WEBVTT

00:00:18.083 --> 00:00:21.000
PEOPLE FROM ACROSS
THE CANADIAN ARCTIC

00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:24.333
HAVE GATHERED IN COPPERMINE,
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

00:00:24.333 --> 00:00:28.792
TO WITNESS
A DOUBLE WEDDING CEREMONY.

00:00:33.166 --> 00:00:37.667
DANIEL KALIKTANA
WILL MARRY CHRISTINE AVAGONA.

00:00:37.667 --> 00:00:42.417
EARL HARVEY
IS MARRYING EMMA OLGANA.

00:00:42.417 --> 00:00:43.458
EARL\'S GRANDPARENTS,

00:00:43.458 --> 00:00:46.291
BOTH PENTECOSTAL MINISTERS
FROM NAPANEE, ONTARIO,

00:00:46.291 --> 00:00:49.250
HAVE FLOWN 5,000 KILOMETRES
TO THIS ARCTIC VILLAGE.

00:00:49.250 --> 00:00:52.667
THEY\'RE CONDUCTING THIS SERVICE
WITH REVEREND AISELY,

00:00:52.667 --> 00:00:53.999
THE LOCAL PENTECOSTAL MINISTER,

00:00:53.999 --> 00:00:57.458
AND FATHER LAPOINTE,
THE CATHOLIC PRIEST.

00:00:57.458 --> 00:00:59.542
FROM THE TIME MISSIONARIES

00:00:59.542 --> 00:01:01.750
FIRST ENCOUNTERED
THE COPPER INUIT,

00:01:01.750 --> 00:01:06.208
CHURCHES HAVE BEEN A PART
OF THE LIVES OF THESE PEOPLE,

00:01:06.208 --> 00:01:12.250
A PART OF THE COMPLETE CHANGE
IN THEIR WAY OF LIFE.

00:01:16.709 --> 00:01:21.999
[ MINISTER ]: NOW,
EMMA WILL TAKE THE OTHER RING

00:01:21.999 --> 00:01:25.458
AND PLACE IT
ON THE THIRD FINGER...

00:01:25.458 --> 00:01:28.542
[ NARRATOR ]: THESE ELDERS
WITNESSED THE ARRIVAL

00:01:28.542 --> 00:01:29.999
OF THE QABLUNAAQ--

00:01:29.999 --> 00:01:32.083
THE WHITE PEOPLE.

00:01:32.083 --> 00:01:34.875
WHEN THE QABLUNAAQ
CAME HERE TO LIVE,

00:01:34.875 --> 00:01:40.250
THE CONSEQUENCES WERE IMMEDIATE
AND DEVASTATING.

00:01:53.500 --> 00:01:57.500
IN 1928, THERE WERE
ONLY TWO BUILDINGS HERE--

00:01:57.500 --> 00:01:58.959
THE ANGLICAN CHURCH

00:01:58.959 --> 00:02:01.792
AND THE HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY
POST.

00:02:01.792 --> 00:02:02.834
THE FOLLOWING YEAR,

00:02:02.834 --> 00:02:04.834
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
ESTABLISHED A MISSION

00:02:04.834 --> 00:02:10.999
AND THE RACE FOR THE SOULS
OF THE COPPER INUIT WAS ON.

00:02:26.999 --> 00:02:30.417
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
EVERY SPRING AND FALL,

00:02:30.417 --> 00:02:31.999
INUIT CAME TO THIS SPOT

00:02:31.999 --> 00:02:34.834
AT THE MOUTH OF
THE COPPERMINE RIVER TO FISH.

00:02:34.834 --> 00:02:38.625
WHEN AN INUK DIED, THE BODY
WOULD BE WRAPPED IN CARIBOU SKIN

00:02:38.625 --> 00:02:42.709
AND PLACED ON THIS ROCKY OUTCROP
TO BE RETURNED TO THE EARTH.

00:02:42.709 --> 00:02:47.041
WHEN THE MISSIONARIES ARRIVED,
THIS TRADITION CHANGED.

00:02:47.041 --> 00:02:51.709
THE DEAD WERE PUT IN COFFINS
AND BURIED ON AN ISLAND

00:02:51.709 --> 00:02:54.999
IN THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER.

00:02:56.625 --> 00:02:59.792
THERE WERE TWO GRAVEYARDS,
SIDE BY SIDE,

00:02:59.792 --> 00:03:03.458
ONE ANGLICAN,
ONE ROMAN CATHOLIC.

00:03:09.834 --> 00:03:13.959
HERE, AS IN OTHER SETTLEMENTS
ACROSS THE NORTH,

00:03:13.959 --> 00:03:15.959
THERE WAS CONFLICT.

00:03:15.959 --> 00:03:18.291
MISSIONARIES,
WHO WERE COMPETING FOR CONVERTS,

00:03:18.291 --> 00:03:20.625
ENCOURAGED PEOPLE
TO STAY NEAR THE SETTLEMENT.

00:03:20.625 --> 00:03:24.917
BUT THE TRADERS URGED THEM
TO SPREAD OUT ON THE LAND

00:03:24.917 --> 00:03:27.583
TO COLLECT THE PRECIOUS FURS.

00:03:28.999 --> 00:03:32.458
\"SCOTTY\" GALL
WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TRADERS

00:03:32.458 --> 00:03:33.750
IN THE NEW SETTLEMENT,

00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:35.999
AN APPRENTICE
GENTLEMAN ADVENTURER

00:03:35.999 --> 00:03:39.000
WITH THE HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY.

00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:41.999
THE THING WAS THAT
WHOEVER BURIED THEM...

00:03:41.999 --> 00:03:44.999
THAT WAS THE GREAT RACE
THAT I UNDERSTAND.

00:03:44.999 --> 00:03:47.999
YOU DIDN\'T KNOW
WHETHER IT WAS AN ANGLICAN,

00:03:47.999 --> 00:03:51.709
OR WHETHER IT WAS AN RC,
BUT THE CHURCHES KNEW,

00:03:51.709 --> 00:03:54.667
AND ONE COULDN\'T BURY
THE OTHER ONE.

00:03:54.667 --> 00:03:57.750
IT WAS QUITE
A LITTLE COMMOTION THERE.

00:03:57.750 --> 00:04:01.999
[ NARRATOR ]: A FLU EPIDEMIC HAD
FORCED REVEREND HAROLD WEBSTER

00:04:01.999 --> 00:04:05.375
TO ABANDON THE MISSION
AT BERNARD HARBOUR.

00:04:05.375 --> 00:04:07.999
IN 1928, HE BUILT
THE ANGLICAN CHURCH

00:04:07.999 --> 00:04:10.458
NEAR THE MOUTH
OF THE COPPERMINE RIVER.

00:04:10.458 --> 00:04:14.583
THERE HAD BEEN SO MUCH SICKNESS
THAT IT WAS DECIDED

00:04:14.583 --> 00:04:18.917
THAT THE GOVERNMENT
WOULD SEND IN A DOCTOR,

00:04:18.917 --> 00:04:22.583
AND DR. MARTIN WAS CHOSEN.

00:04:22.583 --> 00:04:27.667
THE ONLY THING WAS,
THEY BUILT HIM A HOUSE

00:04:27.667 --> 00:04:30.999
AND A ROOM
WHERE HE COULD SEE PATIENTS,

00:04:30.999 --> 00:04:35.875
BUT THEY DIDN\'T SEND HIM
ANY MEDICAL SUPPLIES

00:04:35.875 --> 00:04:41.959
AND WHAT FEW HE HAD
DIDN\'T GO ANYWHERE.

00:04:41.959 --> 00:04:44.999
[ NARRATOR ]: IN 1929,
DR. RUSSELL MARTIN

00:04:44.999 --> 00:04:48.667
WAS HIRED AS A MEDICAL OFFICER,
GRADE ONE.

00:04:48.667 --> 00:04:53.500
THEY SAID, \"NOW, YOU WILL HAVE
TO LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT EYES

00:04:53.500 --> 00:04:56.959
BECAUSE WE UNDERSTAND THAT EYES
ARE A PROBLEM.\"

00:04:56.959 --> 00:05:00.834
I SUPPOSE IT WAS SNOWBLINDNESS
AND THAT SORT OF THING.

00:05:00.834 --> 00:05:06.417
AND THERE WAS ONE OTHER ITEM
THAT I WAS SUPPOSED TO GEN UP ON

00:05:06.417 --> 00:05:08.709
BUT NO ONE MENTIONED TB

00:05:08.709 --> 00:05:11.999
SO I HAD NO IDEA
WHAT I WAS GOING TO,

00:05:11.999 --> 00:05:15.291
EXCEPT THAT I WAS GOING
TO A PLACE CALLED COPPERMINE.

00:05:15.291 --> 00:05:18.417
[ NARRATOR ]: DR. MARTIN
WAS ONE OF FOUR DOCTORS

00:05:18.417 --> 00:05:21.041
HIRED BY THE DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR,

00:05:21.041 --> 00:05:23.458
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
AND YUKON BRANCH,

00:05:23.458 --> 00:05:24.625
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.

00:05:24.625 --> 00:05:27.959
THESE FOUR DOCTORS
WERE EXPECTED TO COVER

00:05:27.959 --> 00:05:28.999
THE ENTIRE CANADIAN ARCTIC.

00:05:28.999 --> 00:05:32.999
FROM COPPERMINE, DR. MARTIN
WOULD PROVIDE MEDICAL CARE

00:05:32.999 --> 00:05:37.041
AT NATIVE OUTPOST CAMPS
SPREAD THROUGHOUT A TERRITORY

00:05:37.041 --> 00:05:40.041
OF MORE THAN
250,000 SQUARE KILOMETRES,

00:05:40.041 --> 00:05:43.709
AN AREA AS LARGE
AS THE UNITED KINGDOM.

00:05:43.709 --> 00:05:45.583
HIS NEAREST COLLEAGUE,
DR. URQUHART,

00:05:45.583 --> 00:05:51.625
WAS STATIONED IN AKLAVIK,
OVER 1,000 KILOMETRES AWAY.

00:05:54.125 --> 00:05:57.999
DR. MARTIN ARRIVED ON THE
HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY TRADE SHIP.

00:05:57.999 --> 00:06:00.333
IN AUGUST, 1929,
THEBAYCHIMOSTOPPED

00:06:00.333 --> 00:06:03.458
AT A PLACE
THE INUIT CALLED KUGLUKTUK.

00:06:03.458 --> 00:06:05.333
SOUTHERNERS NAMED IT
FORT HEARNE.

00:06:05.333 --> 00:06:09.917
LATER, IT WOULD BE KNOWN
AS COPPERMINE.

00:06:09.917 --> 00:06:13.208
ALSO ON BOARD

00:06:13.208 --> 00:06:14.709
WERE THREE CATHOLIC PRIESTS,

00:06:14.709 --> 00:06:17.417
OBLATES COMING
TO THE CENTRAL ARCTIC

00:06:17.417 --> 00:06:18.500
TO ESTABLISH A MISSION.

00:06:18.500 --> 00:06:22.333
A PREVIOUS ATTEMPT
HAD ENDED VIOLENTLY IN 1913

00:06:22.333 --> 00:06:25.667
WHEN FATHERS ROUVIERE AND LEROUX
WERE MURDERED

00:06:25.667 --> 00:06:28.625
SOUTH OF COPPERMINE
NEAR BLOODY FALLS.

00:06:28.625 --> 00:06:30.709
THE ARRIVAL IS RECORDED

00:06:30.709 --> 00:06:34.458
ON THE FIRST PAGE
OF THE MISSION\'S DAILY RECORD,

00:06:34.458 --> 00:06:36.291
THE CODEX HISTORICUS.

00:06:36.291 --> 00:06:38.999
[ PRIEST ]: AUGUST 23rd, 1929.

00:06:38.999 --> 00:06:43.625
WE FINALLY GET TO THE MOUTH
OF THE COPPERMINE.

00:06:43.625 --> 00:06:45.417
WHAT A CHANGE

00:06:45.417 --> 00:06:46.917
SINCE 1926.

00:06:46.917 --> 00:06:48.375
WHERE THERE WAS NOTHING BEFORE

00:06:48.375 --> 00:06:52.959
STANDS A BIG TRADING POST
OF THE HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY

00:06:52.959 --> 00:06:54.999
AS WELL AS A PROTESTANT MISSION.

00:06:54.999 --> 00:06:57.792
TWO MINING COMPANIES,
A GOVERNMENT DOCTOR,

00:06:57.792 --> 00:06:58.999
AND THE CATHOLIC MISSION

00:06:58.999 --> 00:07:00.875
ALL UNLOAD
THEIR BUILDING SUPPLIES.

00:07:00.875 --> 00:07:05.250
THERE ARE LOTS OF ESKIMOS;
I KNOW SOME OF THEM.

00:07:05.250 --> 00:07:06.875
THEY ALL WELCOME US.

00:07:06.875 --> 00:07:08.125
WE BEGIN CONSTRUCTION

00:07:08.125 --> 00:07:10.999
OF A SHED
TO GIVE SHELTER

00:07:10.999 --> 00:07:13.999
BOTH TO OURSELVES
AND OUR WINTER SUPPLIES.

00:07:13.999 --> 00:07:16.999
[ NARRATOR ]: ANOTHER
MISSIONARY, REVEREND MERRITT,

00:07:16.999 --> 00:07:20.291
AN ANGLICAN MINISTER,
ARRIVED ON THEBAYCHIMO.

00:07:20.291 --> 00:07:21.999
HE REPLACED REVEREND WEBSTER,

00:07:21.999 --> 00:07:25.999
WHO HAD BUILT THE ANGLICAN
CHURCH THE PREVIOUS SUMMER.

00:07:25.999 --> 00:07:29.999
ALSO ON BOARD WERE SCOTTY GALL
OF THE HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY

00:07:29.999 --> 00:07:32.792
AND AN INUK, ULUKSAK.

00:07:32.792 --> 00:07:35.041
ULUKSAK AND SINNISSIAK
HAD BEEN ARRESTED

00:07:35.041 --> 00:07:38.000
FOR MURDERING THE TWO
CATHOLIC PRIESTS IN 1913--

00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:42.709
THE FIRST INUIT CHARGED, TRIED,
AND CONVICTED OF MURDER

00:07:42.709 --> 00:07:43.999
UNDER BRITISH LAW.

00:07:43.999 --> 00:07:46.959
ALTHOUGH THEIR DEATH SENTENCE
WAS COMMUTED,

00:07:46.959 --> 00:07:50.166
ULUKSAK HAD CONTRACTED
SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS IN EDMONTON.

00:07:50.166 --> 00:07:54.999
BY 1929, HE WAS LAME
AND DESTITUTE, UNABLE TO WALK.

00:07:54.999 --> 00:07:57.583
HE HAD BEEN IN HOSPITAL
AT AKLAVIK,

00:07:57.583 --> 00:08:00.959
BUT IT WAS THE DOMINION
GOVERNMENT\'S POLICY TO PAY ONLY

00:08:00.959 --> 00:08:04.999
FOR THE CARE OF ACUTE CASES--
THOSE WHO COULD BE CURED.

00:08:04.999 --> 00:08:06.999
ULUKSAK WAS DIAGNOSED INCURABLE

00:08:06.999 --> 00:08:08.792
SO AT THE FIRST OPPORTUNITY,

00:08:08.792 --> 00:08:11.583
HE WAS SHIPPED HOME
TO COPPERMINE, TO DIE.

00:08:11.583 --> 00:08:16.667
[ DR. MARTIN ]: MEDICAL JOURNAL,
COPPERMINE RIVER, DR. MARTIN.

00:08:16.667 --> 00:08:17.667
ON ARRIVAL,

00:08:17.667 --> 00:08:20.333
NO ACTIVE SICKNESS
OF ANY SORT IS SEEN.

00:08:20.333 --> 00:08:23.250
ALL NATIVES APPEAR HEALTHY
AND THOSE REPORTED

00:08:23.250 --> 00:08:26.166
TO HAVE VENEREAL DISEASE
TWO YEARS PREVIOUSLY

00:08:26.166 --> 00:08:30.917
WERE FOUND TO BE FREE
FROM ANY SIGN OF THIS DISEASE.

00:08:30.917 --> 00:08:34.959
[ NARRATOR ]: CONSTRUCTION
OF A HOUSE FOR THE DOCTOR

00:08:34.959 --> 00:08:37.417
STARTED IMMEDIATELY.

00:08:37.417 --> 00:08:39.375
ONE ROOM WAS SET ASIDE
FOR PATIENTS.

00:08:39.375 --> 00:08:41.500
IN ADDITION TO
HIS MEDICAL DUTIES,

00:08:41.500 --> 00:08:43.999
DR. MARTIN WAS CORONER,
COMMISSIONER FOR OATHS,

00:08:43.999 --> 00:08:45.083
AND RESPONSIBLE FOR

00:08:45.083 --> 00:08:48.333
DISTRIBUTING RATIONS
TO THE DESTITUTE.

00:08:49.750 --> 00:08:54.875
HE HAD A BROADCAST RADIO SET--
HE PLANNED TO USE MORSE CODE

00:08:54.875 --> 00:08:57.417
TO SEND HIS REPORTS
BACK TO OTTAWA

00:08:57.417 --> 00:09:02.166
AND TO KEEP IN TOUCH
WITH DR. URQUHART IN AKLAVIK.

00:09:04.750 --> 00:09:08.166
ESTABLISHING SETTLEMENTS NOT
ONLY ALTERED THE NOMADIC ROUTES

00:09:08.166 --> 00:09:10.625
AND THE WAY OF LIFE
OF THE INUIT,

00:09:10.625 --> 00:09:13.542
INCREASINGLY,
WHEN THE SUPPLY BOATS CAME,

00:09:13.542 --> 00:09:14.500
PEOPLE BECAME SICK,

00:09:14.500 --> 00:09:17.999
EXPOSED TO DISEASES
FOR WHICH THEY HAD NO IMMUNITY.

00:09:17.999 --> 00:09:24.959
THEY CALLED IT SHIP\'S ILLNESS:
THE BOAT COLD.

00:09:38.959 --> 00:09:47.250
THE LOCAL WHITES AND THE NATIVES
TOOK AN ILLNESS...

00:09:47.250 --> 00:09:51.250
AFTER THE SHIP
HAD ACTUALLY GONE, IT DEVELOPED,

00:09:51.250 --> 00:09:55.625
WHICH LASTED OVER SEVERAL WEEKS

00:09:55.625 --> 00:09:59.083
AND SPREAD THROUGH
ALL THE PEOPLE,

00:09:59.083 --> 00:10:02.999
WHITE AND NATIVE,
IN THE AREA.

00:10:02.999 --> 00:10:08.458
[ PRIEST ]:
SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1929.

00:10:08.458 --> 00:10:09.583
SUNDAY.

00:10:09.583 --> 00:10:12.959
BECAUSE OF SICKNESS,
NO ONE COMES TO MASS.

00:10:12.959 --> 00:10:16.333
THE VILLAGE SEEMS VERY SAD.

00:10:16.333 --> 00:10:19.458
SEPTEMBER 24, 1929.

00:10:19.458 --> 00:10:21.083
THE ROOF IS FINISHED.

00:10:21.083 --> 00:10:24.250
DEATH OF ULUKSAK,
ONE OF THE KILLERS

00:10:24.250 --> 00:10:28.999
OF THE REVEREND FATHERS
ROUVIERE AND LEROUX.

00:10:28.999 --> 00:10:32.458
HE IS BURIED BY
THE PROTESTANT MINISTER,

00:10:32.458 --> 00:10:34.875
MR. MERRITT.

00:10:34.875 --> 00:10:36.500
[ NARRATOR ]:
THE EXPECTED RESULT

00:10:36.500 --> 00:10:39.542
OF CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE
WAS SHIP\'S ILLNESS,

00:10:39.542 --> 00:10:42.667
USUALLY DISEASES
LIKE MEASLES AND INFLUENZA.

00:10:42.667 --> 00:10:44.999
BUT ULUKSAK\'S ILLNESS
WAS MORE SERIOUS.

00:10:44.999 --> 00:10:48.458
HE HAD HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS--

00:10:48.458 --> 00:10:50.000
GALLOPING CONSUMPTION.

00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:52.999
WHILE THE DOCTOR\'S HOUSE
WAS BEING BUILT,

00:10:52.999 --> 00:10:56.750
ULUKSAK LIVED WITH HIS FAMILY
IN A SKIN TENT.

00:10:56.750 --> 00:11:02.333
ALL THOSE AROUND HIM
WERE INFECTED.

00:11:02.333 --> 00:11:04.041
HIS DEATH FROM TUBERCULOSIS

00:11:04.041 --> 00:11:07.999
WAS THE FIRST RECORDED
IN THIS REGION.

00:11:07.999 --> 00:11:11.417
IN OTTAWA, THE DOCTOR\'S BOSS,
O.S. FINNIE,

00:11:11.417 --> 00:11:15.792
RECIEVED DR. MARTIN\'S
FIRST LETTER FROM COPPERMINE.

00:11:15.792 --> 00:11:19.166
[ MARTIN ]:
SEPTEMBER 30th, 1929.

00:11:19.166 --> 00:11:21.583
DEAR SIR,
I\'M SENDING THIS LETTER

00:11:21.583 --> 00:11:23.999
WITH PUNCH DICKENS,
WHO IS LEAVING SHORTLY.

00:11:23.999 --> 00:11:26.041
I AM NOW LIVING IN THE HOUSE,

00:11:26.041 --> 00:11:28.999
THOUGH ONLY THREE ROOMS
ARE READY FOR USE.

00:11:28.999 --> 00:11:32.375
THE BOAT COLDS ARE LASTING
A LONG TIME THIS YEAR

00:11:32.375 --> 00:11:35.333
AND MOST OF THE NATIVES
ARE STILL COUGHING.

00:11:35.333 --> 00:11:38.583
ULUKSAK, ONE OF THE MEN
WHO SHOT THE PRIESTS

00:11:38.583 --> 00:11:41.458
AND WHO CAME WITH ME
FROM AKLAVIK HOSPITAL,

00:11:41.458 --> 00:11:44.625
DIED A FEW DAYS AGO
FROM HIS SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS.

00:11:44.625 --> 00:11:47.750
THE BROADCAST RADIO
IS OUT OF COMMISSION.

00:11:47.750 --> 00:11:50.667
THIS MEANS THAT
I WILL NOT BE ABLE

00:11:50.667 --> 00:11:53.917
TO KEEP IN TOUCH WITH YOU
TILL SPRING.

00:11:53.917 --> 00:11:57.333
R.D. MARTIN, MEDICAL OFFICER.

00:12:00.417 --> 00:12:03.083
18 YEARS EARLIER, IN 1911,

00:12:03.083 --> 00:12:05.999
ARCTIC EXPLORER
VILHALMUR STEFANSSON

00:12:05.999 --> 00:12:08.166
WAS THE THE FIRST OUTSIDER

00:12:08.166 --> 00:12:11.999
TO LIVE WITH THE COPPER INUIT.

00:12:11.999 --> 00:12:13.542
RETURNING SOUTH IN 1912,

00:12:13.542 --> 00:12:16.750
STEFANSSON RECOMMENDED
CONTROVERSIAL MEASURES

00:12:16.750 --> 00:12:19.417
TO SAFEGUARD
THESE ISOLATED PEOPLE

00:12:19.417 --> 00:12:22.999
OF THE CORONATION GULF.

00:12:28.208 --> 00:12:32.999
14 MONTHS LATER, ON THE WAY
TO HIS SECOND ARCTIC EXPEDITION,

00:12:32.999 --> 00:12:36.500
STEFANSSON WROTE TO
PRIME MINISTER ROBERT L. BORDEN

00:12:36.500 --> 00:12:38.166
TO EXPLAIN HIS PLAN.

00:12:38.166 --> 00:12:40.375
THERE HAD BEEN
VIOLENT OPPOSITION

00:12:40.375 --> 00:12:41.917
FROM NEWSPAPERS AND CLERGY

00:12:41.917 --> 00:12:46.041
WHO FELT STEFANSSON WANTED
TO KEEP OUT ALL MISSIONARIES,

00:12:46.041 --> 00:12:47.999
INDEED, ALL WHITE PEOPLE.

00:12:47.999 --> 00:12:49.959
STEFANSSON TOLD
THE PRIME MINISTER

00:12:49.959 --> 00:12:53.291
THAT WHAT HE PROPOSED
WAS A MEDICAL AUTHORITY

00:12:53.291 --> 00:12:55.709
THAT WOULD ALLOW INTO
THE TERRITORY

00:12:55.709 --> 00:12:58.500
ONLY THOSE
WHO WERE FREE OF DISEASE.

00:12:58.500 --> 00:13:01.250
TRADERS, WHALERS, MISSIONARIES
AND SCIENTISTS--

00:13:01.250 --> 00:13:03.625
ANYONE GOING INTO THIS TERRITORY

00:13:03.625 --> 00:13:08.750
WOULD HAVE TO SATISFY
THESE REQUIREMENTS.

00:13:08.750 --> 00:13:10.999
HIS LETTER ENDS
WITH THIS STATEMENT--

00:13:10.999 --> 00:13:14.959
\"THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT THAT
THE CORONATION GULF ESKIMOS

00:13:14.959 --> 00:13:19.792
\"NEED PROTECTION, FOR THEY ARE
TODAY FREER FROM SERIOUS DISEASE

00:13:19.792 --> 00:13:23.959
THAN ANY OTHER PEOPLE
OF CANADA.\"

00:13:29.709 --> 00:13:32.333
DIAMOND JENNESS,
A CANADIAN ETHNOLOGIST,

00:13:32.333 --> 00:13:35.542
WAS A MEMBER OF
THE SECOND ARCTIC EXPEDITION.

00:13:35.542 --> 00:13:37.792
HIS GROUP TRAVELLED
ALONG THE COAST

00:13:37.792 --> 00:13:42.333
FROM ALASKA TO BERNARD HARBOUR,
AT THE WESTERN END

00:13:42.333 --> 00:13:44.999
OF THE CORONATION GULF.

00:13:47.667 --> 00:13:48.583
THERE HE MET

00:13:48.583 --> 00:13:51.999
ONE OF THE COPPER INUIT LEADERS,
IKPAKHUAK,

00:13:51.999 --> 00:13:53.125
AND HIS FAMILY:

00:13:53.125 --> 00:13:57.250
A DAUGHTER, KENNEYUK;
A SON, AVRANNA;

00:13:57.250 --> 00:13:59.333
AND IKPAKHUAK\'S WIFE, HIGILAK.

00:13:59.333 --> 00:14:01.875
SHE WAS AN ANGAKOK--A SHAMAN

00:14:01.875 --> 00:14:05.999
WHOSE INSIGHTS DETERMINED WHERE
THE FAMILY FISHED AND HUNTED.

00:14:05.999 --> 00:14:11.125
SHE ALSO HAD THE POWER
TO TREAT AND HEAL THE SICK.

00:14:11.125 --> 00:14:13.458
JENNESS DESCRIBED THE ANGAKOKS

00:14:13.458 --> 00:14:17.959
AS \"THE PHYSICIANS,
THE PROPHETS AND THE PRIESTS

00:14:17.959 --> 00:14:20.999
OF THEIR LITTLE COMMUNITIES.\"

00:14:24.750 --> 00:14:26.333
FOR EIGHT MONTHS,
JENNESS TRAVELLED

00:14:26.333 --> 00:14:29.875
WITH IKPAKHUAK\'S FAMILY
ON THEIR NOMADIC HUNTING ROUTE.

00:14:29.875 --> 00:14:31.999
HE WAS ADOPTED INTO THE FAMILY.

00:14:31.999 --> 00:14:34.875
KENNEYUK, JENNESS\'S
NEW 12-YEAR-OLD SISTER,

00:14:34.875 --> 00:14:37.166
SEWED FOR HIM
AND HELPED WITH HIS DOGS.

00:14:37.166 --> 00:14:41.542
SHE WAS GIVEN THE NICKNAME
\"JENNIE\" IN HIS HONOUR.

00:14:41.542 --> 00:14:44.333
AS AN ETHNOLOGIST,
JENNESS WAS HERE

00:14:44.333 --> 00:14:47.417
TO DOCUMENT THE LIVES
OF THESE ISOLATED PEOPLE.

00:14:47.417 --> 00:14:49.999
MOTION PICTURES
AND PHOTOGRAPHS WERE TAKEN.

00:14:49.999 --> 00:14:52.999
HE RECORDED LANGUAGE AND SONGS--

00:14:52.999 --> 00:14:57.709
JENNIE\'S VOICE WAS CAPTURED
ON A WAX CYLINDER.

00:14:57.709 --> 00:15:00.999
[ JENNIE SINGING NATIVE SONG ]

00:15:29.250 --> 00:15:32.792
JENNESS HAD A FIRST-AID KIT
AND TREATED INJURIES.

00:15:32.792 --> 00:15:35.999
HIGILAK, THE ANGAKOK,
WAS IMPRESSED WITH HIS POWERS.

00:15:35.999 --> 00:15:38.999
JENNESS COULD PROTECT THE FAMILY
FROM DISEASE.

00:15:38.999 --> 00:15:43.542
IN YEARS TO COME,
THEY WOULD CALL ON HIS HELP.

00:15:49.667 --> 00:15:51.834
LIKE STEFANSSON,
JENNESS RETURNED SOUTH

00:15:51.834 --> 00:15:56.250
TO RECOMMEND THAT ALL NEWCOMERS
TO THE COPPER INUIT TERRITORY

00:15:56.250 --> 00:15:58.999
BE CLEARED BY A MEDICAL DOCTOR.

00:15:58.999 --> 00:16:00.917
BUT IT WAS NOT TO BE.

00:16:00.917 --> 00:16:04.417
SOON, TRADERS EXCHANGED FURS
FOR BULLETS AND RIFLES.

00:16:04.417 --> 00:16:07.500
ONE MAN WITH A RIFLE
COULD KILL MORE GAME

00:16:07.500 --> 00:16:10.333
THAN A FAMILY
USING BOWS AND ARROWS.

00:16:10.333 --> 00:16:14.834
MISSIONARIES TOOK THE PLACE
OF THE ANGAKOKS,

00:16:14.834 --> 00:16:18.125
THE SPIRITUAL LEADERS
AND THE HEALERS OF THE SICK,

00:16:18.125 --> 00:16:21.750
AND THEIR PRACTICES
WERE FORCED UNDERGROUND.

00:17:20.458 --> 00:17:25.166
IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS THAT
DR. MARTIN WAS IN COPPERMINE,

00:17:25.166 --> 00:17:28.999
THERE HAD BEEN ONE DEATH
FROM TUBERCULOSIS--ULUKSAK.

00:17:28.999 --> 00:17:30.417
BUT NOW, EARLY IN 1930,

00:17:30.417 --> 00:17:33.792
THERE WERE INDICATIONS
THAT THE DISEASE HAD SPREAD.

00:17:33.792 --> 00:17:38.999
PEOPLE WHO HAD LEFT COPPERMINE
IN THE FALL WERE NOW RETURNING.

00:17:38.999 --> 00:17:42.291
[ MARTIN ]: FEBRUARY, 1930--
MEDICAL JOURNAL.

00:17:42.291 --> 00:17:47.917
THE KUGARUAK GROUP OF ABOUT
150 PEOPLE CAME OFF THE LAND.

00:17:47.917 --> 00:17:49.999
ONE MAN IS DYING OF ENTERITIS,

00:17:49.999 --> 00:17:53.792
THREE ADULTS AND ONE CHILD
HAVE PULMONARY TB.

00:17:53.792 --> 00:17:57.375
THERE WAS ONE CASE
OF SPINAL TB.

00:17:57.375 --> 00:17:59.999
OF THESE, FOUR HAVE DIED.

00:17:59.999 --> 00:18:04.917
THE CASE OF SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS
IS RECUPERATING IN HOSPITAL.

00:18:04.917 --> 00:18:08.999
[ NARRATOR ]: DR. MARTIN
HAD CARIBOU-SKIN CLOTHING SEWN.

00:18:08.999 --> 00:18:10.458
HE ASSEMBLED A DOG TEAM,

00:18:10.458 --> 00:18:13.458
CAUGHT AND STORED
FIVE TONS OF FISH TO FEED THEM.

00:18:13.458 --> 00:18:16.000
FROM LATE OCTOBER
TO THE END OF APRIL,

00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:18.999
INUIT LIVED ON THE SEA ICE
HUNTING SEALS.

00:18:18.999 --> 00:18:22.291
WITH THE DOG TEAM,
THE DOCTOR WAS ABLE TO TRAVEL

00:18:22.291 --> 00:18:27.999
TO THESE NATIVE OUTPOST CAMPS
TO TREAT ANY WHO WERE SICK.

00:19:17.125 --> 00:19:19.959
DR. MARTIN WAS USING
ARMY EQUIPMENT

00:19:19.959 --> 00:19:22.000
LEFT OVER FROM WORLD WAR I.

00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:24.709
[ SCOTTY GALL ]:
HIS EQUIPMENT WAS, UH...

00:19:24.709 --> 00:19:27.125
EVEN, IT WAS A JOKE TO ME

00:19:27.125 --> 00:19:30.458
BECAUSE IT WAS
BIG TRUNKS OF STUFF.

00:19:30.458 --> 00:19:32.083
AT THAT TIME YOU HAD,

00:19:32.083 --> 00:19:35.166
THE GOVERNMENT
HAD A BIG CROWN STAMP

00:19:35.166 --> 00:19:37.625
THAT THEY HAD
FOR ARMY EQUIPMENT.

00:19:37.625 --> 00:19:40.999
THIS IS WHAT HE HAD--
SOME OF THIS STUFF.

00:19:40.999 --> 00:19:42.959
TO HIM, IT WAS DATED.

00:19:42.959 --> 00:19:45.250
HE WAS, OF COURSE, IN 1929.

00:19:45.250 --> 00:19:47.125
HE WAS A MODERN DOCTOR

00:19:47.125 --> 00:19:50.458
AND HE WAS DEALING
WITH OLD-TIME...

00:19:50.458 --> 00:19:53.792
TO HIM, IT WAS DATED.

00:19:57.625 --> 00:19:59.999
[ HARRY TALGITOK ]:

00:20:12.041 --> 00:20:15.166
AND UH, HE LIKED TRAVELLING,

00:20:15.166 --> 00:20:17.458
HE WANTED TO TRAVEL MORE,

00:20:17.458 --> 00:20:21.999
HE WANTED TO BE ABLE TO TAKE
DOG TRIPS AND GO...

00:20:21.999 --> 00:20:26.417
AND HE WANTED TO KNOW
IN CASE HE EVER GOT CAUGHT

00:20:26.417 --> 00:20:30.458
WITHOUT ANY NATIVE HELP,
HOW TO BUILD A SNOW HOUSE,

00:20:30.458 --> 00:20:31.375
HOW TO TAKE SHELTER...

00:20:31.375 --> 00:20:35.250
HE WAS VERY INTERESTED IN
HOW WE COOKED ON THE TRAIL,

00:20:35.250 --> 00:20:39.999
AND OF COURSE, BEING A DOCTOR,
HE EXPERIMENTED IN PROTEIN.

00:20:39.999 --> 00:20:43.792
HE WANTED TO EAT FOX MEAT,
AND HE TRIED LEMMING,

00:20:43.792 --> 00:20:46.500
HE TRIED THEM ALL,
AND, OF COURSE

00:20:46.500 --> 00:20:51.917
WE FED HIM ALL THE THINGS TO HIM
WE COULD GET.

00:20:58.959 --> 00:21:01.250
[ NARRATOR ]: WESTERN PATROL
TO PIERCE POINT.

00:21:01.250 --> 00:21:03.999
500 KILOMETRES FROM COPPERMINE.

00:21:03.999 --> 00:21:05.999
IT\'S BEEN OVER SIX MONTHS

00:21:05.999 --> 00:21:10.999
SINCE DR. MARTIN COULD
COMMUNICATE WITH OTTAWA.

00:21:10.999 --> 00:21:15.083
[ MARTIN ]: MARCH THE 12th,
1930, PIERCE POINT.

00:21:15.083 --> 00:21:16.166
DEAR SIR,

00:21:16.166 --> 00:21:19.125
AT PRESENT,
I SPEND TOO MUCH TIME

00:21:19.125 --> 00:21:21.917
IN TRAVELLING
FROM PLACE TO PLACE,

00:21:21.917 --> 00:21:23.667
PERHAPS SEEING A PATIENT ONCE

00:21:23.667 --> 00:21:26.792
AND THEN NOT AGAIN
FOR A YEAR OR MORE.

00:21:26.792 --> 00:21:28.041
EVEN WITH CONTINUOUS
TRAVELLING,

00:21:28.041 --> 00:21:30.834
THE WHOLE DISTRICT
AND ITS INHABITANTS

00:21:30.834 --> 00:21:32.917
CANNOT BE VISITED IN A YEAR,

00:21:32.917 --> 00:21:36.333
AND MEANWHILE, PATIENTS
AT THE BASE ARE NEGLECTED.

00:21:36.333 --> 00:21:37.709
IT LOOKS WELL ON PAPER

00:21:37.709 --> 00:21:40.792
TO SAY THE DOCTOR
HAS TRAVELLED SO FAR BY DOGS,

00:21:40.792 --> 00:21:44.125
BUT IT IS OF LITTLE BENEFIT
TO THE NATIVES,

00:21:44.125 --> 00:21:45.083
AND NOT ECONOMIC.

00:21:45.083 --> 00:21:48.291
AT PRESENT, NO URGENT CASES
CAN BE DEALT WITH,

00:21:48.291 --> 00:21:51.417
THE NEWS OF A DEATH
ON VICTORIA ISLAND

00:21:51.417 --> 00:21:53.999
OR ON THE LAND
BEING THE FIRST

00:21:53.999 --> 00:21:58.333
THE DOCTOR HEARS OF ILL-HEALTH
AND CASES CANNOT BE FOLLOWED UP.

00:21:58.333 --> 00:22:02.166
WITH A PLANE, REALLY VALUABLE
WORK COULD BE PERFORMED,

00:22:02.166 --> 00:22:04.917
AND BOTH HOSPITAL
AND OUTSIDE WORK

00:22:04.917 --> 00:22:06.999
WOULD BE ATTENDED TO PROPERLY.

00:22:06.999 --> 00:22:10.000
I\'VE BEEN LOOKING AFTER
THE DESTITUTE RATIONS

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:12.999
SINCE MY ARRIVAL,
AND MY POLICY HAS BEEN

00:22:12.999 --> 00:22:17.166
ONLY TO GIVE THE FULL RATION
IN A FEW CASES,

00:22:17.166 --> 00:22:19.125
WHERE IT SEEMED
REALLY NECESSARY.

00:22:19.125 --> 00:22:21.875
I\'M SORRY THIS IS NOT
TYPEWRITTEN,

00:22:21.875 --> 00:22:24.083
BUT PIERCE POINT HAS NO MACHINE.

00:22:24.083 --> 00:22:28.083
YOURS RESPECTFULLY,
R.D. MARTIN, M.B.

00:22:28.083 --> 00:22:32.458
[ NARRATOR ]: AT PIERCE POINT,
THE DOCTOR MET IKPAKHUAK,

00:22:32.458 --> 00:22:33.583
WHO, WITH HIS FAMILY,

00:22:33.583 --> 00:22:36.750
HAD ADOPTED THE ETHNOLOGIST
DIAMOND JENNESS

00:22:36.750 --> 00:22:38.000
16 YEARS EARLIER.

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:39.875
IN HONOUR OF THEIR ARRIVAL,

00:22:39.875 --> 00:22:45.750
IKPAKHUAK AND HIS FAMILY BUILT
A LARGE IGLOO FOR A CELEBRATION.

00:22:46.999 --> 00:22:50.999
IKPAKHUAK\'S DAUGHTER,
\"JENNIE\" KENNEYUK, NOW 28,

00:22:50.999 --> 00:22:52.458
IS MARRIED TO KHEKPAK.

00:22:52.458 --> 00:22:55.333
THEY HAVE A 1-YEAR-OLD BOY,
AHEGONA.

00:22:55.333 --> 00:23:01.999
JENNIE IS TOO SICK
TO ATTEND THE CELEBRATION.

00:23:32.125 --> 00:23:36.959
THE NEXT DAY, DR. MARTIN VISITED
JENNIE KENNEKYUK.

00:23:36.959 --> 00:23:39.041
SHE HAS SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS.

00:23:39.041 --> 00:23:40.542
SHE IS UNABLE TO WALK.

00:23:40.542 --> 00:23:43.999
DR. MARTIN CONVINCED HER FAMILY
TO RETURN TO COPPERMINE

00:23:43.999 --> 00:23:47.917
SO HE COULD CARE FOR JENNIE
AT THE MEDICAL STATION.

00:23:47.917 --> 00:23:52.667
THE SLEDS WERE PACKED,
AND THEY STARTED THE LONG TRIP.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:03.999
[ HELEN HONILAK ]:

00:24:28.083 --> 00:24:31.542
[ MARTIN ]: MEDICAL JOURNAL,
APRIL 1930.

00:24:31.542 --> 00:24:33.959
THE WESTERN PATROL
TO PIERCE POINT

00:24:33.959 --> 00:24:37.000
AND SOUTHERN VICTORIA ISLAND
MADE IN LATE WINTER

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:40.125
REVEALED TWO CASES
OF SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS

00:24:40.125 --> 00:24:43.333
AND ONE INFECTION
OF THE JAW BONE.

00:24:43.333 --> 00:24:46.250
ONE OF THESE HAS DIED SINCE.

00:24:46.250 --> 00:24:49.999
[ NARRATOR ]: JENNIE KENNEYUK
SURVIVED THE JOURNEY.

00:24:49.999 --> 00:24:55.250
AT COPPERMINE, SHE JOINED
THE GROWING NUMBER OF SICK.

00:24:55.250 --> 00:24:58.999
REVEREND MERRITT
NOTED IN HIS DIARY,

00:24:58.999 --> 00:25:02.999
\"JENNIE, KHEKPAK, AND AHEGONA
ARRIVE AT 10:00 P.M.

00:25:02.999 --> 00:25:04.959
JENNIE IS SICK.\"

00:25:04.959 --> 00:25:06.667
EVEN THOUGH REVEREND MERRITT

00:25:06.667 --> 00:25:09.583
IS SUFFERING WITH
CANCER OF THE THROAT,

00:25:09.583 --> 00:25:12.375
HE VISITS JENNIE
AND HER FAMILY EVERY DAY.

00:25:12.375 --> 00:25:16.625
ON SUNDAY, MAY 18th, 1930,
REVEREND MERRRITT BAPTIZES

00:25:16.625 --> 00:25:22.999
SAMUEL KHEKPAK, AIME AHEGONA,
AND JENNIE KENNEYUK.

00:25:25.625 --> 00:25:27.999
[ MARTIN ]: MEDICAL JOURNAL,
DR. MARTIN.

00:25:27.999 --> 00:25:31.999
THE EASTERN PATROL TO
CAMBRIDGE BAY IN APRIL AND MAY

00:25:31.999 --> 00:25:33.583
SHOWED ONE BATHURST INLET NATIVE

00:25:33.583 --> 00:25:38.333
WITH ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS,
AND AT CAMBRIDGE BAY,

00:25:38.333 --> 00:25:39.999
ONE CASE OF PULMONARY TB

00:25:39.999 --> 00:25:43.375
AND AN ADVANCED CASE
OF BONE TUBERCULOSIS.

00:25:43.375 --> 00:25:45.959
ALL THESE HAVE SINCE DIED.

00:25:45.959 --> 00:25:47.583
[ MARTIN ]: SO AT THAT TIME

00:25:47.583 --> 00:25:51.750
THERE WASN\'T A WIRELESS
TRANSMITTER IN COPPERMINE.

00:25:51.750 --> 00:25:56.999
I WENT PRIMARILY TO GET TO
BATHURST INLET TO BE ABLE

00:25:56.999 --> 00:26:01.625
TO SEND A MESSAGE,
AND I WENT TO CAMBRIDGE BAY--

00:26:01.625 --> 00:26:05.999
I THINK I SENT A MESSAGE THEN
AND I WENT

00:26:05.999 --> 00:26:08.500
BACK TO BATHURST AND SENT

00:26:08.500 --> 00:26:09.917
ANOTHER MESSAGE

00:26:09.917 --> 00:26:12.250
AND HAD HOPED
TO GET A MESSAGE.

00:26:12.250 --> 00:26:14.208
AS FAR AS I CAN REMEMBER,

00:26:14.208 --> 00:26:18.250
I SAID WE\'VE GOT A SERIOUS
EPIDEMIC OF TUBERCULOSIS

00:26:18.250 --> 00:26:22.917
AND WE\'VE NOTHING...
NO MEANS OF DEALING WITH IT.

00:26:22.917 --> 00:26:29.875
AND I ASKED THEM FOR HELP
IN THE FORM OF A LAMP

00:26:29.875 --> 00:26:34.750
AND I SUGGESTED IN FUTURE
THEY WOULD NEED TO HAVE

00:26:34.750 --> 00:26:40.792
SOME FORM OF NURSING
AND MORE HOSPITAL BEDS.

00:26:40.792 --> 00:26:44.999
\"PLEASE SEND SUN LAMP, WHICH
I WILL PAY FOR IF NECESSARY.

00:26:44.999 --> 00:26:45.542
\"STOP.

00:26:45.542 --> 00:26:49.250
\"ALSO SEND AS MUCH FOOD,
HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT AS POSSIBLE

00:26:49.250 --> 00:26:53.667
\"AS PATIENTS
WILL HAVE TO BE CARED FOR.

00:26:53.667 --> 00:26:55.417
DR. MARTIN.\"

00:26:55.417 --> 00:27:01.959
I GOT NO REPLY
WHEN THE FIRST...

00:27:01.959 --> 00:27:08.999
THIS WAS IN EARLY SPRING
WHEN I GOT BACK TO COPPERMINE.

00:27:08.999 --> 00:27:15.625
THE FIRST PLANES ARRIVED
NOT SO LONG AFTERWARDS

00:27:15.625 --> 00:27:19.709
AND I EXPECTED TO GET
AT LEAST A LAMP,

00:27:19.709 --> 00:27:25.041
BUT NOTHING ARRIVED
AND NO WORD ARRIVED.

00:27:26.083 --> 00:27:29.917
[ NARRATOR ]: BUT MORE
SICK PEOPLE ARRIVED.

00:27:29.917 --> 00:27:32.500
IN THE SPRING, THE PEOPLE
RETURNED TO COPPERMINE

00:27:32.500 --> 00:27:35.208
FROM CAMPS ON THE SEA ICE,
AND MANY WERE SICK.

00:27:35.208 --> 00:27:40.041
WALTER TOPILAK,
JENNIE KENNEYUK\'S COUSIN,

00:27:40.041 --> 00:27:44.875
WAS SO SICK HE COULD NOT FEED
HIS DOGS.

00:28:02.917 --> 00:28:07.291
THE ONLY THING YOU COULD DO
WAS TO ISOLATE THEM.

00:28:07.291 --> 00:28:11.500
BUT SINCE WE HAD NO
PROPER FACILITIES,

00:28:11.500 --> 00:28:13.458
WE COULDN\'T DO THAT.

00:28:13.458 --> 00:28:17.999
WE COULDN\'T DO
WHAT WE SHOULD HAVE DONE,

00:28:17.999 --> 00:28:20.999
AND ISOLATE THEM.

00:28:28.999 --> 00:28:32.583
[ NARRATOR ]: THE MOST
VULNERABLE WERE THE CHILDREN.

00:28:32.583 --> 00:28:35.500
THEY DIED FIRST.

00:28:35.500 --> 00:28:40.458
[ PRIEST ]: JUNE 9, 1930.

00:28:40.458 --> 00:28:42.458
VISIT TO A SICK BABY.

00:28:42.458 --> 00:28:45.917
IT WAS BROUGHT HERE
IN A DYING STATE BY OKARNAK.

00:28:45.917 --> 00:28:50.000
I ASKED FOR PERMISSION TO
BAPTIZE IT BUT WAS TOLD FIRMLY

00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:52.999
THAT THE MINISTER
WOULD LOOK AFTER THAT.

00:28:52.999 --> 00:28:55.999
I\'LL HAVE TO BE CONTENT
WITH A PRAYER TO GOD

00:28:55.999 --> 00:29:00.542
THAT HE NOT LET THE LITTLE ONE
DIE WITHOUT BAPTISM.

00:29:00.542 --> 00:29:00.875
JUNE 11.

00:29:01.458 --> 00:29:05.583
THE NATIVES CAME TO TELL ME
OF THE BABY\'S DEATH,

00:29:05.583 --> 00:29:06.125
WITHOUT BAPTISM.

00:29:06.125 --> 00:29:11.458
THE MINISTER DOESN\'T BELIEVE
IN THE NEED FOR INFANT BAPTISM.

00:29:11.458 --> 00:29:15.750
I WENT TO SEE THE BODY
AND, USING A SMALL MIRROR,

00:29:15.750 --> 00:29:18.125
PROVED BOTH TO MYSELF
AND THE CROWD

00:29:18.125 --> 00:29:20.999
THAT THE CHILD
WAS STILL BREATHING.

00:29:20.999 --> 00:29:22.083
THEN I BAPTIZED HIM.

00:29:22.083 --> 00:29:25.542
LITTLE ANGEL IN THE SKY,
PRAY FOR US.

00:29:25.542 --> 00:29:30.333
AFTERWARDS, THERE WAS
QUITE A HEATED ARGUMENT

00:29:30.333 --> 00:29:31.458
WITH THE MINISTER.

00:29:31.458 --> 00:29:36.417
HE CLAIMED THE BODY BECAUSE
HE HAD TAKEN CARE OF THE CHILD

00:29:36.417 --> 00:29:38.000
WHEN IT WAS STILL ALIVE.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:39.875
WITHOUT GIVING ANY GROUND,
I ADVISED HIM

00:29:39.875 --> 00:29:43.917
THAT HE COULD HAVE THE BODY
IF THE PARENTS INSISTED ON IT,

00:29:43.917 --> 00:29:47.999
BUT THAT THE CHILD\'S SOUL
WAS ALREADY IN THE RIGHT PLACE

00:29:47.999 --> 00:29:52.417
DUE TO THE WORK
OF THE CATHOLIC MISSIONARY.

00:29:52.417 --> 00:29:53.999
FATHER FALAISE?

00:29:53.999 --> 00:29:57.999
WELL, HE WAS AN AGGRESSIVE MAN.

00:29:57.999 --> 00:30:02.999
HE WAS OUT TO GET
AS MANY CONVERTS AS HE COULD

00:30:02.999 --> 00:30:04.583
FOR HIS CHURCH.

00:30:04.583 --> 00:30:09.250
AND I THINK THAT\'S ALL
I CAN SAY ABOUT HIM.

00:30:09.250 --> 00:30:12.792
OH, NO FRIENDLINESS AT ALL.

00:30:12.792 --> 00:30:16.999
THE CATHOLIC CHAP
WAS DIFFICULT ANYWAY,

00:30:16.999 --> 00:30:21.999
I THINK, BUT THERE CERTAINLY
WAS NO COMING AND GOING

00:30:21.999 --> 00:30:25.458
BECAUSE THEY WERE COMPETING
FOR THE SAME PEOPLE

00:30:25.458 --> 00:30:30.125
AND THE ANGLICANS
HAD BEEN THERE FOR A LONG TIME

00:30:30.125 --> 00:30:32.999
AND THE CATHOLICS
HADN\'T BEEN THERE

00:30:32.999 --> 00:30:36.959
FOR ABOUT 10 OR 15 YEARS.

00:30:36.959 --> 00:30:41.083
THESE PEOPLE EACH HAD
THEIR POINT OF VIEW

00:30:41.083 --> 00:30:43.583
AND, UH,
THERE WAS DEFINITELY, THE...

00:30:43.583 --> 00:30:46.417
SOME OF THE NATIVES
COULDN\'T UNDERSTAND IT,

00:30:46.417 --> 00:30:50.083
HOW IT WAS THE ONE CREATOR
AND THE DIFFERENT VIEWS.

00:30:50.083 --> 00:30:53.250
IT WAS HARD FOR THEM
TO STOMACH THIS.

00:30:53.250 --> 00:30:56.166
I NEVER GOT MUCH INVOLVED IN IT.

00:30:56.166 --> 00:30:58.333
THEY CAN\'T ACCUSE ME
OF THAT ONE.

00:30:58.333 --> 00:31:02.166
[ PRIEST ]: THESE EVENTS
WILL LIKELY PUSH PEOPLE

00:31:02.166 --> 00:31:04.792
TO CHOOSE FOR ONE SIDE
OR THE OTHER.

00:31:04.792 --> 00:31:10.041
OUR SIDE HAS SHOWN ITSELF TO BE
THE MORE RESOLUTE AND HELPFUL.

00:31:10.041 --> 00:31:13.000
SOME NATIVES CAME IN
FROM BLOODY FALLS

00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:15.834
AND TOLD US OF SEVERAL
SICK PEOPLE THERE.

00:31:15.834 --> 00:31:20.208
THE DOCTOR ASKED TO BORROW OUR
ENGINE IN ORDER TO VISIT THEM,

00:31:20.208 --> 00:31:22.709
BUT WE SAID
HE COULDN\'T HAVE IT

00:31:22.709 --> 00:31:25.625
BECAUSE IT\'S TOO COLD
FOR THE MOTOR.

00:31:25.625 --> 00:31:27.417
[ MARTIN ]:
MEDICAL JOURNAL, DR. MARTIN.

00:31:27.417 --> 00:31:30.999
WHILE MOST OF THE NATIVE
MEDICINE MEN ARE FRIENDLY,

00:31:30.999 --> 00:31:32.999
TWO OF THEM OBSTRUCTED ME
ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS

00:31:32.999 --> 00:31:37.041
BY PLAYING ON SUPERSTITIONS AND
INFLUENCED SOME OF THE NATIVES

00:31:37.041 --> 00:31:39.458
TO KEEP AWAY FROM
THE MEDICAL STATION.

00:31:39.458 --> 00:31:41.208
WHERE POSSIBLE,
ACUTELY INFECTED CASES

00:31:41.208 --> 00:31:46.375
ARE ISOLATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES
IN MY HOUSE OR IN THE TENTS,

00:31:46.375 --> 00:31:49.750
BUT AS THE MORTALITY RATE
AMONGST THOSE BROUGHT TO ME

00:31:49.750 --> 00:31:52.208
WAS AS HIGH
AS THOSE LEFT AT HOME,

00:31:52.208 --> 00:31:55.458
IT WAS DIFFICULT
TO EXPLAIN TO THE PEOPLE

00:31:55.458 --> 00:31:56.250
THE VALUE OF ISOLATION

00:31:56.250 --> 00:31:59.792
WHICH IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT
THE SPREAD OF THE INFECTION.

00:31:59.792 --> 00:32:03.999
[ NARRATOR ]: ON JULY 10th,
REVEREND MERRITT LEFT COPPERMINE

00:32:03.999 --> 00:32:06.333
FOR TREATMENT
OF HIS THROAT CANCER.

00:32:06.333 --> 00:32:09.291
HE WAS REPLACED
BY REVEREND HAROLD WEBSTER,

00:32:09.291 --> 00:32:11.999
WHO HAD BUILT THE CHURCH
TWO SUMMERS EARLIER.

00:32:11.999 --> 00:32:16.291
BY THE SUMMER, A WIRELESS RADIO
STATION WAS BUILT AT COPPERMINE.

00:32:16.291 --> 00:32:19.999
THE DOCTOR NO LONGER
HAD TO TRAVEL 500 KILOMETRES

00:32:19.999 --> 00:32:20.999
TO THE NEAREST RADIO.

00:32:20.999 --> 00:32:25.125
STILL, HE FELT THE MESSAGES
HE WAS SENDING TO OTTAWA

00:32:25.125 --> 00:32:27.999
ABOUT THE EPIDEMIC
OF TUBERCULOSIS

00:32:27.999 --> 00:32:30.458
WERE NOT BEING HEARD.

00:32:32.709 --> 00:32:34.125
[ MARTIN ]: SEPTEMBER 6, 1930.

00:32:34.125 --> 00:32:36.166
COPPERMINE,
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

00:32:36.166 --> 00:32:37.250
DEAR SIR,

00:32:37.250 --> 00:32:39.375
IN PREVIOUS COMMUNICATIONS
TO YOU

00:32:39.375 --> 00:32:41.208
I MENTIONED THERE WOULD BE

00:32:41.208 --> 00:32:42.250
SEVERAL BED-RIDDEN PATIENTS

00:32:42.250 --> 00:32:45.999
WHO WOULD REQUIRE INDOOR SHELTER
AND TREATMENT THIS WINTER,

00:32:45.999 --> 00:32:48.834
INCLUDING FOUR CASES
OF SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS.

00:32:48.834 --> 00:32:52.542
SINCE THEN, THE PROBLEM
HAS BECOME MORE SERIOUS

00:32:52.542 --> 00:32:53.792
AS THERE HAVE BEEN

00:32:53.792 --> 00:32:57.500
A NUMBER OF CASES
OF GENERALIZED, MENINGEAL

00:32:57.500 --> 00:32:59.709
AND LUNG TUBERCULOSIS.

00:32:59.709 --> 00:33:00.792
IN ONE FAMILY,

00:33:00.792 --> 00:33:04.333
A MAN LOST HIS WIFE,
TWO CHILDREN, AND TWO NEPHEWS

00:33:04.333 --> 00:33:06.667
WITHIN A PERIOD OF SIX WEEKS

00:33:06.667 --> 00:33:08.667
AND THERE ARE OTHER
SIMILAR INSTANCES.

00:33:08.667 --> 00:33:12.999
IN THIS COMMUNITY, TUBERCULOSIS
CAN BE CONSIDERED EPIDEMIC.

00:33:12.999 --> 00:33:14.999
YOUR OBEDIENT SERVANT,

00:33:14.999 --> 00:33:17.041
R.D. MARTIN, M.D.

00:33:17.041 --> 00:33:18.999
[ NARRATOR ]:
WITH WINTER COMING ON,

00:33:18.999 --> 00:33:22.417
DR. MARTIN DESPERATELY NEEDED
MORE INDOOR SPACE

00:33:22.417 --> 00:33:24.834
TO ISOLATE THE VERY SICK.

00:33:24.834 --> 00:33:25.417
THE MANAGER

00:33:25.417 --> 00:33:29.291
OF THE NORTHERN AERIAL
MINERAL EXPLORATION COMPANY

00:33:29.291 --> 00:33:33.625
OFFERED TO SELL THEIR
14-BY-18-FOOT BUILDING FOR $500.

00:33:33.625 --> 00:33:34.999
BECAUSE IT WAS NECESSARY

00:33:34.999 --> 00:33:37.417
TO COME TO
AN IMMEDIATE DECISION,

00:33:37.417 --> 00:33:39.208
DR. MARTIN PURCHASED
THE BUILDING

00:33:39.208 --> 00:33:44.999
ON BEHALF OF THE DEPARTMENT,
SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE IN OTTAWA.

00:33:44.999 --> 00:33:47.999
OTHER MESSAGES WERE SENT
TO OTTAWA.

00:33:47.999 --> 00:33:49.709
IKPAKHUAK SENT A TELEGRAM

00:33:49.709 --> 00:33:52.166
TO HIS ADOPTED SON,
DIAMOND JENNESS,

00:33:52.166 --> 00:33:57.999
NOW THE CHIEF OF ANTHROPOLOGY
AT THE CANADIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM.

00:33:57.999 --> 00:34:02.999
\"JENNIE, YOUR SISTER,
IS MARRIED AND HAS A SON.

00:34:02.999 --> 00:34:04.417
\"BUT I AM GROWING OLD.

00:34:04.417 --> 00:34:08.583
\"COME BACK AND STAY WITH ME
ONCE MORE BEFORE I DIE.

00:34:08.583 --> 00:34:09.750
\"I HAVE NO GUN.

00:34:09.750 --> 00:34:13.041
\"WHILE I\'M ALIVE
I WANT TO SEE YOU.

00:34:13.041 --> 00:34:14.999
IKPAKHUAK.\"

00:34:14.999 --> 00:34:16.333
JENNIE, NOW 28,

00:34:16.333 --> 00:34:19.458
ALSO SENDS A MESSAGE
TO HER BROTHER JENNESS.

00:34:19.458 --> 00:34:23.999
\"IF YOU ARE COMING,
I WILL MAKE A PARKA FOR YOU.

00:34:23.999 --> 00:34:25.125
\"WHEN ARE YOU COMING?

00:34:25.125 --> 00:34:28.583
\"MAYBE I WILL DIE
BEFORE YOU COME.

00:34:28.583 --> 00:34:29.542
\"I DO NOT KNOW.

00:34:29.542 --> 00:34:32.999
\"WHEN YOU COME,
BRING ME SOME PRETTY CALICO.

00:34:32.999 --> 00:34:35.250
\"NOW I AM A LITTLE BETTER.

00:34:35.250 --> 00:34:38.083
\"IN THE SUMMER IT WAS OTHERWISE.

00:34:38.083 --> 00:34:40.083
KENNEYUK.\"

00:34:40.083 --> 00:34:44.208
THE SON THAT JENNIE WANTED
JENNESS TO MEET

00:34:44.208 --> 00:34:46.458
WAS AIME AHEGONA.

00:34:46.458 --> 00:34:48.917
DURING THE SUMMER,
HE AND HIS FAMILY

00:34:48.917 --> 00:34:53.999
LIVE ON THE ISLAND IN THE MOUTH
OF THE COPPERMINE RIVER.

00:34:53.999 --> 00:34:57.000
ONE THING THAT THEY TOLD ME

00:34:57.000 --> 00:35:01.709
THAT SHE HAD A SORE OR BOIL
IN HER BACK,

00:35:01.709 --> 00:35:07.208
BREAKING IN INSTEAD OF
BREAKING RIGHT OUT, EH?

00:35:07.208 --> 00:35:10.999
AND SO...

00:35:14.999 --> 00:35:18.125
THEY SAID WHENEVER
SHE DOES SOMETHING,

00:35:18.125 --> 00:35:21.875
WHEN SHE BEND DOWN
TO DO SOMETHING,

00:35:21.875 --> 00:35:28.166
AND THEY SAY THE AIR
SEEMS TO BLOW OUT FROM THE BODY

00:35:28.166 --> 00:35:30.999
LIKE, AND SHE\'D
STILL DO THE WORK

00:35:30.999 --> 00:35:37.375
AND I DON\'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED
AFTERWARDS, LIKE...

00:35:37.375 --> 00:35:45.125
WELL, HER SPINE WAS COLLAPSING
AND I THINK IT WAS NOW...

00:35:45.125 --> 00:35:48.291
THE INFECTION
WAS NOW GENERALIZED.

00:35:48.291 --> 00:35:53.917
THAT\'S MY RECOLLECTION.

00:35:53.917 --> 00:35:56.083
[ NARRATOR ]: A FEW DAYS LATER,

00:35:56.083 --> 00:35:59.999
KENNEYUK AND IKPAKHUAK
GOT A REPLY FROM JENNESS.

00:35:59.999 --> 00:36:03.709
\"I SHALL NEVER FORGET MY FATHER
AND MY YOUNGER SISTER.

00:36:03.709 --> 00:36:07.625
\"THOUGH I WOULD LIKE TO SEE YOU,
IT CANNOT COME TO PASS.

00:36:07.625 --> 00:36:10.583
\"IT IS TOO FAR AWAY.

00:36:10.583 --> 00:36:13.667
\"I AM GETTING TOO OLD.

00:36:13.667 --> 00:36:14.875
\"DO NOT BE FRIGHTENED.

00:36:14.875 --> 00:36:17.250
\"WHEN WE DIE,
WE WILL MEET EACH OTHER.

00:36:17.250 --> 00:36:19.709
\"WE WILL BE HAPPY ALL TOGETHER.

00:36:19.709 --> 00:36:21.333
JENNESS.\"

00:36:25.917 --> 00:36:29.291
EVERY TIME A PLANE ARRIVED,
THE DOCTOR EXPECTED

00:36:29.291 --> 00:36:31.709
TO GET HIS SUN LAMP.

00:36:31.709 --> 00:36:35.208
HE HAD TOLD JENNIE KENNEYUK
THE SUN LAMP WOULD HELP HER.

00:36:35.208 --> 00:36:38.999
PLANES WERE ARRIVING, BRINGING
MINING EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT,

00:36:38.999 --> 00:36:40.500
BUT STILL NO SUN LAMP

00:36:40.500 --> 00:36:43.208
NOR APPROVAL FOR THE PURCHASE
OF THE BUILDING.

00:36:43.208 --> 00:36:47.542
RICHARD FINNIE, THE SON OF
DR. MARTIN\'S BOSS, O.S. FINNIE,

00:36:47.542 --> 00:36:50.417
CAME TO COPPERMINE
DURING THE SUMMER OF 1930

00:36:50.417 --> 00:36:54.083
TO FILM A WAY OF LIFE
BEFORE IT DISAPPEARED.

00:36:54.083 --> 00:36:57.999
HE WAS LIVING
IN THE DOCTOR\'S HOUSE.

00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:16.125
[ O.S. FINNIE ]: OTTAWA,
30th OCTOBER, 1930.

00:37:16.125 --> 00:37:19.999
TO DR. R.D. MARTIN, COPPERMINE,
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

00:37:19.999 --> 00:37:23.667
YOUR RECOMMENDATION TO PURCHASE
FRAME BUILDING FOR $500

00:37:23.667 --> 00:37:24.250
IS APPROVED

00:37:24.250 --> 00:37:27.875
AND CHEQUE WILL BE FORWARDED
TO COMPANY IN TORONTO, STOP.

00:37:27.875 --> 00:37:30.500
IT IS CONTRARY
TO DEPARTMENTAL PRACTICE

00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:33.750
TO MAKE COMMITMENTS
FOR SUCH LARGE EXPENDITURES

00:37:33.750 --> 00:37:36.417
AND YOU ARE REQUESTED
NOT TO DO SO

00:37:36.417 --> 00:37:39.333
WITHOUT FIRST SECURING
DEPARTMENTAL APPROVAL, STOP.

00:37:39.333 --> 00:37:41.917
ARE YOU OCCUPYING
THE BUILDING NOW

00:37:41.917 --> 00:37:44.041
AND HAVE YOU SUFFICIENT FUEL?

00:37:44.041 --> 00:37:46.500
O.S. FINNIE.

00:37:46.500 --> 00:37:49.375
[ MARTIN ]: COPPERMINE,
1st OF NOVEMBER, 1930.

00:37:49.375 --> 00:37:53.291
TO O.S. FINNIE, ESQUIRE,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

00:37:53.291 --> 00:37:57.291
REGRET INCONVENIENCE CAUSED
IN PURCHASING OF HOUSE, STOP.

00:37:57.291 --> 00:38:02.166
WITH FIRST FAVOURABLE SNOW
CONDITIONS AT 10 BELOW 0 TODAY

00:38:02.166 --> 00:38:03.999
HOUSE MOUNTED ON TWO SLEDS

00:38:03.999 --> 00:38:07.999
AND SUCCESSFULLY HAULED
HALF MILE BY NATIVES AND DOGS

00:38:07.999 --> 00:38:12.583
TO HOSPITAL WHERE IT IS NOW
READY FOR OCCUPANCY.

00:38:12.583 --> 00:38:15.999
R.D. MARTIN.

00:38:25.542 --> 00:38:28.458
[ NARRATOR ]: WHEN THE BUILDING
WAS IN PLACE,

00:38:28.458 --> 00:38:30.999
DR. MARTIN AND RICHARD FINNIE
MOVED IN.

00:38:30.999 --> 00:38:36.834
NOW, ALL OF THE MEDICAL STATION
COULD BE USED AS A HOSPITAL.

00:38:36.834 --> 00:38:39.542
JENNIE WAS MOVED INSIDE.

00:38:39.542 --> 00:38:42.333
I WOULD LIKE TO SEND
THE FOLLOWING TELEGRAM

00:38:42.333 --> 00:38:46.999
TO DR. R.D. MARTIN, COPPERMINE,
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

00:38:46.999 --> 00:38:51.542
UNDERSTAND YOU HAVE ADMITTED
NUMBER INCURABLES

00:38:51.542 --> 00:38:52.250
TO YOUR HOSPITAL.

00:38:52.250 --> 00:38:56.500
FEELING HERE IS THAT YOU SHOULD
AVOID CHRONIC AND INCURABLE

00:38:56.500 --> 00:38:57.792
AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE

00:38:57.792 --> 00:39:00.458
IN ORDER TO LEAVE
AVAILABLE SPACE

00:39:00.458 --> 00:39:01.999
FOR ACUTE CASES, STOP.

00:39:01.999 --> 00:39:04.999
DIRECTOR RADIO SERVICES
HAS KINDLY OFFERED

00:39:04.999 --> 00:39:08.417
TURN OVER TO YOU BEDS, CHAIRS,
OR OTHER EQUIPMENT

00:39:08.417 --> 00:39:11.999
SURPLUS TO THEIR REQUIREMENTS
AT COPPERMINE, STOP.

00:39:11.999 --> 00:39:17.709
UPON LEAVING HERE
YOU RECEIVED ADVANCE $750

00:39:17.709 --> 00:39:22.999
BUT ONLY 330.37 ACCOUNTED FOR,
STOP.

00:39:22.999 --> 00:39:28.250
REMAINING 419.63
SHOULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR

00:39:28.250 --> 00:39:31.667
WITH VOUCHERS FIRST OPPORTUNITY.

00:39:31.667 --> 00:39:32.999
O.S. FINNIE.

00:39:32.999 --> 00:39:36.834
CHARGE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
AND YUKON BRANCH,

00:39:36.834 --> 00:39:38.999
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

00:39:38.999 --> 00:39:41.041
THANK YOU.

00:39:48.500 --> 00:39:51.999
[ NARRATOR ]: DR. MARTIN
AND REVEREND WEBSTER

00:39:51.999 --> 00:39:53.500
SPENT MANY NIGHTS

00:39:53.500 --> 00:39:54.999
DURING THE NEXT FOUR WEEKS

00:39:54.999 --> 00:39:57.917
TRYING TO BRING THE DOCTOR\'S
ACCOUNTS UP TO DATE.

00:39:57.917 --> 00:40:01.375
DR. MARTIN HAD SUPPLIED FLOUR
AND SUGAR TO SICK FAMILIES

00:40:01.375 --> 00:40:05.667
BUT HAD LOST TRACK
OF MANY OF THE RECEIPTS.

00:40:08.917 --> 00:40:11.291
[ PRIEST ]:
VISIT TO THE FISHING CAMP.

00:40:11.291 --> 00:40:13.291
IT IS A DIFFICULT TIME FOR US.

00:40:13.291 --> 00:40:17.667
IRKARINA HAS CHANGED ENTIRELY
IN HIS ATTITUDE TOWARDS US.

00:40:17.667 --> 00:40:21.500
HE SAYS THAT OUR BAPTISM
KILLS PEOPLE.

00:40:21.500 --> 00:40:23.000
BUT HE FORGETS THAT

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:25.999
HE HIMSELF WAS BAPTIZED
BY THE MINISTER.

00:40:25.999 --> 00:40:29.375
HE CLAIMS IT\'S OUR BREAD
THAT HAS MADE HIM SICK.

00:40:29.375 --> 00:40:33.417
THIS IS DUE TO THE PERFIDIOUS
ADVICE HE HAS RECEIVED

00:40:33.417 --> 00:40:34.917
FROM THE DOCTOR.

00:40:34.917 --> 00:40:37.125
ALL THE OTHER ESKIMO INDICATE

00:40:37.125 --> 00:40:39.291
THEY ARE SIDING
WITH THE MINISTER.

00:40:39.291 --> 00:40:45.000
EVEN THOSE FAMILIES WHO HAD
SEEMED LOYAL TO US UP TO NOW

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:46.999
ARE CHANGING.

00:40:48.542 --> 00:40:52.542
[ NARRATOR ]: THE MOVE
TO THE HOSPITAL HAS NOT HELPED.

00:40:52.542 --> 00:40:53.542
JENNIE IS NOT IMPROVING.

00:40:53.542 --> 00:40:59.999
STILL NO SUN LAMP AND NO WORD
WHEN IT WILL ARRIVE.

00:41:21.041 --> 00:41:27.917
[ PRIEST ]: DECEMBER 25th, 1930.

00:41:27.917 --> 00:41:30.333
MANY PEOPLE AT MIDNIGHT MASS.

00:41:30.333 --> 00:41:34.750
SOMEHOW 120
PACKED THEMSELVES INTO THE ROOM.

00:41:34.750 --> 00:41:37.750
THEY ALL HEARD
SOME WORTHY TRUTHS.

00:41:37.750 --> 00:41:40.583
MAY THE LITTLE JESUS
OF THE MANGER

00:41:40.583 --> 00:41:43.999
CAUSE THE SEEDS OF FAITH
TO GROW AND REIGN

00:41:43.999 --> 00:41:47.583
DESPITE THE FORCES OF SATAN
AND HIS AGENTS.

00:41:47.583 --> 00:41:50.542
IN THE AFTERNOON,
HOOPO BECAME MUCH WORSE.

00:41:50.542 --> 00:41:53.999
THE SHAMAN WAS HOPING
TO HAVE HIM TO HIMSELF,

00:41:53.999 --> 00:41:57.750
BUT THE PATIENT RECEIVED
THE LAST RITES.

00:41:57.750 --> 00:42:03.999
[ MARTIN ]: MEDICAL JOURNAL,
JANUARY 1931.

00:42:03.999 --> 00:42:08.667
IN THE PAST 8 MONTHS
IN COPPERMINE ALONE, 18 DEATHS,

00:42:08.667 --> 00:42:09.999
16 FROM TB.

00:42:09.999 --> 00:42:12.500
10 DEATHS OCCURRED
IN 3 FAMILIES.

00:42:12.500 --> 00:42:16.500
WITH PROPER TREATMENT,
SUN LAMP AND ISOLATION,

00:42:16.500 --> 00:42:18.375
70% COULD BE CURED.

00:42:18.375 --> 00:42:20.208
WITHOUT PROPER TREATMENT,

00:42:20.208 --> 00:42:26.125
TB COULD DESTROY THE RACE
IN A FEW YEARS.

00:42:26.125 --> 00:42:28.999
JANUARY 18, 1931.

00:42:28.999 --> 00:42:33.333
THIS EVENING, SECOND VISIT
TO JENNIE KENNEYUK,

00:42:33.333 --> 00:42:35.000
A POOR FANATICIZED PATIENT.

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:38.750
ON THE FIRST VISIT,
SHE SEEMED RECEPTIVE;

00:42:38.750 --> 00:42:42.375
AT THE SECOND,
SHE ARGUED STRONGLY.

00:42:42.375 --> 00:42:46.625
PERHAPS SHE WILL DIE SOON.

00:42:46.625 --> 00:42:48.999
MOST OF THEM DIED EVENTUALLY.

00:42:48.999 --> 00:42:53.166
THEY DIDN\'T JUST HAVE AN ILLNESS
AND GET OVER IT.

00:42:53.166 --> 00:42:57.250
THEY KEPT ON BEING ILL
AND DIED,

00:42:57.250 --> 00:43:04.041
AND THE FACT THAT THEY WERE
LIVING IN TENTS OR SNOW HOUSES

00:43:04.041 --> 00:43:06.999
MEANT THAT ANYTHING THEY HAD

00:43:06.999 --> 00:43:10.250
THEY TENDED TO PASS ON
TO THE FAMILY

00:43:10.250 --> 00:43:16.875
AND HENCE THE INCREASING SPREAD.

00:43:19.999 --> 00:43:22.125
[ FINNIE ]:
2nd OF FEBRUARY, 1931.

00:43:22.125 --> 00:43:24.999
MEMORANDUM TO R.A. GIBSON,
ESQUIRE.

00:43:24.999 --> 00:43:28.999
ACTING DEPUTY MINISTER,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

00:43:28.999 --> 00:43:32.959
DR. MARTIN\'S REPLY OF
THE 21st JANUARY IS HEREUNDER,

00:43:32.959 --> 00:43:36.625
FROM WHICH YOU WILL OBSERVE
THAT HE RECOMMENDS STRONGLY

00:43:36.625 --> 00:43:39.250
THE ERECTION OF A HOSPITAL
AT COPPERMINE

00:43:39.250 --> 00:43:40.959
AT THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT.

00:43:40.959 --> 00:43:44.208
YOU WILL REMEMBER WE HAD
A SMALL ITEM IN THE ESTIMATES

00:43:44.208 --> 00:43:46.999
TO COVER A GRANT FOR A HOSPITAL
AT THIS POINT.

00:43:46.999 --> 00:43:50.375
ALSO TO PROVIDE FOR
A NURSE AND OTHER MINOR MATTERS.

00:43:50.375 --> 00:43:51.959
BUT THESE ITEMS WERE CUT OUT

00:43:51.959 --> 00:43:55.417
WHEN WE LAST WENT OVER
THE ESTIMATES WITH THE MINISTER.

00:43:55.417 --> 00:43:58.750
DR. MARTIN POINTS OUT
THAT THERE HAVE BEEN

00:43:58.750 --> 00:44:00.875
AN UNUSUAL NUMBER
OF DEATHS LATELY,

00:44:00.875 --> 00:44:05.000
MOSTLY FROM TUBERCULOSIS,
AND THAT IF THIS IS NOT CHECKED,

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:08.333
IT WILL DESTROY THE RACE
IN A FEW YEARS.

00:44:08.333 --> 00:44:12.625
THIS IS A QUESTION WHICH SHOULD
PROPERLY BE BROUGHT UP

00:44:12.625 --> 00:44:16.041
BEFORE THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
COUNCIL

00:44:16.041 --> 00:44:18.542
FOR A FULL DISCUSSION.

00:44:22.333 --> 00:44:25.709
[ NARRATOR ]: IN MARCH,
THE WEATHER HAD CLEARED ENOUGH

00:44:25.709 --> 00:44:28.125
FOR THE YEAR\'S FIRST PLANE
TO ARRIVE.

00:44:28.125 --> 00:44:31.542
THE SUN LAMP HAD STILL NOT COME.

00:44:31.542 --> 00:44:34.959
JENNIE WAS MUCH WORSE--
SHE WAS GRAVELY ILL.

00:44:34.959 --> 00:44:39.333
INSTEAD OF FOLLOWING
THEIR USUAL HUNTING ROUTE,

00:44:39.333 --> 00:44:41.917
JENNIE\'S FATHER, IKPAKHUAK,

00:44:41.917 --> 00:44:43.458
AND KHEKPAK, HER HUSBAND,

00:44:43.458 --> 00:44:48.999
HAD STAYED IN COPPERMINE
OVER THE WINTER.

00:44:53.709 --> 00:44:56.458
THE NEXT DAY,
A SECOND PLANE ARRIVED,

00:44:56.458 --> 00:45:01.999
CARRYING ALL THE WINTER\'S MAIL,
BUT NO SUN LAMP.

00:45:01.999 --> 00:45:04.959
AND THE DOCTOR
WAS SO EXASPERATED

00:45:04.959 --> 00:45:09.959
BECAUSE THEY\'D PROMISED
THE SUPPLIES AND NONE HAD COME.

00:45:09.959 --> 00:45:12.583
SO HE WENT OUT ON THE PLANE

00:45:12.583 --> 00:45:15.417
THAT WAS SUPPOSED
TO BRING IN THE SUPPLIES

00:45:15.417 --> 00:45:19.125
AND HE WENT TO OTTAWA
TO SEE WHAT THE TROUBLE WAS.

00:45:19.125 --> 00:45:21.333
[ NARRATOR ]:
ON THE DAY THAT DR. MARTIN

00:45:21.333 --> 00:45:25.125
WAS FLYING AWAY FROM COPPERMINE,
HIS BOSS, O.S. FINNIE,

00:45:25.125 --> 00:45:26.999
AGAIN REMINDED
THE DEPUTY MINISTER

00:45:26.999 --> 00:45:30.625
OF THE PRESSING NEED
FOR A HOSPITAL AT COPPERMINE.

00:45:30.625 --> 00:45:33.667
[ FINNIE ]: THERE IS
NO HOSPITAL ACCOMMODATION

00:45:33.667 --> 00:45:36.291
IN THE WESTERN ARCTIC
BETWEEN AKLAVIK,

00:45:36.291 --> 00:45:37.999
AT THE DELTA OF THE MACKENZIE

00:45:37.999 --> 00:45:41.750
AND CHESTERFIELD, ON
THE WEST COAST OF HUDSON\'S BAY,

00:45:41.750 --> 00:45:42.291
A DISTANCE

00:45:42.291 --> 00:45:46.041
BY ORDINARY ROUTES OF TRAVEL
OF APPROXIMATELY 1,600 MILES.

00:45:46.041 --> 00:45:47.917
THE MOUTH OF THE COPPERMINE,

00:45:47.917 --> 00:45:50.583
WHERE IT IS PROPOSED
TO ERECT THE HOSPITAL,

00:45:50.583 --> 00:45:53.125
IS ROUGHLY MIDWAY BETWEEN
THESE TWO POINTS

00:45:53.125 --> 00:45:56.375
AND IS THE LOGICAL CENTRE
FOR A HOSPITAL IN THAT AREA.

00:45:56.375 --> 00:45:59.999
SUCH HOSPITAL WOULD SERVE
APPROXIMATELY 1,000 ESKIMO

00:45:59.999 --> 00:46:00.999
AND 60 WHITE PEOPLE.

00:46:00.999 --> 00:46:03.999
THERE IS ALSO A POSSIBILITY
OF MINERAL DEVELOPMENT

00:46:03.999 --> 00:46:07.999
IN THE AREA IMMEDIATELY SOUTH
OF THE COPPERMINE

00:46:07.999 --> 00:46:10.333
AND TRIBUTARY TO IT.

00:46:10.333 --> 00:46:12.917
[ NARRATOR ]:
THE DEPUTY MINISTER\'S REPLY

00:46:12.917 --> 00:46:13.999
CAME TWO DAYS LATER.

00:46:13.999 --> 00:46:16.625
\"I HEREWITH RETURN
YOUR FILE NUMBER 6873

00:46:16.625 --> 00:46:19.583
\"RELATIVE TO THE NEED
FOR A HOSPITAL AT COPPERMINE.

00:46:19.583 --> 00:46:23.041
\"PROBABLY WE HAD BETTER WAIT
UNTIL DR. MARTIN ARRIVES

00:46:23.041 --> 00:46:24.999
\"AND GET A FULL REPORT FROM HIM.

00:46:24.999 --> 00:46:27.917
\"IF AN EMERGENCY EXISTS,
THERE WILL STILL BE TIME

00:46:27.917 --> 00:46:31.750
\"FOR OUR MINISTER TO ADDRESS
AN APPROPRIATE COMMUNICATION

00:46:31.750 --> 00:46:32.917
TO THE TREASURY BOARD.\"

00:46:32.917 --> 00:46:38.333
DR. MARTIN HAD LEFT JENNIE
IN THE CARE OF RICHARD FINNIE.

00:46:38.333 --> 00:46:43.583
[ MARTIN ]:
OH, SHE WAS PRETTY POOR.

00:46:43.583 --> 00:46:46.834
THE FACT THAT THE SUN LAMP...

00:46:46.834 --> 00:46:49.125
THE FACT THAT THIS
HADN\'T ARRIVED

00:46:49.125 --> 00:46:53.999
WAS HER LAST HOPE GONE,
YOU SEE...

00:46:53.999 --> 00:46:57.959
SO...THAT\'S...

00:46:57.959 --> 00:47:03.333
MY DEPARTURE MIGHT HAVE MADE
A DAY OR TWO\'S DIFFERENCE

00:47:03.333 --> 00:47:06.999
BUT I DON\'T THINK VERY MUCH.

00:47:08.667 --> 00:47:12.834
[ NARRATOR ]: LATER THE DAY
DR. MARTIN LEFT COPPERMINE,

00:47:12.834 --> 00:47:18.041
RICHARD FINNIE TOLD JENNIE THAT
THE SUN LAMP HAD NOT ARRIVED.

00:47:18.041 --> 00:47:23.999
SHE WHISPERED,
\"I CANNOT LIVE ANYMORE.\"

00:47:23.999 --> 00:47:28.250
THAT EVENING, JENNIE\'S BODY
WAS SEWN IN CANVAS.

00:47:28.250 --> 00:47:30.917
THERE WAS NO WOOD FOR A COFFIN.

00:47:30.917 --> 00:47:34.333
KHEKPAK CAME FORWARD WITH
A SMALL, COVERLESS, WOODEN BOX

00:47:34.333 --> 00:47:38.125
WHICH HE CAREFULLY PUT
UPSIDE-DOWN OVER JENNIE\'S HEAD.

00:47:38.125 --> 00:47:40.959
EARLIER, JENNIE
HAD ASKED FOR THIS

00:47:40.959 --> 00:47:42.999
SO SHE WOULD BE SURE TO HAVE

00:47:42.999 --> 00:47:45.500
SOME AIR TO BREATHE
IN HER GRAVE.

00:47:45.500 --> 00:47:48.999
ONE OF THE INUIT TERMS
FOR THE WHITE MAN\'S GOD

00:47:48.999 --> 00:47:50.709
ALSO MEANS \"THE BIG BREATH;

00:47:50.709 --> 00:47:54.999
THE AIR THAT GOES IN AND OUT
OF THE NOSTRILS.\"

00:47:59.999 --> 00:48:02.375
THE DAY JENNIE WAS BURIED,

00:48:02.375 --> 00:48:06.999
IT WAS MINUS 47 DEGREES.

00:48:12.792 --> 00:48:15.375
HER 2-YEAR-OLD SON,
AIME AHEGONA,

00:48:15.375 --> 00:48:20.166
LOOKED ON FROM THE PARKA
OF A WOMAN WHO WAS HELPING.

00:48:20.166 --> 00:48:23.959
EVERY TIME I\'M OUT HERE
IN THE GRAVEYARD,

00:48:23.959 --> 00:48:27.999
I JUST WANDER AROUND
LOOKING AROUND FOR HER,

00:48:27.999 --> 00:48:28.999
YOU KNOW.

00:48:28.999 --> 00:48:32.417
I JUST WALK THROUGH
EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE

00:48:32.417 --> 00:48:33.375
JUST TO WALK BY...

00:48:33.375 --> 00:48:37.999
AND, UH, THIS IS THE FIRST TIME
I GET TO KNOW

00:48:37.999 --> 00:48:40.999
WHEREABOUTS SHE MIGHT BE.

00:48:44.917 --> 00:48:48.999
[ NARRATOR ]: DR. MARTIN
FLEW FROM COPPERMINE TO EDMONTON

00:48:48.999 --> 00:48:51.041
THEN TOOK THE TRAIN TO OTTAWA.

00:48:51.041 --> 00:48:53.959
WHEN HE ARRIVED,
HE WAS ASKED TO WRITE

00:48:53.959 --> 00:48:56.542
A COMPLETE REPORT
FOR THE MINISTER.

00:48:56.542 --> 00:48:57.458
[ MARTIN ]: SINCE MY ARRIVAL

00:48:57.458 --> 00:49:01.999
IN THE COPPERMINE IN 1929,
I HAVE VISITED ALL NATIVE GROUPS

00:49:01.999 --> 00:49:04.583
BETWEEN PIERCE POINT
AND CAMBRIDGE BAY.

00:49:04.583 --> 00:49:08.417
TUBERCULOSIS IS PRESENT
IN EVERY GROUP IN THIS AREA.

00:49:08.417 --> 00:49:12.999
IN THE COPPERMINE,
IT REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS.

00:49:12.999 --> 00:49:13.999
IN THE PAST YEAR,

00:49:13.999 --> 00:49:17.999
ABOUT 25% OF THE POPULATION
HAVE DIED FROM TB

00:49:17.999 --> 00:49:23.999
AND A FURTHER 25% ARE
INFECTED WITH THE DISEASE.

00:49:23.999 --> 00:49:28.542
WELL, I RECOMMENDED
TO BUILD A HOSPITAL

00:49:28.542 --> 00:49:32.250
WITH ABOUT 12 BEDS

00:49:32.250 --> 00:49:36.959
AND THIS WOULD COST
ABOUT $10,000.

00:49:36.959 --> 00:49:42.999
AND I RECOMMENDED
THAT I SHOULD HAVE SOME HELP

00:49:42.999 --> 00:49:47.000
BECAUSE OTHERWISE
EVERY TIME I LEFT THE SETTLEMENT

00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:50.999
THERE WAS NO ONE
TO LOOK AFTER PATIENTS.

00:49:50.999 --> 00:49:53.999
OH, I THINK HE WAS JUST
OVERRODE.

00:49:53.999 --> 00:49:58.417
THE POWERS THAT BE,
THEY PUT IN A DOCTOR THERE

00:49:58.417 --> 00:50:02.750
TO PASS PILLS OUT, I IMAGINE,
AND WAVE THE FLAG...

00:50:02.750 --> 00:50:05.542
OR WHATEVER THEY DO--
I DON\'T KNOW.

00:50:05.542 --> 00:50:08.166
WELL, I DON\'T REMEMBER DETAIL.

00:50:08.166 --> 00:50:10.959
I\'VE ONLY GOT
THE OFFICIAL REPLY,

00:50:10.959 --> 00:50:15.750
BUT THE GIST OF IT WAS THAT
THEY COULDN\'T DO ANYTHING.

00:50:15.750 --> 00:50:17.583
THERE WERE
VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS MADE

00:50:17.583 --> 00:50:21.875
FOR A SMALL AMOUNT OF MONEY
FOR EXTRA BEDS

00:50:21.875 --> 00:50:27.083
BUT EVERYTHING WAS TURNED DOWN--
THEY HADN\'T GOT THE MONEY.

00:50:27.083 --> 00:50:31.500
SO THEY SAID, \"YOU MIGHT AS WELL
TAKE YOUR LEAVE\"

00:50:31.500 --> 00:50:35.917
AND SO I TOOK MY LEAVE
AND WENT HOME.

00:50:35.917 --> 00:50:36.999
WENT BACK TO SCOTLAND.

00:50:36.999 --> 00:50:40.041
AS I SAY, THEY SAID
THEY WOULD SEND ME BACK

00:50:40.041 --> 00:50:43.083
JUST TO CARRY ON
AS I HAD DONE BEFORE.

00:50:43.083 --> 00:50:44.333
[ NARRATOR ]:
IN SCOTLAND, DR. MARTIN

00:50:44.333 --> 00:50:47.333
STUDIED THE LATEST TECHNIQUES
FOR TREATING TUBERCULOSIS

00:50:47.333 --> 00:50:50.250
IN PREPARATION
FOR HIS RETURN TO COPPERMINE.

00:50:50.250 --> 00:50:53.125
HE WENT TO MEARNSKIRK HOSPITAL
IN GLASGOW,

00:50:53.125 --> 00:50:59.208
LEADERS IN THE TREATMENT OF TB
IN GREAT BRITAIN.

00:50:59.208 --> 00:51:01.041
WHAT HE LEARNED

00:51:01.041 --> 00:51:05.166
CONFIRMED WHAT HE HAD TRIED
TO DO IN COPPERMINE.

00:51:05.166 --> 00:51:09.542
HE WAS OUT
AND HE COULDN\'T GET BACK AGAIN

00:51:09.542 --> 00:51:11.041
UNTIL THE SUMMER,

00:51:11.041 --> 00:51:16.208
SO HE WENT HOME
TO EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND

00:51:16.208 --> 00:51:20.417
FOR A MONTH,
WHICH HE\'D EARNED,

00:51:20.417 --> 00:51:22.709
AND WHILE HE WAS THERE,

00:51:22.709 --> 00:51:25.999
THEY SENT HIM
A LETTER OR A TELEGRAM

00:51:25.999 --> 00:51:29.999
TO SAY THEY NO LONGER NEEDED
HIS SERVICES.

00:51:29.999 --> 00:51:35.458
[ NARRATOR ]: A FEW WEEKS AFTER
DR. MARTIN\'S POSITION WAS CLOSED

00:51:35.458 --> 00:51:37.959
THE SUN LAMP ARRIVED.

00:51:37.959 --> 00:51:39.750
INSTRUCTIONS WERE ALSO SENT

00:51:39.750 --> 00:51:41.999
TO PACK ALL
DR. MARTIN\'S BELONGINGS

00:51:41.999 --> 00:51:44.999
AND SHIP EVERYTHING OUT
ON THEBAYCHIMO.

00:51:44.999 --> 00:51:47.917
DR. MARTIN NEVER RECEIVED
ANY OF HIS PROPERTY.

00:51:47.917 --> 00:51:51.333
THEBAYCHIMOWAS LOST
IN THE ARCTIC ICE THAT YEAR.

00:51:51.333 --> 00:51:55.959
THE MEDICAL STATION
AND THE N.A.M.E. BUILDING

00:51:55.959 --> 00:51:57.083
WERE KEPT INTACT.

00:51:57.083 --> 00:52:01.125
BEFORE LONG, THE DOCTOR\'S
UNTENDED DOG TEAM

00:52:01.125 --> 00:52:03.500
BECAME A PROBLEM
IN THE COMMUNITY.

00:52:03.500 --> 00:52:06.792
RICHARD BONNYCASTLE
OF THE HUDSON\'S BAY COMPANY

00:52:06.792 --> 00:52:09.999
WAS FORCED TO SHOOT
THE LEAD DOG.

00:52:09.999 --> 00:52:12.999
DR. MARTIN NEVER RETURNED.

00:53:09.291 --> 00:53:11.583
THE HOSPITAL WAS NEVER BUILT.

00:53:11.583 --> 00:53:16.750
NO OTHER DOCTOR CAME TO LIVE
IN COPPERMINE.

00:53:19.125 --> 00:53:22.125
DEATHS FROM TUBERCULOSIS
CONTINUED.

00:53:22.125 --> 00:53:24.999
IT WASN\'T UNTIL
AFTER WORLD WAR II,

00:53:24.999 --> 00:53:27.999
WHEN NEWLY DISCOVERED DRUGS
COULD CURE TB,

00:53:27.999 --> 00:53:30.999
WAS ANYTHING DONE
FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE ARCTIC.

00:53:30.999 --> 00:53:34.709
THEN THEY WERE ROUNDED UP,
SHIPPED OUT TO SANITORIA

00:53:34.709 --> 00:53:36.542
IN EDMONTON, HAMILTON,
AND MONTREAL,

00:53:36.542 --> 00:53:39.999
AND WITH ISOLATION
AND THE NEW MIRACLE DRUGS,

00:53:39.999 --> 00:53:42.417
CURE WAS POSSIBLE.

00:53:45.999 --> 00:53:49.999
GOD DAMN IT,
THEY CAME OUT OF THE ICE AGE.

00:53:49.999 --> 00:53:52.792
THEY FOLLOWED THE ICE
AND THEY STAYED THERE

00:53:52.792 --> 00:53:56.999
AND THEY SURVIVED WITHOUT US,
WITH THEIR OWN PRIMITIVE METHODS

00:53:56.999 --> 00:54:00.625
AND WE GO IN THERE
WITH OUR GUNS AND EVERYTHING

00:54:00.625 --> 00:54:01.999
AND INTERRUPT THE CYCLE.

00:54:01.999 --> 00:54:06.208
I BELIEVE THAT THE ESKIMO
THAT I KNOW WAS THE HUNTER

00:54:06.208 --> 00:54:10.041
AND THEY ALWAYS
LOOKED AFTER ONE ANOTHER.

00:54:14.166 --> 00:54:15.583
BUT...

00:54:15.583 --> 00:54:17.125
WHAT HAVE YOU GIVEN THEM NOW?

00:54:17.125 --> 00:54:21.083
THE BENEFITS OF CIVILIZATION--
THE DOPE AND THE BOOZE.

00:54:21.083 --> 00:54:22.999
YOU\'VE GIVEN THEM THAT, TOO.

00:54:22.999 --> 00:54:25.999
SO ARE WE AHEAD
OR ARE WE BEHIND?

00:54:25.999 --> 00:54:26.999
I ASK YOU THAT.

00:54:26.999 --> 00:54:31.208
YOU\'RE ASKING ME--
I\'M ASKING YOU THAT.

00:54:31.208 --> 00:54:33.583
IS THERE MORE DEATHS NOW?

00:54:33.583 --> 00:54:34.458
IS THERE MORE...

00:54:34.458 --> 00:54:37.709
THE BIRTH IS OKAY, EVERYTHING,
THAT\'S ALL RIGHT.

00:54:37.709 --> 00:54:40.250
BUT WHAT ARE YOU DOING
TO THE YOUNG?

00:54:40.250 --> 00:54:41.959
WHERE\'S THE YOUNG MEN?

00:54:41.959 --> 00:54:42.999
ARE THEY WORKING?

00:54:42.999 --> 00:54:45.999
THE YOUNG WOMEN,
WHAT DO THEY DO?

00:54:45.999 --> 00:54:48.667
SO THIS IS WHY I DIFFER
SOMETIMES

00:54:48.667 --> 00:54:52.166
WITH THESE PEOPLE WHO SAY
THAT THIS IS THE WAY TO GO.

00:54:52.166 --> 00:54:54.709
I KNOW THE CAUCASIAN
STEAMROLLER.

00:54:54.709 --> 00:54:56.999
I KNOW THAT--
THE WORLD\'S PROVED IT.

00:54:56.999 --> 00:55:01.999
WHEREVER WE\'VE WENT,
WE\'VE ALTERED THE CULTURES.

00:56:00.500 --> 00:56:02.166
CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY:

00:56:02.166 --> 00:56:05.999
WESTERN CAPTIONING SERVICE LTD.
VANCOUVER, B.C. 1992