WEBVTT

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I was thinking if I looked here

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is the grass that you can make a
very good comparison that is as

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any plant relies on cellulose as
its basic structural component.

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All human beings, animals rely on protein
as their basic structural component.

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But also for every fundamental body
process, our hormones, our enzymes

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that regulate all of our metabolism,
these umm… these two involve protein

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so that it\'s very true when… when Nutritionists,
wherever tells you that protein is important,

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it is vitally important and I think that\'s
why everyone knows the word protein

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and where protein is found in some limited extent,
uh… where they might not know other nutrients.

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Perhaps, the best way

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to think of one need for protein is
in terms of thinking of our need

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for certain amino acids. Although our body,
although there are many building blocks

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to protein, there are only eight that we have to
eat and food, others we can make in our body.

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And these eight are called
essential amino acids,

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very simply because they\'re
central to eating food.

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Most Americans think that need is the sole source
of protein, of these amino acids that we need

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and therefore they get most of
their protein from meat sources

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umm… in addition to dairy products,

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Americans get a considerable protein
from dairy products too. But in fact,

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they could be getting the same amino acids

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from plant foods and this is the question
most people don\'t know, which plant foods

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and it\'s certainly true that not all
have significant amount of protein.

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So that\'s the interesting problem.

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[music]

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[sil.]

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You know, every time I come to supermarket, I always
get a kick out of seeing what everybody is buying.

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No. Yeah, because it\'s
always interesting that

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the major portion of the food bill on the cash
register is contributed through meat source of foods,

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and I used to be exactly same
way, I thought I had to buy meat

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and I had to buy enough to feed myself and my family
every day, not only every day but every meal. Yeah.

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And it was logical buying but it was a real
economic buying too, I mean it\'s very difficult.

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Fortunately, we don\'t have to rely
on meat as a source of protein,

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there\'s a whole other world of protein
that most people are unaware of.

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And if we didn\'t rely on meat for our
protein, we could feed a lot more people.

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Right. I discovered when I first started studying
the world full time, you know, I went into

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the whole area of concern
with the preconception that

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the woeful problem with agricultural problem
that there was just not enough to go around

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and the question is how to produce more.
Well, as I began to study, I saw that

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one of the basic problems is that a
distribution immune, just cut off

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is the food resource distributed
and when it\'s distributed,

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how is it used, is it indirectly or
is it fed to animals. In the mutual,

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we feed, in this country, we feed at least
half of all of our agricultural products

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on our land to animals. And on top of
that, we import from the poor countries.

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Now very little of that gets returned to that
protein fed to the animals gets returned us

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as meat in our plate, very, very little.

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[music]

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Protein presents released
very special problems

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from a nutritional standpoint.
One because of its expansion.

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But even more difficult

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is the problem created by the fact that
proteins differ from each other a great deal

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in their nutritional quality.
This is something

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that is unique in the nutrition of protein.

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Whether we get our vitamin B1 from liver,

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or from a vegetable, really doesn\'t
make any difference to the body at all.

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Vitamin B1 is vitamin B1. But protein from

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a piece of meat and protein from a cereal

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for example are very
different propositions.

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Most people think good quality or bad quality
protein and what they\'re referring of

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what nutritionists also use those
terms refer to quality protein,

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what they really mean is the usable, usability of
the protein to your body. When any cell in the body

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is starting the business of
putting together a protein,

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it\'s got a very simple problem and look

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it\'s popped beans are perfect illustration
of the nature of the problem.

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A protein has to have

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a variety of amino acids put
together in a certain order

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and nothing else will do. Here
for example is what\'s roughly

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a model of a protein and
to put it together,

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the individual amino acids in this case
yellow ones, pink ones, and blue ones

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are put together in a simple sequence

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and the cell is essentially sitting
there, putting on a pink one,

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putting on a yellow one, putting on a blue.

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And these goes on, if you\'re three
years old for hours and hours.

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Pink. And the yellow.

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And the blue.

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And now the problem of protein
quality becomes evident.

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We have a good size dishes, beads left,

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but we\'re already running out of things.
And when the pinks are gone,

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we can\'t proceed any further with
putting together the protein.

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When the body is confounded with
that, when the beads are amino acids

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and run has been exhausted,

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all the rest simply have to
be thrown aside in the urine.

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Now what happens is, meat, milk, and eggs

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are classic good protein,
provide all of the amino acids

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that tissues need and they provide
them in the right proportions,

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so that essentially when the
protein has been digested

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and absorbed, the tissues can
make long protein chains

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and they run out of amino acids
or they run out of beads,

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simultaneously. And therefore,
we can rate every food group

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on how well its amino acid pattern matches
the one pattern that our body can best use

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and I call this the usability continuum. Egg
is the most usable. It\'s over 90% usable.

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And under that fall… below that fall,

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milk and then comes meat, and then
soy, soy is very close to meat,

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about in the same rank, and
then grains and seeds,

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and then below that are lyceums.
But we\'re not left with this list,

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we can improve on it by combining two
food groups. So we can take one group

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that has an amino acid pattern that is slightly deficient
in a couple of amino acids and another food group

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that is strong enough amino acids. Wheat for
example has a shortage of an amino acid

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that just happens to be called lysine.

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In contrast, most beams have
quite a surplus of lysine

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but they have shortages of other things.

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If one examines the plant foods carefully,

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it\'s possible to select combinations
that are complimentary.

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Sorbet when the two are combine,

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each compensates for the shortage
in amino acids in the other.

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Corn and beans are one row

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worked out combination of this kind.

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So that two to one mixture of common corn

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with very common beans provides

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a protein of a quality
practically equivalent to milk

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and does it at about 10%
or less of the expense.

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[sil.]

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Historically, meat and other animal
products have played a supplemental role,

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you know, with bread and rice. Again, these
have hydrate food have staff implied

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and meat products and other animal
protein has been the supplemental foods

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but somehow here in the United States and in few other rich
countries, we\'ve turned that relationship on its head.

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And now we think that the meat is a staple,

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meat is the foundation of our diet and that all
the other foods or fill it as your supplemental.

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And at one time, big really was a result of

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very efficient use of non-edible
substances, cows, and pigs,

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and other ruminant would graze and
eat grass and non-edible things

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and we would get very,
very high quality protein.

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That\'s true, but as you\'re describing it,
they would in fact protein factories

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but what we\'ve made them is in to protein factories
in reverse because what we\'ve ended up doing is

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the enormous quantity of
the highly uh… nutritious

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beneficial product that could be fed to
man directly but we feed to animals.

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Here\'s about a pound of beef. Now
this is about one quarter of protein.

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How much protein in feed would
go to make this protein?

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Well, for beef, it\'s about
21 ounce of protein

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fed to an animal to get one pound
back of protein on our plate.

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When you look at it across the board, different types
of livestock convert protein in a different ratio.

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On the average, you could
say in the United States,

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the ratio is 10:1. In another words, it\'d take
10 pounds fed to get one pound of protein back.

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Now what this means in a given year in
the United States is that we feed about

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20 million tons of protein to animals.
And we only get about two million back,

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so that means there are 18 million lesser
protein in a year in the United States become

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inextensible to human being. And this
amount of protein approach is that

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the whole world protein deficit
is statistical enough.

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Let me put it back.

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This bean and rice dish that I\'m
making here is a perfect example of

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one of the three main combinations of
foods that together give your body

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more useable protein and if you ate each
food separately. Now this dish represents

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the first combination, grains and legumes.
Legumes may not be a word

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you\'re familiar with but there
really are commonly eaten food.

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This is one type of
legume, the kidney bean.

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Legumes include all types of beans, lintel and
peas, and of course just in the category of beans,

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there must be over a dozen, there
are kidney beans, pea beans,

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soy beans, black-eyed pea, black
beans, lima beans, garbanzo beans.

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But for all of these beans, including the
kidney-bean here, to get the useable protein

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that we that we want to get from them,
we\'ve got to combine them with the grain.

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That is the other art of this combination,
and for this recipe, that grain is rice.

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[music]

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That\'s a good example of grains and legumes. You
know, there are many other forms that we can use

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to combine grains and legumes.
Such as flours.

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Umm… I\'m going to make this raw bread

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that combines raw flour and soy flour
to make a very protein-rich dish.

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In fact, in any baked goods, such as muffins or
pancakes, or cakes, or cookies, or corn bread,

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you can add a little bit of soy
flour to a whole grain flour

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and increase the protein.
But there\'s also corn meal

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that always reminds me that
many cultures have head upon

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these combinations in protein food. They could
have all done spontaneously with… In our times,

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it\'s just discovering those things. Yeah, taking advantage
of years to catch up. Now like in Latin America,

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where corn meal is eaten with
tortillas with beans and in India.

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And in Asia. Also Rice is a staple and they
eat a lot of soy products with rice. Right.

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[music]

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Most people think, like I used to, that
eating meat was a very, very practical way

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to get protein and maybe the only practical
way. And I think people also believe that

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they wouldn\'t be able to eat enough
non-meat food to get enough protein

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in their daily diet. Right. I think
you\'ve hit on the two basic notions

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that people have. But
they do reflect the idea

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that we need much, much more
protein than we actually do.

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We could eat less than half meat a day and get every bit
of Protein that the National Academy of Sciences say

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that we do need. And what about the
other idea that many people have?

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There are certain nutrients in meat
that we can\'t get in any other food.

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Well, I think that that\'s certainly a belief that people have,
but in fact, and when you\'re considering major nutrients,

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the majority nutrients, meaning
minerals, and vitamins, and all,

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majority comes from non-meat sources
and there is in fact no nutrients

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that is solely deposited in meat. So people
think of their meal as meat for protein,

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maybe vegetables for vitamins and
minerals or salad and potatoes

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or noodles for carbohydrates but
in fact, we can add protein

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to any dish that we can eat and
it can turn of our whole meal.

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Right, and what we always say is that
you can add… you can have these dishes,

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each one of them, adding something to your protein needed in
a whole day, they all add up to the relatively small amount

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that we really need.

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Milk products and grains
are the second combination

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of protein foods that we need together, give you
more protein than if you ate the two separately.

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Actually, this is probably the most
familiar combination to all of us.

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We most likely eat milk products
with grains, almost every day.

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Maybe it\'s cereal with milk on top or maybe
with milk and cheese sandwich for lunch

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but it\'s a familiar combination. What that
might be less familiar to dinner casserole

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where a bulgur wheat, which is a cracked
wheat, it is combined with cheese,

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it is in this cracked wheat okra. What
I\'ve done here is grate some cheese

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and add it to the bulgur
and then it\'s baked.

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But I could have used wholegrain
wheat, I could\'ve used

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our wholegrain wheat with cheddar cheese and
tomato sauce, which is also one of favorite.

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And you can also use rice, remember the concaves
of rice with ricotta cheese and hot chili pepper?

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Right. But there are other common dishes

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like macaroni and cheese. And if
you use whole wheat macaroni,

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makes it very, very good protein. Right.
Or a soup for example with…

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a soup with a milk base like tomato and
rice which… You can add whole rice

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or wheat to it. But not
only are main dishes

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good examples of milk and grain
combination but we can make desserts like

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this orange pancakes that I\'m making
right here. This is ricotta cheese

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and I couldn\'t use blended cottage cheese
instead of ricotta. Right. Instead of ricotta,

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you could\'ve put a little yogurt in it. These
are all different kinds of the product.

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Yeah. And that pancakes are of course are made
with whole wheat flour. But they are not a desert

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like bread pudding, rice… Rice
pudding, yeah. Rice pudding.

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But then I often use milk powder
as a additive, the protein,

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instant protein additive and I put it in cookies
and coffee cakes and many things like that.

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Well, you could fill a coffee cake with a filling like
this, this is just plan ricotta cheese. Just cut in half

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and put it on the inside. Uh-huh. It looks very
pretty when it\'s cut. Just like this one does.

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So that kind of goes on the
top and drips down on side

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and then it\'s cut like a cake. Right.

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There\'s another way to assess
the costliness of meat.

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In relation to the amount of land that it
takes to produce meat, milk in a diet,

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estimate to meat, this why they
agreed upon that it takes about

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3.5 acres of land and I\'d estimate

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maybe this much land, an awfully
big expensive land to provide

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a meat and milk based diet for one person.
Where if that person were eating

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primarily plant foods as a source of the
protein, as it is basis of any diet,

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uh… it would take maybe a 20th of
it, maybe a quarter of an acre,

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sixth of an acre in that realm, in that order of
magnitude. That\'s another way that we can get

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a sense of how costly meat is. So that then we can
look at ourselves, relationship with the world

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and see whether or not our…
our diet is (inaudible)

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and it\'s very clear that there\'s only about one
acre of arable land and (inaudible) of that land,

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it doesn\'t require tremendous capital inputs,
there\'s about an acre of arable land now

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per person with our current population. It stands
to reason then traceable refuted condition

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that if it takes three and half acres
to provide meat and milk based diet

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and we only have an acre per person in the world,
we all can\'t eat the meat and milk based diet,

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heavy centered meat and milk based
diet that we have in America today.

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[music]

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Legumes and seeds are third combinations
of food that give us more useable protein

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when we eat them together.
By (inaudible) for it

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sunflower seeds and sesame seeds and legumes
of course is the original group of food

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that we talked about,
beans, peas, and lentils.

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But here I\'ve garbanzo beans which I pureed, put
in a blender until they\'re nice and creamy.

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And I\'m adding to the beans
puree, sesame butter,

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which is really ground sesame seeds.

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And mixing altogether. And new thing
is after adding a spice a little bit,

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you can get to settle
these (inaudible) bread

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that has the pocket in there for sandwich filling.
And you fill it and you have your family or guests,

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whatever garnishing they want and these
are tomatoes, onions, and cucumbers.

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My favorite combination of garnishes.

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But, you know, you don\'t have to mix the seeds in like
you use in the same dish. I\'m making a carrot salad here

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and I\'m going to add some sunflower seeds and
serve it at the same here with pea foods.

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Right. So we can have our
complements in the same meal

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but not in the same dish. Right. Uh-huh.
Actually, legumes and seeds bloom themselves

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to very delicious snack too, like peanuts which
are a legume, although we technically call them

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nuts, peanuts and sunflower
seeds, with a few raisins

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and that kind of thing, it\'s a great party snack
and… Sometimes you can roast soy beans and…

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So they are real crunchy like that… yeah. Yeah,
have them with sunflower seeds or sesame seeds.

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And you can peanut butter and put
sesame butter in it or you can put…

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Roasted sunflowers. Roasted sunflowers in it or
you can toast it, soy flour can be blended in

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with sesame butter and herbs for very, very different
kind of spread and you wouldn\'t even recognize

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the peanut butter.

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[music]

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The way I look at it is, you
know, why, I mean, if there are

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so many interesting possibilities of non-meat
foods, a friend of mine made a statement that

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all vegetarian diets are monotonous,
and I\'m a little taken back

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and I know that the common attitude and
so I sat down and figured out that

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there are over a hundred, personally there
were hundred different kinds of commonly eaten

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non-meat foods and the
possibilities are infinite

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compared to say the five different
kinds of meat that most of us eat.

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So where I ask myself is the boredom. It\'s only
in being tied to it a kind of formula dinner.

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It\'s said meat, and starch, and vegetable,

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and the freedom excitement, the interest
is in the possibilities elsewhere

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and I discovered vegetables that I didn\'t know
existed, that now have become my favorite.

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So… so my response is

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why depend on meat when there\'s
so many interesting possibility.

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Umm… But in a deeper sense,
of course, there are reasons

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uh… that I sort of happened
upon, I didn\'t really even have

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an awareness to know that the questions were
there to ask and those are the questions about

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umm… the ecological impact
of a heavy meat in the diet.

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In this country, to support to meet
such a diet that we, Americans, have

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it takes 78% of all of our
grain being fed to animals.

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Now that\'s a tremendous portion of our agricultural
resources. Another way of looking at it is

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the half of all the harvested acreage in United State
is fed to animals. And remember, the animals are

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the protein triggers, they have to build their
own body, they have to supply their own energy.

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So their output to us
is very small, steered,

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it\'s 21 pounds of protein into one pound out. And these
are the figures that were just astonishing to me,

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when we have choice, when
we have a choice to make

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the most of our agricultural productivity, why minimize
it. And in light of the world need for protein,

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this is the most urgent question.
How can we live in reality

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with what the world can produce
for the majority of mankind?

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How can we adapt or live in such
a way that all mankind could…

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all mankind could be fed a healthful diet?
And to answer that question,

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we have to live that way. We\'ve got to look to
non-meat foods, we\'ve got to look at… look at

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the other possibility and not be tied to a diet
that is an ecological, that is out of touch

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with the world needs for protein.