:15:48.400 --> 00:15:50.999
OF MARX AND ENGELS\'
COMPLETE WORKS.

00:15:51.000 --> 00:15:52.332
HE TEACHES POLITICS

00:15:52.333 --> 00:15:57.565
AT THE HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY
OF BERLIN.

00:15:57.566 --> 00:15:59.465
ALONG WITH ANTONIO NEGRI,

00:15:59.466 --> 00:16:01.699
MICHAEL HARDT IS THE COAUTHOR

00:16:01.700 --> 00:16:04.365
OF BEST-SELLING BOOKS
ON GLOBALIZATION.

00:16:04.366 --> 00:16:06.965
LIKE NEGRI,
HARDT SEES KNOWLEDGE,

00:16:06.966 --> 00:16:09.032
INFORMATION,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

00:16:09.033 --> 00:16:12.332
AS THE COMMONWEALTH
OF ALL PEOPLES.

00:16:12.333 --> 00:16:14.165
- I THINK, INSTEAD,
WHAT HAS HAPPENED IS,

00:16:14.166 --> 00:16:17.165
CAPITALIST ECONOMY
HAS DEVELOPED TOWARDS

00:16:17.166 --> 00:16:19.332
CENTERING ON PRECISELY
THE PRODUCTION

00:16:19.333 --> 00:16:21.499
OF MANY IMMATERIAL

00:16:21.500 --> 00:16:23.832
AND, IN SOME WAYS,
IMMEASURABLE GOODS.

00:16:23.833 --> 00:16:26.399
IT\'S NO LONGER CENTERED ON

00:16:26.400 --> 00:16:30.799
THE PRODUCTION
OF COUNTABLE AUTOMOBILES

00:16:30.800 --> 00:16:33.499
AND REFRIGERATORS AND TOASTERS

00:16:33.500 --> 00:16:37.565
BUT RATHER CENTERED ON
THE PRODUCTION OF IDEAS,

00:16:37.566 --> 00:16:40.899
THE PRODUCTION OF SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH SERVICES,

00:16:40.900 --> 00:16:43.032
A VARIETY OF...

00:16:43.033 --> 00:16:47.033
THEY\'RE NOT UNREAL
BUT OFTEN INTANGIBLE ASSETS.

00:16:50.100 --> 00:16:52.765
Narrator: THE THEORIST
ALBERTO TOSCANO

00:16:52.766 --> 00:16:55.432
IS MORE ORTHODOX
WHEN IT COMES TO THINKING

00:16:55.433 --> 00:16:57.765
THE RELATION
OF WORK AND EXPLOITATION

00:16:57.766 --> 00:17:00.132
UNDER CAPITALISM.

00:17:00.133 --> 00:17:03.799
- PEOPLE IN A CALL CENTER
MIGHT BE ENGAGING IN ACTIVITY

00:17:03.800 --> 00:17:06.732
WHICH WE COULD REFER TO
AS COGNITIVE OR IMMATERIAL,

00:17:06.733 --> 00:17:09.732
BUT THEY ARE ALSO...
AND, IN FACT, MOST IMPORTANTLY...

00:17:09.733 --> 00:17:14.399
WORKING IN AN ENVIRONMENT
WHICH IS ORGANIZED

00:17:14.400 --> 00:17:19.565
IN TERMS OF VERY CLASSICAL FORMS
OF LABOR DESPOTISM,

00:17:19.566 --> 00:17:22.399
OF VERY CLASSICAL FORMS
OF HOW TO EXTRACT,

00:17:22.400 --> 00:17:26.232
YOU KNOW, EVERY SECOND
OR MILLISECOND,

00:17:26.233 --> 00:17:29.899
HOW TO SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGE
WORK IN SUCH A WAY

00:17:29.900 --> 00:17:33.065
THAT IT CAN BE MORE PRODUCTIVE

00:17:33.066 --> 00:17:35.065
AND IN SUCH A WAY THAT
THE RATE OF EXPLOITATION,

00:17:35.066 --> 00:17:38.132
AS MARX WOULD PUT IT,
IS INTENSIFIED.

00:17:38.133 --> 00:17:39.832
THOUGH, I THINK, YOU KNOW,
HARDT AND NEGRI

00:17:39.833 --> 00:17:45.965
ARE ENTIRELY RIGHT
TO IDENTIFY CERTAIN TENDENCIES;

00:17:45.966 --> 00:17:50.899
I DON\'T THINK THAT
IMMATERIAL LABOR, FOR INSTANCE,

00:17:50.900 --> 00:17:53.565
IS THE SOURCE...

00:17:53.566 --> 00:17:55.565
YOU KNOW, WILL BE THE SOURCE,
AS SUCH,

00:17:55.566 --> 00:18:00.900
OF, YOU KNOW, FUTURE
EMANCIPATORY POLITICS.

00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:07.332
Narrator: JACQUES RANCIERE
IS A RENOWNED THINKER

00:18:07.333 --> 00:18:09.632
OF WORKING-CLASS POLITICS.

00:18:09.633 --> 00:18:12.432
FOR RANCIERE,
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION

00:18:12.433 --> 00:18:16.200
IS NOT THE DOMINANT FACTOR
IN ALL SOCIAL STRUGGLE.

00:18:17.633 --> 00:18:20.633
- [speaking French]

00:18:53.400 --> 00:18:55.566
[no audio]

00:18:58.500 --> 00:19:00.232
narrator: FOR MARX,
CLASS STRUGGLE

00:19:00.233 --> 00:19:03.765
WAS PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE.

00:19:03.766 --> 00:19:05.632
BUT THE THEORY OF EXPLOITATION

00:19:05.633 --> 00:19:11.265
WAS NOT MARX\'S SOLE CONTRIBUTION
TO UNDERSTANDING CAPITALISM.

00:19:11.266 --> 00:19:14.599
IN ORDER TO GRASP
CAPITALISM\'S TRUE POWER

00:19:14.600 --> 00:19:16.499
AND PERSUASIVE HOLD OVER US,

00:19:16.500 --> 00:19:20.499
WE MUST DELVE INTO
THE STRANGE AND MYSTICAL WORLD

00:19:20.500 --> 00:19:22.300
OF THE COMMODITY.

00:19:33.166 --> 00:19:36.166
[whooshing]

00:19:37.833 --> 00:19:39.833
- [screaming]

00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:45.832
- \"IT IS CLEAR AS NOONDAY,
THAT MAN, BY HIS INDUSTRY,

00:19:45.833 --> 00:19:49.665
\"CHANGES THE FORMS OF THE
MATERIALS FURNISHED BY NATURE

00:19:49.666 --> 00:19:52.332
\"IN SUCH A WAY
AS TO MAKE THEM USEFUL TO HIM.

00:19:52.333 --> 00:19:53.965
\"THE FORM OF WOOD,
FOR INSTANCE,

00:19:53.966 --> 00:19:56.432
\"IS ALTERED
BY MAKING A TABLE OUT OF IT.

00:19:56.433 --> 00:19:58.599
\"AND YET THE TABLE
CONTINUES TO BE

00:19:58.600 --> 00:20:01.599
\"THAT COMMON EVERYDAY THING,
WOOD.

00:20:01.600 --> 00:20:04.432
\"BUT SO SOON AS IT
STEPS FORTH AS A COMMODITY,

00:20:04.433 --> 00:20:07.633
IT IS CHANGED
INTO SOMETHING TRANSCENDENT.\"

00:20:12.600 --> 00:20:13.832
narrator: \"CAPITAL,\"

00:20:13.833 --> 00:20:17.132
MARX\'S LANDMARK STUDY
OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

00:20:17.133 --> 00:20:20.532
BEGINS WITH A CHAPTER
DEVOTED TO COMMODITIES

00:20:20.533 --> 00:20:23.832
AND THE FETISHISM
OF COMMODITIES.

00:20:23.833 --> 00:20:27.465
TODAY, WE\'RE USED TO
HEARING ABOUT SEXUAL FETISHES,

00:20:27.466 --> 00:20:30.299
BUT FOR MARX,
THE COMMODITY FETISH

00:20:30.300 --> 00:20:33.732
WAS SOMETHING QUITE DIFFERENT.

00:20:33.733 --> 00:20:36.665
NORBERT BOLZ
IS A LEADING MEDIA THEORIST

00:20:36.666 --> 00:20:40.166
AND THE AUTHOR
OF \"THE CONSUMERIST MANIFESTO.\"

00:20:43.000 --> 00:20:46.000
- [speaking German]

00:21:43.666 --> 00:21:46.832
narrator: PETER SLOTERDIJK
ALSO SEES ONGOING RELEVANCE

00:21:46.833 --> 00:21:49.565
IN MARX\'S THEORY
OF COMMODITY FETISHISM

00:21:49.566 --> 00:21:52.365
IN OUR MODERN
CONSUMER WAY OF LIFE.

00:21:52.366 --> 00:21:55.366
- [speaking German]

00:23:06.966 --> 00:23:10.365
narrator: THE THEORY
OF COMMODITY FETISHISM DESCRIBES

00:23:10.366 --> 00:23:14.465
HOW WE ACCEPT VALUE
AS A NATURAL QUALITY OF THINGS.

00:23:14.466 --> 00:23:18.832
BUT ACCORDING TO MARX,
SUCH BELIEF IS AN ILLUSION.

00:23:18.833 --> 00:23:21.532
EVERY COMMODITY,
LIKE EVERY VALUE,

00:23:21.533 --> 00:23:23.965
MUST BE PRODUCED.

00:23:23.966 --> 00:23:26.599
EVEN SOMETHING
AS SEEMINGLY NATURAL AS WATER

00:23:26.600 --> 00:23:30.099
IS COMMODIFIED...
PURIFIED, PACKAGED,

00:23:30.100 --> 00:23:32.432
AND TRANSPORTED
TO THE CUSTOMER...

00:23:32.433 --> 00:23:34.599
A PROCESS FROM WHICH
THE CAPITALIST

00:23:34.600 --> 00:23:37.399
DULY EXTRACTS A PROFIT.

00:23:37.400 --> 00:23:39.165
- VALUE IS
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER.

00:23:39.166 --> 00:23:41.399
VALUE DOESN\'T EXIST IN OBJECTS.

00:23:41.400 --> 00:23:43.565
- WHAT I WOULD SAY IS THAT,
COMMODITY FETISHISM

00:23:43.566 --> 00:23:45.232
IS ONLY THE CAPITALIST VERSION

00:23:45.233 --> 00:23:48.499
OF A TYPE OF OBJECTIFICATION

00:23:48.500 --> 00:23:50.665
WHICH IS HUMANLY UNIVERSAL.

00:23:50.666 --> 00:23:54.332
Narrator:
IS THIS THE REAL WORLD,

00:23:54.333 --> 00:23:58.799
OR ARE WE THE VICTIMS OF
A MARKETPLACE THAT SEDUCES US,

00:23:58.800 --> 00:24:03.165
MYSTIFYING OUR SENSES
WITH ITS FANTASY OBJECTS?

00:24:03.166 --> 00:24:07.799
FOR MARX, COMMODITIES EXIST
NOT TO SATISFY OUR NEEDS,

00:24:07.800 --> 00:24:10.632
NOR BECAUSE
THEY ARE REALLY USEFUL TO US,

00:24:10.633 --> 00:24:14.066
BUT SIMPLY
TO BE BOUGHT AND SOLD.

00:24:29.866 --> 00:24:31.700
- [grunts]

00:24:33.366 --> 00:24:36.366
[cymbals clanging]

00:24:46.933 --> 00:24:49.433
[mumbling]
THE HEMORRHOID CREAM...

00:24:53.566 --> 00:24:56.566
[humming softly]

00:25:05.366 --> 00:25:06.533
[clanging stops]

00:25:22.833 --> 00:25:24.166
HUH?

00:25:30.133 --> 00:25:34.832
- FETISHISM IS AN ILLUSION
WHICH IS PART OF REALITY ITSELF.

00:25:34.833 --> 00:25:38.665
YOU HAVE THIS WONDERFUL
DOUBLE REVERSAL THAT...

00:25:38.666 --> 00:25:40.832
THINGS ARE THE WAY THEY ARE.

00:25:40.833 --> 00:25:44.132
YOU MAY BE CONSCIOUS
HOW THINGS REALLY ARE,

00:25:44.133 --> 00:25:45.699
BUT IN YOUR PRACTICE,

00:25:45.700 --> 00:25:49.332
YOU FOLLOW AN ILLUSION
OF WHICH YOU ARE NOT CONSCIOUS.

00:25:49.333 --> 00:25:55.332
- WELL, I THINK OUR TENDENCY
TO OVERINVEST IMPORTANCE,

00:25:55.333 --> 00:25:57.232
IN PARTICULAR, OBJECTS,

00:25:57.233 --> 00:26:01.465
IS A MATTER OF HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY
RATHER THAN OF ECONOMICS.

00:26:01.466 --> 00:26:02.965
IT\'S THE WAY WE ARE.

00:26:02.966 --> 00:26:05.832
AND WE FOLLOW FASHION,
FOR EXAMPLE.

00:26:05.833 --> 00:26:09.765
SO WE LOOK AND SEE
WHAT ARE THE GREAT CELEBRITIES

00:26:09.766 --> 00:26:14.932
WEARING OR EATING OR DRIVING,
AND WE WANT ONE OF THOSE,

00:26:14.933 --> 00:26:17.699
AND THAT\'S HUMAN NATURE.

00:26:17.700 --> 00:26:22.399
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM IS
MORALLY NEUTRAL ON THIS SUBJECT.

00:26:22.400 --> 00:26:24.000
IT SIMPLY PRODUCES
WHAT PEOPLE WANT.

00:26:25.166 --> 00:26:27.432
Narrator: HOW DOES
COMMODITY FETISHISM

00:26:27.433 --> 00:26:31.599
APPLY TO THE NEW SOCIAL NETWORKS
OF THE INFORMATION AGE?

00:26:31.600 --> 00:26:34.599
IS IT POSSIBLE
THAT THE COMMODITY EXTENDS

00:26:34.600 --> 00:26:38.766
FROM WHAT WE BUY
TO THE VERY CORE OF WHO WE ARE?

00:26:40.200 --> 00:26:43.965
- THE MODERN MEDIA, SO TO SPEAK,
COLONIZE...

00:26:43.966 --> 00:26:45.565
PARTLY CREATE
AND PARTLY COLONIZE,

00:26:45.566 --> 00:26:50.232
PARTLY MOBILIZE
COLLECTIVE FANTASIES.

00:26:50.233 --> 00:26:51.899
I THINK THAT
SORT OF TRANSCENDS

00:26:51.900 --> 00:26:53.565
ANYTHING WHICH YOU FIND
IN MARX,

00:26:53.566 --> 00:26:56.565
BECAUSE THE TECHNOLOGY
AND THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

00:26:56.566 --> 00:27:00.299
WASN\'T SUCH THAT
IT PERMITTED THAT KIND OF

00:27:00.300 --> 00:27:02.100
INSIGHT AT THAT TIME.

00:27:11.600 --> 00:27:14.599
Narrator: TODAY, THE COMMODITY
OR CONSUMER WAY OF LIFE

00:27:14.600 --> 00:27:18.065
IS EVERYWHERE
AND IN EVERYTHING WE DO.

00:27:18.066 --> 00:27:20.732
WE SEE THE WORLD
THROUGH COMMODITY EYES

00:27:20.733 --> 00:27:24.732
SO THAT EVERY SOCIAL ENCOUNTER
BECOMES A POTENTIAL SALE,

00:27:24.733 --> 00:27:26.899
NOT JUST
OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS

00:27:26.900 --> 00:27:29.333
BUT OF OUR INDIVIDUAL SELVES.

00:28:37.800 --> 00:28:40.165
- \"THE WHOLE MYSTERY
OF COMMODITIES,

00:28:40.166 --> 00:28:42.132
\"ALL THE MAGIC AND NECROMANCY

00:28:42.133 --> 00:28:44.632
\"THAT SURROUNDS
THE PRODUCTS OF LABOR,

00:28:44.633 --> 00:28:47.065
\"AS LONG AS THEY TAKE THE FORM
OF COMMODITIES,

00:28:47.066 --> 00:28:48.565
\"VANISHES, THEREFORE,

00:28:48.566 --> 00:28:51.866
SO SOON AS WE COME
TO OTHER FORMS OF PRODUCTION.\"

00:28:56.000 --> 00:28:57.832
narrator: FOR MARX,
THE EXPECTATION

00:28:57.833 --> 00:29:01.065
WAS THAT THE COMMODITY
WOULD EVENTUALLY GIVE WAY

00:29:01.066 --> 00:29:04.632
TO OTHER FORMS OF ECONOMIC
PRODUCTION AND COOPERATION

00:29:04.633 --> 00:29:06.965
IN WHICH VALUE
IS NO LONGER MEASURED

00:29:06.966 --> 00:29:09.632
PURELY IN MONETARY TERMS.

00:29:09.633 --> 00:29:12.933
CAN WE IMAGINE A WORLD
WITHOUT COMMODITIES?

00:29:54.133 --> 00:29:55.299
- PEOPLE ARE TRYING TO THINK

00:29:55.300 --> 00:29:57.065
ABOUT, YOU KNOW,
DIFFERENT WAYS OF LIVING...

00:29:57.066 --> 00:30:00.732
LIVING SUSTAINABLY...
TO TRY AND CREATE THESE KIND OF,

00:30:00.733 --> 00:30:03.399
LIKE, HOMEOSTATIC MODES
OF EXISTENCE

00:30:03.400 --> 00:30:05.132
WHERE THERE IS NO WASTE,

00:30:05.133 --> 00:30:06.465
YOU KNOW,
AND MAYBE EVEN LIVE

00:30:06.466 --> 00:30:08.132
IN A KIND OF COLLECTIVE WAY
OR A...

00:30:08.133 --> 00:30:11.632
YOU KNOW, HINT AT
A COMMUNAL WAY OF LIVING.

00:30:11.633 --> 00:30:13.799
YOU KNOW, AND I THINK THERE IS...
PEOPLE DO FEEL A REAL

00:30:13.800 --> 00:30:16.932
KIND OF NEED SOMETIMES
OR A DESIRE FOR THAT,

00:30:16.933 --> 00:30:19.932
SORT OF, UH,
LET\'S SAY A SIMPLER

00:30:19.933 --> 00:30:22.665
BUT KIND OF MORE CREATIVE
AND MORE INTERESTING LIFE,

00:30:22.666 --> 00:30:25.999
YOU KNOW, TO HAVE PROPER
RELATIONS WITH PEOPLE

00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:27.665
THAT AREN\'T MEDIATED THROUGH

00:30:27.666 --> 00:30:31.200
THIS KIND OF, YOU KNOW,
COMMODITY FETISHISM.

00:30:34.733 --> 00:30:36.899
Narrator: TODAY,
THERE IS GROWING DISQUIET

00:30:36.900 --> 00:30:38.732
IN WESTERN SOCIETIES

00:30:38.733 --> 00:30:42.932
ON A RANGE OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS.

00:30:42.933 --> 00:30:46.265
A NEW GENERATION
OF MARX-INSPIRED THINKERS

00:30:46.266 --> 00:30:50.933
SEES ECOLOGY
AS A DECISIVE POLITICAL ISSUE.

00:30:55.100 --> 00:30:58.599
- THE MANAGEMENT
OF THE ECOLOGICAL COMMON...

00:30:58.600 --> 00:31:01.065
OF THE AIR, THE EARTH,
THE ATMOSPHERE...

00:31:01.066 --> 00:31:03.565
BY PRIVATE PROPERTY
AND EVEN BY STATES

00:31:03.566 --> 00:31:07.799
HAS LED US
TO THE BRINK OF DISASTER.

00:31:07.800 --> 00:31:09.899
BUT SIMILARLY,
I THINK, IN ECONOMIC TERMS,

00:31:09.900 --> 00:31:16.465
WE\'RE EVERMORE HANDICAPPED
IN OUR, UM...

00:31:16.466 --> 00:31:22.132
EVEN IN ECONOMIC FUNCTIONING
BY THE RULE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY

00:31:22.133 --> 00:31:25.265
AND EVEN THE MECHANISMS OF...

00:31:25.266 --> 00:31:27.565
OF ACCUMULATION THROUGH PROFIT.

00:31:27.566 --> 00:31:29.732
- COMMUNISM IN THE SENSE OF,

00:31:29.733 --> 00:31:31.999
WE ARE DEALING WITH A COMMONS.

00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:34.199
OUR EARTH IS NATURAL SUBSTANCE;

00:31:34.200 --> 00:31:36.965
SOMEHOW WE HAVE TO MANAGE IT
TOGETHER.

00:31:36.966 --> 00:31:39.132
- IF YOU LOOK AT
THE \"COMMON\" IN COMMUNISM,

00:31:39.133 --> 00:31:40.599
IT GIVES YOU
A VERY DIFFERENT VIEW

00:31:40.600 --> 00:31:42.699
THAN WE\'VE INHERITED FROM...

00:31:42.700 --> 00:31:44.199
EITHER FROM SOVIET IDEOLOGY

00:31:44.200 --> 00:31:47.733
OR FROM
U.S. ANTICOMMUNIST IDEOLOGY.

00:31:52.800 --> 00:31:56.799
Narrator: CAN MARX\'S WORK
PRESENT A GREEN ALTERNATIVE

00:31:56.800 --> 00:32:00.166
TO THE MANAGEMENT OF
OUR PLANET\'S NATURAL RESOURCES?

00:32:49.233 --> 00:32:50.665
Narrator: JOHN GRAY BELIEVES

00:32:50.666 --> 00:32:53.732
THAT GLOBAL CAPITALISM
DEVELOPS IN WAYS

00:32:53.733 --> 00:32:56.065
THAT ARE NOT ONLY
DIFFICULT TO PREDICT

00:32:56.066 --> 00:33:00.099
BUT ALSO IMPOSSIBLE
TO CONTROL.

00:33:00.100 --> 00:33:02.932
- WHERE THE NEO-LENINISTS

00:33:02.933 --> 00:33:08.665
BUT ALSO THE GREENS
ARE CORRECT

00:33:08.666 --> 00:33:13.165
IS IN ARGUING
THAT HUMAN ACTION

00:33:13.166 --> 00:33:18.465
HAS DESTABILIZED
THE PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT.

00:33:18.466 --> 00:33:21.232
WHERE THEY ARE DELUDED

00:33:21.233 --> 00:33:24.399
IS IN BELIEVING
THAT HUMAN ACTION

00:33:24.400 --> 00:33:28.665
CAN RESTABILIZE
THE PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT.

00:33:28.666 --> 00:33:31.832
WHAT... FROM THE FACT
THAT HUMANS

00:33:31.833 --> 00:33:34.499
HAVE TRIGGERED
THIS INSTABILITY,

00:33:34.500 --> 00:33:37.499
IT DOES NOT FOLLOW
THAT HUMANS CAN STOP IT,

00:33:37.500 --> 00:33:40.865
EVEN IF HUMANS WERE CAPABLE OF
ACTING AS A GLOBAL COLLECTIVE,

00:33:40.866 --> 00:33:42.800
WHICH THEY ARE NOT
AND WILL NOT BE.

00:33:46.433 --> 00:33:48.765
Narrator: AN UNDER-REGULATED
BANKING SECTOR

00:33:48.766 --> 00:33:51.465
IS OFTEN REGARDED
AS HAVING BEEN RESPONSIBLE

00:33:51.466 --> 00:33:56.099
FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
WHICH BEGAN IN 2007.

00:33:56.100 --> 00:34:00.499
BUT IS STATE REGULATION OF
THE ECONOMY THE ONLY SOLUTION?

00:34:00.500 --> 00:34:02.499
WHICH EXAMPLES FROM HISTORY

00:34:02.500 --> 00:34:07.665
MIGHT HELP US AVOID EVER GREATER
CATASTROPHES IN FUTURE?

00:34:07.666 --> 00:34:09.632
- THERE WAS
A VERY INTERESTING TIME

00:34:09.633 --> 00:34:12.199
IN THE 19TH CENTURY
IN THE UNITED STATES,

00:34:12.200 --> 00:34:15.999
WHERE, IN BOSTON, THERE WAS
A BANK CALLED THE SUFFOLK BANK.

00:34:16.000 --> 00:34:19.832
AND AT THAT TIME, BANKS WOULD
PRODUCE THEIR OWN CURRENCIES,

00:34:19.833 --> 00:34:22.899
AND THE SUFFOLK BANK WOULD TAKE
THE CURRENCY OF ANY BANK,

00:34:22.900 --> 00:34:26.332
AND IT WOULD GIVE YOU
HARD CURRENCY, HARD CASH BACK.

00:34:26.333 --> 00:34:29.499
IT WOULD TAKE THE NOTES IN,
AND IT WOULD GIVE YOU COINS OUT.

00:34:29.500 --> 00:34:31.832
IF IT DIDN\'T
TRUST A PARTICULAR BANK,

00:34:31.833 --> 00:34:33.332
IF IT THOUGHT
A PARTICULAR BANK

00:34:33.333 --> 00:34:36.765
WAS PERHAPS
TAKING TOO MANY RISKS,

00:34:36.766 --> 00:34:39.765
IT MIGHT ONLY GIVE YOU
95 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR.

00:34:39.766 --> 00:34:41.599
NOW, THAT\'S A BRILLIANT SYSTEM

00:34:41.600 --> 00:34:43.599
BECAUSE WHAT IT MEANS IS THAT

00:34:43.600 --> 00:34:47.433
BANKS BECOME VERY AWARE OF
THE RISKS THAT THEY\'RE TAKING.

00:34:49.966 --> 00:34:56.199
- THAT\'S A KIND OF UTOPIAN
PATHOLOGY OF DELUDED THINKING

00:34:56.200 --> 00:34:58.532
ON THE RIGHT,
WHICH IS RECURRENT

00:34:58.533 --> 00:35:02.099
BECAUSE WHAT IT REFUSES
TO CONFRONT

00:35:02.100 --> 00:35:05.565
ARE THE INHERENT CONTRADICTIONS
WHICH EMERGE

00:35:05.566 --> 00:35:08.499
IN RAPIDLY DEVELOPING
CAPITALIST ECONOMIES.

00:35:08.500 --> 00:35:11.532
THE REASON WE ARE
WHERE WE ARE NOW

00:35:11.533 --> 00:35:13.765
AND HAVE THE TYPE
OF LARGE BANKING SYSTEMS

00:35:13.766 --> 00:35:14.899
AND SO FORTH THAT WE DO HAVE

00:35:14.900 --> 00:35:16.532
IS THAT, AT EVERY POINT
IN ITS HISTORY,

00:35:16.533 --> 00:35:19.065
CAPITALISM HAS BEEN
INTERTWINED WITH STATE POWER.

00:35:19.066 --> 00:35:22.532
- LAST YEAR, WE FOUND
$17 BILLION IN CUTS.

00:35:22.533 --> 00:35:25.432
THIS YEAR, WE\'VE ALREADY FOUND
$20 BILLION.

00:35:25.433 --> 00:35:28.265
Narrator: WHAT POWER OR
INCENTIVE DO GOVERNMENTS HAVE

00:35:28.266 --> 00:35:31.132
TO REFORM CAPITALISM?

00:35:31.133 --> 00:35:33.965
COULD IT BE
THAT ECONOMIC CRISIS,

00:35:33.966 --> 00:35:36.665
INSTEAD OF BEING
AN UNWANTED SIDE EFFECT,

00:35:36.666 --> 00:35:38.666
IS WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM GOING?

00:36:18.233 --> 00:36:20.899
- THE KIND OF CAPITALISM
THAT HAS ENTERED INTO CRISIS

00:36:20.900 --> 00:36:23.132
IS A CAPITALISM
THAT IS PRODUCING EVERMORE

00:36:23.133 --> 00:36:25.732
OF WHAT MARX CALLED
SUPERFLUOUS POPULATIONS,

00:36:25.733 --> 00:36:27.732
OR SURPLUS POPULATIONS,

00:36:27.733 --> 00:36:30.065
WHAT MIKE DAVIS IN THE
\"PLANET OF SLUMS\" HAS CALLED

00:36:30.066 --> 00:36:32.165
A KIND OF SURPLUS HUMANITY.

00:36:32.166 --> 00:36:34.199
THAT IS TO SAY,
IT\'S NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR

00:36:34.200 --> 00:36:36.699
THAT CAPITALISM
AS IT EXISTS TODAY

00:36:36.700 --> 00:36:39.032
NEEDS PEOPLE, NEEDS WORKERS

00:36:39.033 --> 00:36:41.233
IN THE SAME WAY
THAT IT NEEDED BEFORE.

00:36:51.966 --> 00:36:53.965
- CAPITAL FUNCTIONS
THROUGH CRISES.

00:36:53.966 --> 00:36:57.799
SO CRISIS DOESN\'T MEAN, UM...

00:36:57.800 --> 00:37:00.132
THE DEMISE OF CAPITAL.

00:37:00.133 --> 00:37:01.999
CAPITAL FUNCTIONS
BY BREAKING DOWN.

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:05.165
IT\'S A PARADOXICAL
WAY OF WORKING,

00:37:05.166 --> 00:37:06.565
BUT THAT\'S THE WAY IT WORKS.

00:37:06.566 --> 00:37:09.399
AND OFTEN WHAT HAPPENS...
THIS IS, OF COURSE,

00:37:09.400 --> 00:37:11.065
ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT\'S HAPPENING

00:37:11.066 --> 00:37:15.732
AS A RESULT OF THE 2008
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRISIS...

00:37:15.733 --> 00:37:18.899
IS THAT CRISIS ALLOWS

00:37:18.900 --> 00:37:23.332
THE POSSIBILITY FOR NEW
CONCENTRATIONS OF CAPITAL,

00:37:23.333 --> 00:37:27.965
SOMETIMES THROUGH PRIVATIZATION,
SOMETIMES SIMPLY THROUGH

00:37:27.966 --> 00:37:32.533
THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH
OR POWER IN FEWER HANDS.

00:37:40.866 --> 00:37:44.199
- THERE\'S A WAY IN WHICH KIND OF
CAPITALISM IS UNDEAD.

00:37:44.200 --> 00:37:46.199
YOU KNOW, IT KEEPS GOING,
EVEN THOUGH, YOU KNOW,

00:37:46.200 --> 00:37:48.365
NO ONE HAS ANY FAITH IN IT
ANYMORE.

00:37:48.366 --> 00:37:50.699
NO ONE BELIEVES IN IT, YOU KNOW,
AND, YOU KNOW,

00:37:50.700 --> 00:37:54.765
THIS IDEA OF A KIND OF
FREE MARKET WAS ALWAYS A JOKE,

00:37:54.766 --> 00:37:56.332
BUT IT\'S EVEN MORE
OF A JOKE NOW.

00:37:56.333 --> 00:37:58.499
I MEAN, YOU KNOW, THE LEVEL
OF STATE INTERVENTION...

00:37:58.500 --> 00:38:00.132
YOU KNOW, WE\'RE SEEING
THE WAY IN WHICH

00:38:00.133 --> 00:38:02.732
THIS KIND OF PLAYS OUT BADLY
FOR THE LOSERS.

00:38:02.733 --> 00:38:06.333
I MEAN, LOOK AT WHAT\'S HAPPENING
IN GREECE AT THE MOMENT.

00:38:35.800 --> 00:38:37.465
Narrator: IF THE STATE
AND THE ECONOMY

00:38:37.466 --> 00:38:39.632
ARE SO CLOSELY INTERTWINED

00:38:39.633 --> 00:38:42.899
AND IF CAPITALISM
NEEDS CRISIS TO FUNCTION,

00:38:42.900 --> 00:38:45.099
THEN WHAT SENSE IS THERE
IN BELIEVING

00:38:45.100 --> 00:38:48.932
THAT ANOTHER WORLD
IS POSSIBLE?

00:38:48.933 --> 00:38:52.600
IS THERE ANY WAY OUT
OF OUR CRISIS-RIDDEN TIMES?

00:39:12.900 --> 00:39:15.600
[gunshots]

00:39:26.200 --> 00:39:28.665
- MM?

00:39:28.666 --> 00:39:30.665
HUH?

00:39:30.666 --> 00:39:32.032
MM-HMM...

00:39:32.033 --> 00:39:34.500
- [growls]

00:39:48.233 --> 00:39:50.565
narrator: TODAY,
CAPITALISM\'S FLAWS

00:39:50.566 --> 00:39:53.599
ARE LEADING PEOPLE TO CONSIDER
POLITICAL ALTERNATIVES,

00:39:53.600 --> 00:39:56.632
OF WHICH COMMUNISM IS ONE.

00:39:56.633 --> 00:40:00.632
BUT GIVEN THE COMMUNIST
DISASTERS OF THE 20TH CENTURY,

00:40:00.633 --> 00:40:05.199
HOW CAN WE REALLY TAKE THE IDEA
OF COMMUNISM SERIOUSLY?

00:40:05.200 --> 00:40:09.365
- BUT THE BIGGEST MODE
OF THE FALSE FIDELITY

00:40:09.366 --> 00:40:12.599
TO THE 20TH-CENTURY COMMUNISM
IS, I THINK,

00:40:12.600 --> 00:40:17.132
THE REJECTION OF
ALL REALLY EXISTING SOCIALISMS

00:40:17.133 --> 00:40:20.932
ON BEHALF OF SOME AUTHENTIC
WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT

00:40:20.933 --> 00:40:23.766
JUST AROUND THE CORNER
WAITING TO EXPLODE.

00:40:27.700 --> 00:40:30.700
- [speaking German]

00:40:35.633 --> 00:40:38.633
- [speaking German]

00:40:48.900 --> 00:40:50.565
- 20TH CENTURY,

00:40:50.566 --> 00:40:55.032
NOT ONLY
IN ITS TOTALITARIAN ASPECT,

00:40:55.033 --> 00:40:56.732
COMMUNISM AS WE KNEW IT, BUT...

00:40:56.733 --> 00:40:58.499
THAT\'S IMPORTANT TO ADD.

00:40:58.500 --> 00:41:00.832
NOW I WILL GET
LESS AND LESS POPULAR...

00:41:00.833 --> 00:41:02.632
EVERYONE WOULD AGREE
WITH THIS...

00:41:02.633 --> 00:41:06.499
THEN I ADD TO IT ALSO
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE

00:41:06.500 --> 00:41:08.432
BUT NOT ONLY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY,
EVEN...

00:41:08.433 --> 00:41:10.032
THAT\'S MY NASTIEST THESIS...

00:41:10.033 --> 00:41:14.265
EVEN THE DARLING
OF THE RADICAL DEMOCRATIC LEFT

00:41:14.266 --> 00:41:18.665
DISAGREE AGAINST
THE OSSIFIED STATE STRUCTURES...

00:41:18.666 --> 00:41:22.232
SPONTANEOUS, LOCAL,
SELF-ORGANIZATION,

00:41:22.233 --> 00:41:27.032
DIRECT DEMOCRACY,
COUNCILS, AND SO ON...

00:41:27.033 --> 00:41:30.800
EVEN THAT SHOULD BE WRITTEN OFF.

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:34.999
Narrator: MICHA BRUMLIK
IS A CRITIC

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:37.332
OF THE NEW MARXIST THINKING.

00:41:37.333 --> 00:41:39.699
FOR BRUMLIK,
THE PROSPECT OF CREATING

00:41:39.700 --> 00:41:43.665
AN ALTERNATIVE TO CAPITALISM
WHICH NEGLECTS DEMOCRACY

00:41:43.666 --> 00:41:45.500
IS HIGHLY PROBLEMATIC.

00:42:19.133 --> 00:42:22.465
Narrator: HOW PRACTICAL
IS THE IDEA OF COMMUNISM?

00:42:22.466 --> 00:42:24.632
DOES IT OFFER
A POLITICAL ALTERNATIVE

00:42:24.633 --> 00:42:27.399
TO THE STATE SOCIALISMS
OF THE PAST,

00:42:27.400 --> 00:42:30.899
OR IS IT A PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE?

00:42:30.900 --> 00:42:33.065
- I DO THINK IT\'S IMPORTANT
TO STRUGGLE OVER THE TERM.

00:42:33.066 --> 00:42:34.232
YOU KNOW, TO...

00:42:34.233 --> 00:42:36.732
BECAUSE THE TERMS
HAVE SUCH A HISTORY

00:42:36.733 --> 00:42:39.299
OF HOPE AND SUFFERING
THAT ARE ATTACHED TO THEM.

00:42:39.300 --> 00:42:41.132
WHAT\'S MEANT BY COMMUNISM
IN COMMON LANGUAGE?

00:42:41.133 --> 00:42:43.465
IT\'S MEANT THE EXACT OPPOSITE
OF WHAT I MEAN BY IT.

00:42:43.466 --> 00:42:45.799
IT\'S MEANT
ABSOLUTE STATE CONTROL

00:42:45.800 --> 00:42:47.165
OF THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY,

00:42:47.166 --> 00:42:49.165
WHICH SEEMS TO BE COUNTER

00:42:49.166 --> 00:42:51.500
TO EVERYTHING MARX SAID
ABOUT IT TOO.

00:42:53.600 --> 00:42:56.100
[crowd chanting indistinctly]

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:36.799
narrator: MARX IMAGINED
COMMUNISM

00:43:36.800 --> 00:43:39.465
AS A CLASSLESS SOCIETY.

00:43:39.466 --> 00:43:42.632
FOR JACQUES RANCIERE,
THE POLITICAL CHALLENGE TODAY

00:43:42.633 --> 00:43:46.465
IS ONE OF CREATING
AN EMANCIPATED SOCIETY

00:43:46.466 --> 00:43:49.566
IN WHICH EVERYONE
HAS AN EQUAL SHARE.

00:46:03.100 --> 00:46:06.100
[men and women singing
operatically]

00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:22.332
- A COMMUNIST SOCIETY
WOULD BE A SOCIETY WHERE YOU...

00:46:22.333 --> 00:46:24.499
EVERYONE WOULD BE ALLOWED
TO DWELL

00:46:24.500 --> 00:46:27.199
IN HIS OR HER OWN STUPIDITY.

00:46:27.200 --> 00:46:29.699
YOU KNOW...
YOU KNOW WHO GAVE ME THIS IDEA,

00:46:29.700 --> 00:46:31.532
EVEN FRED JAMESON WHO SAID,

00:46:31.533 --> 00:46:33.699
WHAT IF YOU IMAGINE COMMUNISM

00:46:33.700 --> 00:46:36.165
NOT AS A PERFECTLY NORMAL
SOCIETY

00:46:36.166 --> 00:46:40.665
BUT LIKE A CRAZY SOCIETY
THAT YOU FIND, LIKE,

00:46:40.666 --> 00:46:43.799
IN SOME BRUEGHEL\'S PAINTING,
\"PROVERBS,\" YOU KNOW?

00:46:43.800 --> 00:46:48.499
A MADMAN HERE; THERE IS A MAN
WHO THINKS HE IS A CHICKEN AND...

00:46:48.500 --> 00:46:50.365
\"AH, AH, AH, GA-GA,\"
WALKS LIKE THIS.

00:46:50.366 --> 00:46:52.965
THERE IS A MAN
WHO THINKS HE IS NAPOLEON.

00:46:52.966 --> 00:46:55.565
YOU KNOW, ALL THESE MADMEN
POLITELY EXIST.

00:46:55.566 --> 00:46:57.466
WOULDN\'T THIS BE NICE?

00:47:00.233 --> 00:47:03.566
Narrator: IS THE IDEA
OF COMMUNISM A FANTASY?

00:47:05.366 --> 00:47:09.366
IS COMMUNISM ONLY REALIZABLE
IN OUR IMAGINATION?

00:47:13.200 --> 00:47:15.199
- IT CAN\'T BE SOME KIND OF
UTOPIAN FANTASY

00:47:15.200 --> 00:47:17.199
ABOUT WHAT COMES
AFTER THE APOCALYPSE, YOU KNOW?

00:47:17.200 --> 00:47:21.232
PEOPLE ARE THINKING ALL THE TIME
ABOUT THIS KIND OF, UH,

00:47:21.233 --> 00:47:23.399
THE END OF THE WORLD
AND THIS KIND OF, YOU KNOW...

00:47:23.400 --> 00:47:25.265
SOMEHOW IT\'S SUPPOSED
TO BE EASIER TO IMAGINE

00:47:25.266 --> 00:47:27.565
THE END OF THE WORLD
THAN THE END OF CAPITALISM.

00:47:27.566 --> 00:47:28.832
- THE END POINT IS KNOWLEDGE.

00:47:28.833 --> 00:47:31.799
THINGS ARE GETTING SO RATIONAL
BECAUSE, YOU KNOW,

00:47:31.800 --> 00:47:34.532
THERE IS
THE PARADOX OF KNOWLEDGE.

00:47:34.533 --> 00:47:38.365
EVERYBODY KNOWS OF...
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES.

00:47:38.366 --> 00:47:41.032
THAT WITH ORDINARY
MATERIAL PROPERTY,

00:47:41.033 --> 00:47:42.365
WE HAVE A COMPETITION,

00:47:42.366 --> 00:47:44.865
BECAUSE IF WE HAVE HERE
A NICE STEAK,

00:47:44.866 --> 00:47:47.199
IF I EAT IT,
THEN YOU DON\'T EAT IT.

00:47:47.200 --> 00:47:48.365
YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN?

00:47:48.366 --> 00:47:50.365
LIKE, THROUGH USE,
IT GETS USED.

00:47:50.366 --> 00:47:52.065
WITH KNOWLEDGE,
IT\'S THE OPPOSITE.

00:47:52.066 --> 00:47:54.232
IF I KNOW SOMETHING
AND TELL IT TO YOU,

00:47:54.233 --> 00:47:57.332
KNOWLEDGE NOT ONLY
DOESN\'T GET USED

00:47:57.333 --> 00:48:00.232
IN THE SENSE OF
LESS FUNCTIONAL, TRUE,

00:48:00.233 --> 00:48:03.065
BUT IT EVEN GETS RICH.

00:48:03.066 --> 00:48:04.732
KNOWLEDGE, AS COMMODITY,

00:48:04.733 --> 00:48:07.133
IS EFFECTIVELY AN
ANTICAPITALIST COMMODITY.

00:48:13.100 --> 00:48:15.032
- THERE\'S NO PROLETARIAN
REVOLU... OR MOVEMENT.

00:48:15.033 --> 00:48:19.199
THERE ARE NO
MASS COMMUNIST PARTIES.

00:48:19.200 --> 00:48:23.432
THE LEFT IS IN PRETTY WELL
UNIVERSAL DISARRAY.

00:48:23.433 --> 00:48:25.099
THERE IS NO AGENCY.

00:48:25.100 --> 00:48:26.765
THERE IS NO HISTORICAL AGENCY.

00:48:26.766 --> 00:48:29.532
I MEAN, THIS IS ENTIRELY
THE NEO-BOLSHEVIST...

00:48:29.533 --> 00:48:31.499
NEO-BOLSHEVIK
AND NEO-LENINIST MOVEMENT.

00:48:31.500 --> 00:48:36.365
THIS IS ENTIRELY
A CREATION OF THE MEDIA

00:48:36.366 --> 00:48:39.365
OF CULTURAL CRITICISM,

00:48:39.366 --> 00:48:42.899
OF HERMETIC SEMINARS,

00:48:42.900 --> 00:48:47.999
OF CABARET-LIKE PERFORMANCES.

00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:52.165
IT DOES NOT EXIST IN ANY FORM
OF PRACTICAL POLITICS

00:48:52.166 --> 00:48:54.933
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
AND WILL NOT.

00:49:43.100 --> 00:49:46.865
Narrator: TODAY, PERHAPS
THE ATTRACTION OF MARX\'S IDEAS

00:49:46.866 --> 00:49:51.165
CAN BE EXPLAINED BY OUR DESIRE
FOR CLEAR ALTERNATIVES

00:49:51.166 --> 00:49:54.265
IN A WORLD WHERE FEW EXIST.

00:49:54.266 --> 00:49:59.165
A SIMPLE CHOICE
BETWEEN A BLUE OR A RED PILL...

00:49:59.166 --> 00:50:01.699
THE BLUE PILL
FOR THE COZY RETREAT

00:50:01.700 --> 00:50:04.499
INTO OUR CONSUMER FANTASIES,

00:50:04.500 --> 00:50:06.299
OR THE RED PILL

00:50:06.300 --> 00:50:09.333
WHICH FINALLY REVEALS THE TRUTH.

00:50:14.266 --> 00:50:16.599
- I\'M NOT SURE I DO THINK
THIS IS VERY HELPFUL AT ALL.

00:50:16.600 --> 00:50:19.965
I THINK, YOU KNOW, THE ONLY WAY
TO REALLY UNDERSTAND THE WORLD

00:50:19.966 --> 00:50:23.665
IS TO BE KIND OF CONTINUALLY
CURIOUS AND SKEPTICAL

00:50:23.666 --> 00:50:25.632
AND CYNICAL ABOUT IT, PERHAPS.

00:50:25.633 --> 00:50:28.132
BUT ALWAYS PERHAPS THERE\'S
A SORT OF UNDERLYING OPTIMISM

00:50:28.133 --> 00:50:31.299
THAT THINGS CAN GET BETTER
AND THAT YOU YOURSELF

00:50:31.300 --> 00:50:34.232
CAN CONTRIBUTE TO
MAKING THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE.

00:50:34.233 --> 00:50:36.232
- IN MY WORLD,
IT\'S THE BLUE PILL

00:50:36.233 --> 00:50:38.032
WHICH IS THE REALITY,
OF COURSE.

00:50:38.033 --> 00:50:40.232
- RED.

00:50:40.233 --> 00:50:42.299
- MY ULTIMATE POSITION...
MAYBE I CHANGE MY POSITION.

00:50:42.300 --> 00:50:44.420
I\'D KNOW... \'CAUSE WE KNOW
THERE MUST BE A THIRD PILL.

00:50:49.866 --> 00:50:51.065
- I WANT THE THIRD PILL,

00:50:51.066 --> 00:50:53.365
BUT, OF COURSE
WHEN YOU TAKE THE THIRD PILL,

00:50:53.366 --> 00:50:55.632
YOU SEE THAT
THIS IS THE TRUE SECOND PILL.

00:50:55.633 --> 00:50:57.032
- ANYWAY,
I WOULD GO ALONG WITH HIM.

00:50:57.033 --> 00:50:59.065
IF HE WANTS THE THIRD PILL,
I WANT THE THIRD PILL TOO.

00:50:59.066 --> 00:51:01.099
- THERE ARE NO PILLS.

00:51:01.100 --> 00:51:05.899
NO PILLS CAN STABILIZE
ANY OF THESE CONSTRUCTIONS.

00:51:05.900 --> 00:51:08.566
ALL THESE CONSTRUCTIONS
ARE HIGHLY FRAGILE.

00:51:30.966 --> 00:51:36.966
[mellow instrumental music]