WEBVTT

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[ethereal orchestral music]

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♪ ♪

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- Yesterday I was going through
my notes,

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and I was like, \"Well, you know,
what are the objectives here?\"

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Like you said,
\"What is the why?\"

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These are just a series
of quotes.

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General Scales - he begins
by sort of saying

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the center of gravity

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is the now the perception
of civilians.

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And so victory is defined
as capturing

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the psychocultural high ground.

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\"As a consequence of this,

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empathy is the new
key weapon of war.\"

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They\'re proposing
a Manhattan Project

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for the human sciences.

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- Sir, be advised,
we have one urgent surgical.

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One urgent, three KIA.

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- [...].

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- Roger.
Good copy.

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Six out.

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- Thanks for inviting
the Marine Corps

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to come here today
and share with you

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how your marines
are transforming language

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and cultural issues within
the Marine Corps.

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In part due to our heritage
and our expeditionary nature,

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the Marine Corps has always been
very interested

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in languages
and cultural competence.

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But our experience since 9/11
as well as our assessments

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of the future operational
environments

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we are likely
to be employed in

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has only sharpened that interest

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and made us recognize
that we need to do more.

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We need to have marines
that are capable

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of navigating the human
and cultural terrain.

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[wind howling]

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- We\'re in a different war.

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We are in a war that is
as much a cultural struggle

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as it is a military struggle
that demands subtlety.

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And where in the case
of this sort of training,

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not only is the senior
leadership

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need to put on the mantle
of diplomacy,

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but so does the young corporal.

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And that is largely the intent
of this training.

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[helicopter blades thudding]

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Junior marines will
tend to ask me,

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\"Sir, why the hell do I care?

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We do kinetic ops really well.\"

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And my answer to them is,

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\"Because you want fewer problems
on the battlefield.\"

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I put up a really simple slide:

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\"supportive,\" \"non-hostile,\"
\"hostile.\"

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yeah, we can do it kinetically,

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but we can also do it
with a smile and a wave,

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is to take them from hostile -

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they\'re shooting at us;

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they\'re trying
to destabilize Iraq -

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to at least non-hostile.

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And I beg you to teach
your lance corporals

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on the ground
that concept.

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- When the 1st Marine Division
was preparing to return to Iraq

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in late 2003, early 2004,

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the division commander
at the time,

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Major General Mattis,

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who had led the assault
into Afghanistan,

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and then who had led
the assault into Iraq,

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recognized the need
for certain kinds of training

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that were not traditional.

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The earliest one was
at March Air Reserve Base,

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where we had mock Iraqi towns

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with buildings and firm bases
and things of that sort

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that evolved by 2005
to 29 Palms Marine Corps base

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where over time they have built

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a series of small
Iraqi villages,

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forcing commanders to have
to deal with issues

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in a more realistic way.

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[gunfire]

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- There are so many damn locks
over there.

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You know, their cabinets
are locked,

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their trunks are locked,
their closets are locked,

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their [...] are locked.

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Everything is locked!

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Okay, now if the head
of household is with us,

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he brings the keys along,
we can just,

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\"Hey, sir, would you please mind
unlocking this for us?\"

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All right, because if we don\'t,

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then we have to either
go get him

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and have him unlock everything
one at a time,

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or we got to break
the lock.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- We try to articulate
what is the purpose

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of our program here.

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It\'s really to get
the marines familiar,

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proficient, and confident
in urban operations,

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operating in an urban
environment

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amongst a population
that they\'re not certain

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if they\'re all friendly,
if they\'re all neutral,

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or if they\'re all unfriendly.

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And using our theme

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of, \"No better friend,
no worse enemy,\" learn,

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who can they trust?

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Who can they deal with?

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How do they deal
with this population?

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How do we create a program
that really trains marines

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to the current fight?

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You know, that
counterinsurgency,

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that urban fight,

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where tactical cultural
awareness is important.

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Dealing with
the population properly

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is mission essential.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- I do welcome you here in town,
you and your staff.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- But there is a few things

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that I would like
to mention to you.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- What do we got?

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What do we got?

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- The man over here is part
of the insurgency.

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[all speaking at once]

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- Don\'t be vague
in the question.

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- Okay, he has information
about his neighbors.

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- Never pay money
for information.

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It might get a little bit edgy.

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Don\'t take immediate notes.

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You shouldn\'t crack a smile.

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You shouldn\'t giggle and laugh
at that stuff.

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So just strike up
that casual conversation,

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and you might get
a better answer.

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Never set up specific
future meetings.

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Avoid the temptation to go,
\"No, stop, stop.

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Just tell me where
the insurgents are.\"

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- Hey, let me know
what\'s going on out here!

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Is he down?

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- We will be here longer,

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and we are here to help
and improve the situation.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- My name is Gabriel Durait.

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I am Iraqi.

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I live in the United States,
San Diego.

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We are playing role-player
Iraqis as back in Iraq.

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We give the idea, how does
the life look like over in Iraq?

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so we doing the same thing here
to get the marines trained good.

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So when they go back in Iraq,

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we make sure they know
what they are doing

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and how to deal with the people.

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We do culture class for them,

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teach them how\'s the Iraqis way,
what religion they have,

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what they respect

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and ways they not respect
and know about disrespect.

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[men shouting in distance]

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Right now they\'re setting up
their checkpoint operations.

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And then we\'ll give them more
than one thing to deal with

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inside technical operations.

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We\'ll give them a complex thing
to deal with,

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as in we\'ll have a vehicle
blow up,

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or we\'ll give them
a complex ambush,

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a small arms fire.

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- Hey, we got fire over here,
right here.

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- What do you see?

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Do you see anything?

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- Negative.

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- A common mistake, I think,

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inside checkpoint operations
is the escalation of force.

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When is it right for them
to actually engage a vehicle

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when it\'s done something wrong?

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Making sure that you can\'t just
shoot somebody

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because they didn\'t stop
at a stop sign.

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[indistinct radio chatter]

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- Loop around
to the north of that.

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- Roger that.

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- Don\'t fly into them.

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There goes one.

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- What we\'re giving them here
is muscle memory.

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Here I can go through
ten scenarios,

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one right after the other,

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where out in that field

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I would have only had time
to do one.

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you\'re taking the 18-, 19-,
20-year-old marine

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He\'s got his hands
on the butterfly trigger.

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He has life and death
in his hands.

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He\'s the one that has to decide,

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\"Is that a vehicle-born IED,
or is that a mama and five kids

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just scared
and driving erratically?\"

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If I show it to him enough
in here,

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which is the difference
between the two,

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then when he gets in country,

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we have less chance
of killing the innocent.

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We\'re not killers.

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We\'re professional killers.

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We don\'t kill women
and children.

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We kill those people
that are trying to kill us.

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- If you guys
aren\'t gonna watch -

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there\'s three of you
on there right now.

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If I\'m an insurgent and I got
some 500-pound bombs under it,

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I\'ll take all three of you out
in one shot.

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- At 1900, heavy fire
from the south.

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[indistinct radio chatter]

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- Heavy gunfire in the back.

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Do you need assistance?

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[indistinct radio chatter]

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- Be advised.

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We are green, green, red.

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- West to eastbound on Albany.

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How do you want me
to approach?

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Is the LT set up?

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- Now 300 to 400 meters ahead.

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- Is that the RPG gunner?

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- I copy.
Over.

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- I will guarantee you

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that if you come back here
this summer,

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when my next two battalions
are undergoing this experience

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prior to deploying,

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it will be that much
more complex,

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and that much larger
in scope,

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because we have just scratched
the surface

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as to what we can do
in this very complex challenge.

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- Essentially,
I went to the

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Cultural Competency Conference
at Air University.

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Now, the objective
of the conference

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was to address at what level
should cultural training occur?

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What should the content
of cultural training be?

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There weren\'t
the discussions over,

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\"You know, we need to learn
culture in order to learn

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how to better target
our opponents.\"

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[no audio]

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There were almost no references
to the weaponization of culture.

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- I think there is
a tremendous tension

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between old-fashioned thinking
about war and modern conditions.

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I won\'t even say
\"battlefield conditions,\"

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because wars are not fought
on battlefields anymore.

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And this is very difficult

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for traditional armies
to figure out.

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The United States
is grappling with it

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in Iraq and Afghanistan,

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as it did in Vietnam
with very limited success.

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- By the year 2005,

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the U.S. military has run
in to big trouble

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in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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And there\'s a realization
at that time

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that there needs to be
a new approach

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to fighting these wars.

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- All of the programs
and all of the initiatives,

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changes the training environment
at 29 Palms

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the change to curriculum

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within the war colleges
and the staff colleges,

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all of these things
are part of a reform movement

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inside the Department of Defense

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that grew out first
of this discourse,

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this critical discourse,
on culture.

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- We started looking
into aspects

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of cultural awareness
in the military back in 2004.

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It was prompted by,
really,

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a reaction to the press coverage
of operations in Iraq

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marines going in with
the idea that a wave

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would be more effective
than a gun,

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handing out footballs,
growing mustaches

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in order to develop rapport
with Iraqis.

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All of this stuff struck us
as interesting,

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because we were interested

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in how the military
were thinking about culture

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- Each one of these balls

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has a fallen soldier\'s
name on it...

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- That have came to Iraq...

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- Trying to help kids
just like you.

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- [speaking Arabic]

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- Culture was becoming
the killer variable

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with a military
that was being tasked

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to have war among the people,

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Would this somehow pacify
the military,

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to bring culture into it?

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Or the other -
the corollary of this,

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would it somehow or another
militarize peacemaking?

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- My sole purpose is to get you
down range,

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let you whoop some butt,
set you up for success,

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bring you back up range,
and debrief you.

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All right?

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Don\'t be the platoon
that I do this to.

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Don\'t make me call time-out.

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If I call time-out,
that means you just get ate up.

00:14:00.100 --> 00:14:02.167
It\'s mind over matter, right?

00:14:02.200 --> 00:14:03.333
[all grunting]

00:14:03.367 --> 00:14:04.567
You don\'t mind it, what?

00:14:04.600 --> 00:14:06.733
all: It don\'t matter.

00:14:06.767 --> 00:14:08.900
[indistinct radio chatter]

00:14:08.933 --> 00:14:09.933
- How you doing?

00:14:09.967 --> 00:14:14.000
[indistinct radio chatter]

00:14:14.033 --> 00:14:16.033
- Be advised, I\'m hearing
heavy gunfire in the back.

00:14:16.067 --> 00:14:20.667
Do you need assistance?

00:14:20.700 --> 00:14:22.300
- The enemy was always
the enemy,

00:14:22.333 --> 00:14:24.200
and that\'s what they taught us
to believe.

00:14:24.233 --> 00:14:26.967
And certainly to be
in the military

00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:29.567
and to be a soldier,
a good soldier,

00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:31.433
as they want you to be,

00:14:31.467 --> 00:14:33.900
there\'s an indoctrination
process to that.

00:14:33.933 --> 00:14:36.867
And in order to storm the hill
and risk your life,

00:14:36.900 --> 00:14:40.567
you need that sort
of binary decision making.

00:14:40.600 --> 00:14:42.200
You need to have

00:14:42.233 --> 00:14:44.033
sort of a black-and-white
attitude about it

00:14:44.067 --> 00:14:45.500
where, \"That\'s the enemy.\"

00:14:45.533 --> 00:14:50.667
If you have a moment to think
in tones of gray,

00:14:50.700 --> 00:14:53.167
\"Well, that guy has a kid
and this.

00:14:53.200 --> 00:14:55.067
\"You know, well,
maybe he\'s not so bad.

00:14:55.100 --> 00:14:56.600
I understand why he hates us,\"

00:14:56.633 --> 00:14:58.133
I mean, we\'ll never fight.

00:14:58.167 --> 00:14:59.167
It\'ll never happen,

00:14:59.200 --> 00:15:00.767
and we\'ll never storm the hill,

00:15:00.800 --> 00:15:02.500
and we\'ll probably get shot
ourselves.

00:15:02.767 --> 00:15:04.067
- The question then becomes,

00:15:04.100 --> 00:15:06.067
can you take guys
like the marines

00:15:06.100 --> 00:15:07.267
and our airborne soldiers,

00:15:07.300 --> 00:15:09.467
who everyone knows
are tough guys,

00:15:09.500 --> 00:15:11.100
and you can sort of say,

00:15:11.133 --> 00:15:13.400
\"We want you to be kinder
and gentler

00:15:13.433 --> 00:15:17.133
and culturally aware.\"

00:15:16.167 --> 00:15:18.100
Yes, you can,
to a certain extent.

00:15:18.133 --> 00:15:19.833
You can tell them,
\"Don\'t be bullies,\"

00:15:19.867 --> 00:15:21.867
and they\'ll get that concept.

00:15:21.900 --> 00:15:24.800
But can you turn them
into diplomats or something?

00:15:24.833 --> 00:15:28.367
No, they\'re fundamentally
killers.

00:15:28.400 --> 00:15:30.633
They\'re professional killers,

00:15:30.667 --> 00:15:33.700
because they do it
for the sake of the country.

00:15:33.733 --> 00:15:37.100
But when you say,
\"Every marine is a rifleman,\"

00:15:37.133 --> 00:15:39.167
what do you do with a rifle?

00:15:39.200 --> 00:15:40.533
You shoot somebody else.

00:15:40.567 --> 00:15:43.567
[gunfire]

00:15:45.267 --> 00:15:46.267
- Let\'s go.

00:15:46.300 --> 00:15:47.933
[men shouting]

00:15:47.967 --> 00:15:49.567
[gunshots]

00:15:49.600 --> 00:15:51.467
- Shoot back.
You\'re down.

00:15:51.500 --> 00:15:52.500
- It\'s a casualty drill.

00:15:52.533 --> 00:15:53.667
What\'s going to happen

00:15:53.700 --> 00:15:55.433
is that there will be
a role-player out there

00:15:55.467 --> 00:15:56.467
who shoots at them.

00:15:56.500 --> 00:15:58.300
And then, basically,

00:15:58.333 --> 00:16:01.133
the lieutenants will enter this
building where they find us.

00:16:01.167 --> 00:16:02.433
They were briefed in their order

00:16:02.467 --> 00:16:04.133
that they are looking
for two lost marines.

00:16:04.167 --> 00:16:06.567
We\'re the lost Marines.

00:16:06.600 --> 00:16:08.633
The marine in there
has got a head trauma

00:16:08.667 --> 00:16:11.033
they\'ve got to treat.

00:16:11.067 --> 00:16:13.100
And then I\'ll have
an open tib-fib fracture

00:16:13.133 --> 00:16:14.467
with arterial bleeding

00:16:14.500 --> 00:16:16.567
and a gunshot wound
through and through.

00:16:16.600 --> 00:16:19.367
Basically, they have to
come in here.

00:16:19.400 --> 00:16:21.200
They have a shoot/no shoot
scenario in there.

00:16:21.233 --> 00:16:22.300
They go in there.

00:16:22.333 --> 00:16:23.967
The prisoner
is being interrogated.

00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:26.133
They have to decide
whether to shoot that guy

00:16:26.167 --> 00:16:29.167
or to take him EPW.

00:16:29.200 --> 00:16:30.333
Then they have to treat us

00:16:30.367 --> 00:16:32.600
and get us medevaced
out of here in time.

00:16:32.633 --> 00:16:35.900
- Let\'s go!
Open the window.

00:16:35.933 --> 00:16:38.933
- Open the window.

00:16:48.833 --> 00:16:51.267
- Every area of operations
is different.

00:16:51.300 --> 00:16:54.533
Every town, every village
has a different mix.

00:16:54.567 --> 00:16:56.967
And we need to find what\'s
the truth

00:16:57.000 --> 00:16:58.933
and what\'s the perception there,

00:16:58.967 --> 00:17:00.933
because frequently perception
is more important

00:17:00.967 --> 00:17:02.300
than actual truth anyway,

00:17:02.333 --> 00:17:05.600
and particularly
in the society there.

00:17:05.633 --> 00:17:09.667
We need to base our actions,
on the truth that we find,

00:17:11.333 --> 00:17:12.467
not the truth we find

00:17:12.500 --> 00:17:14.833
from talking to each other
as Americans

00:17:14.867 --> 00:17:16.933
but on the truth we find
from talking to Iraqis

00:17:16.967 --> 00:17:19.333
about what they see
and what they think.

00:17:21.867 --> 00:17:24.867
- If you talk to the young men
and women

00:17:24.900 --> 00:17:25.933
who want to be officers

00:17:25.967 --> 00:17:27.367
in the United States
armed forces,

00:17:27.400 --> 00:17:29.200
you will find an extraordinary
number of people

00:17:29.233 --> 00:17:32.833
who pay very close attention
to the language, the culture,

00:17:32.867 --> 00:17:34.033
the history, the geography,

00:17:34.067 --> 00:17:39.533
the makeup of Iraq
and of Afghanistan,

00:17:39.567 --> 00:17:41.000
who could serve
as anthropologists,

00:17:41.033 --> 00:17:43.200
many of them,
as well as teachers

00:17:43.233 --> 00:17:44.867
as well as they could
as soldiers.

00:17:44.900 --> 00:17:46.533
It\'s not just a military
question.

00:17:46.567 --> 00:17:50.067
All our cultural
and intellectual sinew

00:17:50.100 --> 00:17:52.967
will be required in this battle.

00:17:52.567 --> 00:17:53.967
It\'s better to do it
than not to do it,

00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:57.533
so practice and train so that
when we\'re out there,

00:17:57.567 --> 00:17:59.167
we can do better stuff.

00:17:59.200 --> 00:18:02.467
- The Arabic language
and some of the Arabic culture

00:18:02.500 --> 00:18:04.433
helps you not to offend
the people over there.

00:18:04.467 --> 00:18:06.133
It helps you to be able
to tell them,

00:18:06.167 --> 00:18:07.967
you know, \"Hey, we\'re friends.\"

00:18:14.500 --> 00:18:16.167
- My name is Sergeant
Jason Elsjon.

00:18:16.200 --> 00:18:17.767
- Lance Corporal Nicholas Tift.

00:18:18.700 --> 00:18:21.033
- My name is Carl Alves,
rank lance corporal.

00:18:21.067 --> 00:18:24.067
- My name is PFC [indistinct].

00:18:24.100 --> 00:18:25.500
My first name is [indistinct].

00:18:27.100 --> 00:18:28.333
I\'m ready.

00:18:28.367 --> 00:18:29.933
I\'ve got a bunch of good guys
around here.

00:18:29.967 --> 00:18:33.267
Everybody, everybody that we\'ve
been with so far is real good.

00:18:33.300 --> 00:18:37.100
And I\'ve got good thoughts
of coming back home.

00:19:22.667 --> 00:19:25.700
[horn honks]

00:19:29.867 --> 00:19:31.367
- That\'s me sort of saying,
you know,

00:19:31.400 --> 00:19:32.967
the shortcomings now
are all human.

00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:34.333
World War I
was the chemists\' war.

00:19:34.367 --> 00:19:36.167
World War II
was the physicists\' war.

00:19:36.200 --> 00:19:38.067
World War III was -

00:19:38.100 --> 00:19:40.600
I guess this is the cold war,
the information war.

00:19:40.633 --> 00:19:42.533
And World War IV marks

00:19:42.567 --> 00:19:45.600
the end of information warfare
and a return to Clausewitz,

00:19:45.633 --> 00:19:48.600
where the focus is again
human beings, not technology.

00:19:50.133 --> 00:19:53.133
[no audio]

00:20:00.633 --> 00:20:02.500
- The Pentagon
has a new strategy

00:20:02.533 --> 00:20:04.233
in Iraq and Afghanistan.

00:20:04.267 --> 00:20:06.667
An experimental
$40 million program

00:20:06.700 --> 00:20:08.300
called the Human Terrain System

00:20:08.333 --> 00:20:11.267
has begun enlisting recruits
of a different kind

00:20:11.300 --> 00:20:13.200
to win the battle
of hearts and minds.

00:20:13.233 --> 00:20:15.233
They have graduate degrees
in anthropology

00:20:15.267 --> 00:20:18.400
and serve as cultural advisors
to the U.S. military.

00:20:18.433 --> 00:20:20.633
Some military analysts
have hailed the program

00:20:20.667 --> 00:20:23.600
as the 21st-century equivalent
of a Vietnam-era

00:20:23.633 --> 00:20:25.800
military project called CORDS,

00:20:25.833 --> 00:20:27.533
or Civil Operations

00:20:27.567 --> 00:20:29.867
and Revolutionary
Development Support.

00:20:29.900 --> 00:20:32.167
But the move has
anthropologists up in arms.

00:20:32.200 --> 00:20:34.300
They point to the ethical
implications

00:20:34.333 --> 00:20:36.100
of renewing a program like CORDS

00:20:36.133 --> 00:20:40.267
that assassinated over 26,000
suspected Vietcong.

00:20:40.300 --> 00:20:43.067
In September, a group
of scholars formed a network

00:20:43.100 --> 00:20:46.133
of concerned anthropologists
inspired by physicists

00:20:46.167 --> 00:20:49.000
who opposed the
Reagan-era Star Wars program.

00:20:49.767 --> 00:20:53.500
[wind whistling]

00:20:53.533 --> 00:20:59.333
- We were created from an urgent
need in the middle of a war,

00:20:59.367 --> 00:21:00.567
five years into it.

00:21:00.600 --> 00:21:03.433
It was something
that was needed now.

00:21:03.467 --> 00:21:05.233
The focus is humanity.

00:21:05.267 --> 00:21:07.733
The focus is on the population.

00:21:07.767 --> 00:21:13.067
Terrain, when you talk
about terrain, military people,

00:21:13.100 --> 00:21:15.133
military professionals
are very comfortable

00:21:15.167 --> 00:21:18.667
with the idea of terrain.

00:21:19.133 --> 00:21:21.033
When you put the two together,

00:21:21.067 --> 00:21:25.200
it gives them a picture
of the new environment

00:21:25.233 --> 00:21:26.667
that they\'re operating in.

00:21:26.700 --> 00:21:29.000
In other words,
a human terrain

00:21:29.033 --> 00:21:30.700
that you have to understand

00:21:30.733 --> 00:21:33.267
the intricacies
and the details of,

00:21:33.300 --> 00:21:36.567
just like you understand that
of geographic terrain,

00:21:42.667 --> 00:21:46.133
- The goal of the program
really is to use the knowledge

00:21:46.167 --> 00:21:49.233
and wisdom and methodologies
of social science

00:21:49.267 --> 00:21:53.767
to enable the military
to complete their mission

00:21:53.800 --> 00:21:58.233
more effectively
with less loss of human life,

00:21:58.267 --> 00:22:00.767
both military and civilian,

00:22:00.800 --> 00:22:05.433
and to help the military
to think about things

00:22:05.467 --> 00:22:06.967
from somebody else\'s
point of view

00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:11.800
so that their activities
are harmonized,

00:22:11.833 --> 00:22:13.867
so that they are operating
in conjunction,

00:22:13.900 --> 00:22:16.733
in partnership,
with those local communities.

00:22:16.767 --> 00:22:19.067
- Team one, Mike Williams,
team leader, here, sir.

00:22:19.100 --> 00:22:20.967
And we\'ve got two others.

00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:23.067
Moran, who is an analyst,

00:22:23.100 --> 00:22:25.233
and Steve,
who is a research manager.

00:22:25.400 --> 00:22:28.067
- The U.S. military is expanding
a program in Iraq

00:22:28.100 --> 00:22:31.267
to send teams of anthropologists
and social scientists

00:22:31.300 --> 00:22:32.467
across the country

00:22:32.500 --> 00:22:35.500
acting as cultural analysts
for U.S. forces.

00:22:35.533 --> 00:22:38.100
- So we go out to the villages
and to the cities

00:22:38.133 --> 00:22:40.033
and talk to the Iraqis,

00:22:40.067 --> 00:22:42.533
get an idea of their
perceptions, their feelings,

00:22:42.567 --> 00:22:45.267
you know, basically what they\'re
thinking about their culture.

00:22:45.300 --> 00:22:46.933
And then we take that back
to the military

00:22:46.967 --> 00:22:48.400
so they have
a better understanding

00:22:48.433 --> 00:22:52.867
of the local population.

00:22:52.900 --> 00:22:54.733
- The Human Terrain teams
have been portrayed

00:22:54.767 --> 00:22:57.367
by proponents as nothing more

00:22:57.400 --> 00:23:00.133
than a kind of hearts and minds
campaign.

00:23:00.167 --> 00:23:02.100
If you look at internal
discussions in journals

00:23:02.133 --> 00:23:03.467
like Military Review,

00:23:03.500 --> 00:23:05.467
you find that they\'re
more candid

00:23:05.500 --> 00:23:06.900
about what the aims

00:23:06.933 --> 00:23:09.267
of the Human Terrain
program are.

00:23:09.300 --> 00:23:11.433
And according to those sources,

00:23:11.467 --> 00:23:14.433
Human Terrain is really
about counterinsurgency,

00:23:14.467 --> 00:23:16.600
really about finding out
who the bad guys are

00:23:16.633 --> 00:23:19.433
and relating that information
up the chain of command.

00:23:19.457 --> 00:23:22.466
You know, the strongest
argument that people have made

00:23:22.490 --> 00:23:24.490
who want to convince
anthropologists

00:23:24.514 --> 00:23:26.514
to help in this endeavor

00:23:26.538 --> 00:23:28.538
is that anthropologists\' help

00:23:28.562 --> 00:23:30.562
will create a more
humane approach

00:23:30.586 --> 00:23:33.386
on the part of the U.S. military
towards the Iraqi people,

00:23:33.482 --> 00:23:34.682
And my argument,

00:23:34.706 --> 00:23:37.006
and I think the argument
of many anthropologists, is that

00:23:37.030 --> 00:23:39.030
that is a very seductive idea,

00:23:39.054 --> 00:23:41.054
that you would be able to help
in a situation of crisis.

00:23:41.078 --> 00:23:43.078
What I think one has to step
back and ask is, \"Help what?

00:23:44.102 --> 00:23:46.102
\"Help whom to do what?\"

00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:48.967
While the practice of deploying
anthropologists

00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:51.467
is still considered
counterinsurgency,

00:23:51.500 --> 00:23:53.400
commanders here say
their information

00:23:53.433 --> 00:23:55.167
is not being used
for traditional,

00:23:55.200 --> 00:23:56.900
kinetic military fighting.

00:23:56.933 --> 00:23:59.500
Anthropologists like Jean
and Nancy are able to bring

00:23:59.533 --> 00:24:02.600
a uniquely humanist touch
to understanding Iraqis.

00:24:04.600 --> 00:24:06.267
I think it\'s very appropriate

00:24:06.300 --> 00:24:09.800
that if academics believe
that they understand a culture,

00:24:09.833 --> 00:24:11.367
that they help out,

00:24:11.400 --> 00:24:14.067
because we\'re all under attack
by Al-Qaeda.

00:24:14.100 --> 00:24:15.233
And for some Americans to say,

00:24:15.267 --> 00:24:16.467
\"Oh, I\'m an academic,

00:24:16.500 --> 00:24:18.067
and therefore I\'m not involved
in this,\"

00:24:18.100 --> 00:24:19.400
is a lot of baloney.

00:24:19.433 --> 00:24:23.100
Al-Qaeda will kill an American
in an academic setting

00:24:23.133 --> 00:24:25.600
as fast as he\'ll kill
an American anywhere else.

00:24:25.633 --> 00:24:29.300
So I am all in favor of people
who are anthropologists,

00:24:29.333 --> 00:24:33.300
social scientists,
helping our military.

00:24:33.333 --> 00:24:34.700
And it makes things better,

00:24:34.733 --> 00:24:37.400
because we\'re not out
to oppress anybody,

00:24:37.433 --> 00:24:39.767
but we don\'t want them
killing Americans.

00:24:39.800 --> 00:24:42.633
- I\'m sure that there are plenty
of senior military leaders

00:24:42.667 --> 00:24:44.567
who perfectly well understand
that the Americans

00:24:44.600 --> 00:24:47.167
are involved in an
imperial venture in the U.S.,

00:24:47.200 --> 00:24:48.600
that they\'ve stepped
into the shoes

00:24:48.633 --> 00:24:50.700
of the British and the French
in that region,

00:24:50.733 --> 00:24:53.300
and that they\'re trying
to subjugate another country,

00:24:53.333 --> 00:24:56.100
because they want to secure
American access to resources,

00:24:56.133 --> 00:24:57.367
especially oil.

00:24:57.400 --> 00:24:59.267
And they need military bases
in that region.

00:24:59.300 --> 00:25:03.233
And they\'re
quite pragmatic realists

00:25:03.267 --> 00:25:05.367
who know perfectly well
what the U.S. is up to.

00:25:05.400 --> 00:25:07.833
But there is a certain kind
of rhetoric

00:25:07.867 --> 00:25:09.900
that\'s used to gild the lily,

00:25:09.933 --> 00:25:12.867
about how Americans have
a mission to spread democracy.

00:25:12.900 --> 00:25:13.933
Americans only have

00:25:13.967 --> 00:25:17.333
the well-being
of other people in mind.

00:25:17.367 --> 00:25:21.200
How could anyone possibly oppose
what the Americans are doing?

00:25:21.233 --> 00:25:25.667
So I think once you go down
that second track,

00:25:25.700 --> 00:25:28.100
you start to assume that
the Americans are beneficent.

00:25:28.133 --> 00:25:29.600
Then instead
of reading resistance

00:25:29.633 --> 00:25:32.933
as inevitable resistance
to foreign occupation,

00:25:32.967 --> 00:25:34.500
you start to think of it
as some kind

00:25:34.533 --> 00:25:36.767
of cultural miscommunication.

00:25:36.800 --> 00:25:40.133
And you start to ask naïve,
misshapen questions.

00:25:40.167 --> 00:25:42.400
You know, \"If we only understood
their culture better,

00:25:42.433 --> 00:25:43.600
\"how could we make them like us?

00:25:43.633 --> 00:25:44.900
Why do they hate us so much?\"

00:25:44.933 --> 00:25:46.967
They hate us because we\'re
occupying their country,

00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:48.967
not because we don\'t understand
their hand signals

00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:51.000
and because occasionally
we mistreat their women.

00:25:51.033 --> 00:25:52.567
So if you ask
the wrong question,

00:25:52.600 --> 00:25:53.667
you get the wrong answer,

00:25:53.700 --> 00:25:55.900
and more people
on both sides will die.

00:25:56.600 --> 00:26:00.433
I want to know why they hate us.

00:26:00.467 --> 00:26:01.467
And I haven\'t been given

00:26:01.500 --> 00:26:03.200
satisfactory answers
to that.

00:26:03.233 --> 00:26:05.233
Can you tell me
why they hate us?

00:26:05.267 --> 00:26:10.600
And don\'t tell me it\'s because
we\'re rich and free.

00:26:10.633 --> 00:26:12.033
I don\'t know anybody
in the world

00:26:12.067 --> 00:26:15.633
who wouldn\'t like to be rich
and free, by the way.

00:26:15.667 --> 00:26:17.733
Is there another answer?

00:26:17.767 --> 00:26:20.033
- Hey, you!

00:26:20.067 --> 00:26:22.067
Put the weapon down!

00:26:28.367 --> 00:26:30.533
- Military strategists would say
that public relations

00:26:30.567 --> 00:26:32.933
is the primary weapon
of modern war,

00:26:32.967 --> 00:26:36.467
and to be able to convince
the U.S. public

00:26:36.500 --> 00:26:41.900
that this war is being fought
humanely and in a smart way

00:26:41.933 --> 00:26:44.533
without repeating the mistakes
of the past

00:26:44.567 --> 00:26:46.900
is very, very important
to the U.S. military.

00:26:46.933 --> 00:26:48.867
Whatever anthropologists
do in the field,

00:26:48.900 --> 00:26:50.300
they will be doing that,

00:26:50.333 --> 00:26:52.567
which is to say,
they will be helping

00:26:52.600 --> 00:26:56.900
to convince people
that smart PhDs with knowledge

00:26:56.933 --> 00:26:58.367
of local societies

00:26:58.400 --> 00:27:03.167
are out there making this war
a better, kinder war.

00:27:03.167 --> 00:27:06.800
- And so what you have is,
on the one side,

00:27:06.833 --> 00:27:11.000
an argument that this
is unethical,

00:27:11.033 --> 00:27:15.067
that it is enabling
flawed policies,

00:27:15.100 --> 00:27:20.000
and it is immoral
to let it continue.

00:27:20.033 --> 00:27:23.033
And on the other side,
you have a group of people

00:27:23.067 --> 00:27:26.133
who are saying this is
completely within

00:27:26.167 --> 00:27:28.400
the realm of professional
ethics -

00:27:28.433 --> 00:27:31.133
especially those
non-anthropologists -

00:27:31.167 --> 00:27:34.433
that this is about
changing policy.

00:27:34.467 --> 00:27:37.667
It\'s not about deciding policy,

00:27:37.700 --> 00:27:43.233
and that this is
my moral obligation.

00:27:43.267 --> 00:27:46.167
- I kept wishing
that I could take each soldier

00:27:46.200 --> 00:27:49.867
who talked to me to some
of the places that I had gone.

00:27:49.900 --> 00:27:52.567
And at the same time I thought,

00:27:52.600 --> 00:27:56.400
\"Could I be a warrior,
a fighter,

00:27:56.433 --> 00:28:00.033
if I had seen some of the things
that I have seen?\"

00:28:00.067 --> 00:28:05.000
Their mission is to basically
capture and secure territory

00:28:05.033 --> 00:28:06.800
and win as much as they can.

00:28:06.833 --> 00:28:09.667
We talked about the soldier
diplomat idea, hearts and minds.

00:28:09.700 --> 00:28:11.500
It\'s a real challenge for them.

00:28:11.533 --> 00:28:13.333
I have a great friend in Tehran

00:28:13.367 --> 00:28:16.267
who said at the beginning
of this war,

00:28:16.300 --> 00:28:19.667
\"Remember, Jackie,
culture is not like Nescafe.

00:28:19.700 --> 00:28:22.600
It\'s not something you can just
add water and stir.\"

00:28:22.633 --> 00:28:25.633
[people shouting]

00:28:29.533 --> 00:28:32.700
- Well, there is an Arab culture
thing that they really,

00:28:32.733 --> 00:28:34.267
really don\'t like to be
stripped naked

00:28:34.300 --> 00:28:35.667
and paraded in front of women

00:28:35.700 --> 00:28:38.533
who jeer at them
for being naked.

00:28:38.567 --> 00:28:39.733
Last I looked,

00:28:39.767 --> 00:28:41.967
it applies in our culture
as well.

00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:44.467
But the fact that it was
being presented

00:28:44.500 --> 00:28:48.233
as some peculiarity of the Arab,
Muslim, Iraqi

00:28:48.267 --> 00:28:49.400
cultural sensibility,

00:28:49.433 --> 00:28:51.967
this was sort of a kind
of PSYOPs

00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:53.400
and that it was exploiting

00:28:53.433 --> 00:28:56.933
a vulnerability and using
everything against your enemy

00:28:56.967 --> 00:28:58.067
that you could,

00:28:58.100 --> 00:28:59.567
including their fear
of nakedness,

00:28:59.600 --> 00:29:01.100
their fear of dogs -

00:29:01.133 --> 00:29:02.833
Arabs don\'t like dogs.

00:29:02.867 --> 00:29:04.933
Well, nobody likes to be
stripped naked, hooded,

00:29:04.967 --> 00:29:06.600
chained to a wall
and have a lunging

00:29:06.633 --> 00:29:08.967
German Shepherd snapping
at his crotch.

00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:12.033
That doesn\'t seem to me to be
a peculiarity of the Arab mind.

00:29:12.067 --> 00:29:13.967
And so it was all about just

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:15.700
creating some idea
of difference,

00:29:15.733 --> 00:29:18.133
vulnerability,
and therefore license

00:29:18.167 --> 00:29:19.667
to do things to them

00:29:19.700 --> 00:29:22.733
that you would not properly
be able to do to us.

00:29:23.633 --> 00:29:25.267
- There used to be a time
in the \'50s

00:29:25.300 --> 00:29:26.800
when academic anthropologists

00:29:26.833 --> 00:29:29.700
thought that you could write
a sort of cultural grammar book.

00:29:29.733 --> 00:29:31.100
Now I think the reason
the Pentagon

00:29:31.133 --> 00:29:32.600
has become interested
in culture

00:29:32.633 --> 00:29:35.967
is that they subscribe to that
1950s version of culture.

00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:38.100
If culture is complex,
multilayered,

00:29:38.133 --> 00:29:39.233
shifting, contradictory,

00:29:39.267 --> 00:29:41.600
it\'s really not much use
to them.

00:29:41.633 --> 00:29:43.367
They want culture in a wallet.

00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:45.833
They want culture that you can
put into a computer program.

00:29:45.867 --> 00:29:47.333
So the irony is, I think,

00:29:47.367 --> 00:29:49.467
that the military is interested
in a version of culture

00:29:49.500 --> 00:29:50.900
that doesn\'t exist.

00:29:50.933 --> 00:29:52.433
They\'re on a fool\'s errand.

00:29:52.467 --> 00:29:57.967
- Welcome to Tactical Language
& Culture Training Systems.

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:00.167
The courses teach how
to communicate

00:30:00.200 --> 00:30:02.467
in foreign languages
and cultures

00:30:02.500 --> 00:30:06.800
by playing immersive,
interactive, 3-D video games

00:30:06.833 --> 00:30:09.500
that simulate real-life
communications

00:30:09.533 --> 00:30:13.667
involving spoken dialogues
and cultural protocols.

00:30:13.700 --> 00:30:17.567
The game does not follow
a narrow script.

00:30:17.600 --> 00:30:22.833
Its dialogue evolves
based on what you say and do.

00:30:22.867 --> 00:30:25.667
If you develop rapport
with the Iraqis,

00:30:25.700 --> 00:30:28.467
they cooperate with you.

00:30:28.500 --> 00:30:29.633
If you are rude,

00:30:29.667 --> 00:30:31.833
they are hostile
and uncooperative.

00:30:31.867 --> 00:30:35.600
- [speaking Arabic]

00:30:35.633 --> 00:30:40.600
- [speaking Arabic]

00:30:40.633 --> 00:30:43.367
- [speaking Arabic]

00:30:43.400 --> 00:30:46.867
- Green pluses indicate
that the Iraqis\' opinion of you

00:30:46.900 --> 00:30:48.100
just went up,

00:30:48.133 --> 00:30:53.800
because you showed
cultural sensitivity.

00:30:53.833 --> 00:30:55.667
- [speaking Arabic]

00:30:55.700 --> 00:31:01.733
- [speaking Arabic]

00:31:01.767 --> 00:31:08.267
- [speaking Arabic]

00:31:08.300 --> 00:31:11.500
[speaking Arabic]

00:31:11.533 --> 00:31:14.533
- [speaking Arabic]

00:31:17.300 --> 00:31:20.300
- [speaking Arabic]

00:31:24.533 --> 00:31:25.767
- Bad move.

00:31:25.800 --> 00:31:28.767
You did not have any reason
to detain this man.

00:31:28.800 --> 00:31:30.900
He had no connections
to militias,

00:31:30.933 --> 00:31:34.367
but he may now consider joining.

00:31:37.100 --> 00:31:40.100
- [laughing]

00:32:15.067 --> 00:32:19.900
- We wanted to show that we were
good people,

00:32:19.933 --> 00:32:21.800
and we\'re here to help rebuild.

00:32:21.833 --> 00:32:23.367
And look what we\'re doing
for you.

00:32:23.400 --> 00:32:28.200
And we brought a duffle bag
full of money

00:32:28.233 --> 00:32:29.500
that we were going
to distribute

00:32:29.533 --> 00:32:32.600
in order to build
or to refurbish initially

00:32:32.633 --> 00:32:34.667
a children\'s school building.

00:32:34.700 --> 00:32:37.733
And of course we were doing
a good thing.

00:32:37.767 --> 00:32:39.567
Now you, if you\'re the person

00:32:39.600 --> 00:32:42.067
that I was trying to do this
good deed for,

00:32:42.100 --> 00:32:46.800
I expected some gratitude,

00:32:46.833 --> 00:32:48.933
again, to reinforce
that I\'m a good guy,

00:32:48.967 --> 00:32:50.800
because I am trying to help you.

00:32:50.833 --> 00:32:53.033
Well, we got
the opposite response.

00:32:54.900 --> 00:32:57.300
- I have a close friend
that was in Abu Ghraib.

00:32:57.333 --> 00:33:01.433
We served in the army together,

00:33:01.467 --> 00:33:04.333
and he\'s got a lot of problems.

00:33:04.367 --> 00:33:06.833
He\'s suffering from
post-traumatic stress disorder.

00:33:06.867 --> 00:33:09.333
He\'s on 100% disability now.

00:33:09.367 --> 00:33:12.267
And I\'ve watched him crumble
as a person

00:33:12.300 --> 00:33:17.067
and never be the same.

00:33:17.100 --> 00:33:19.167
It\'s sad.

00:33:19.200 --> 00:33:21.300
I think he knew it would happen.

00:33:21.333 --> 00:33:23.167
I knew it would happen.

00:33:23.200 --> 00:33:24.933
He was a great interrogator,

00:33:24.967 --> 00:33:26.400
and he wasn\'t a great
interrogator

00:33:26.433 --> 00:33:29.433
because he knew how to,
you know, twist a person\'s arm.

00:33:29.467 --> 00:33:30.567
He was a great interrogator

00:33:30.600 --> 00:33:32.300
because he understands
human nature,

00:33:32.333 --> 00:33:38.767
and he understands what you
feel like on the other side,

00:33:38.800 --> 00:33:41.200
and therefore he has
a great sense of empathy.

00:33:41.233 --> 00:33:44.900
And it was that empathy that\'s
destroying him as a person,

00:33:44.933 --> 00:33:47.967
because he was put
into a situation

00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:51.767
where he felt bad
for the Iraqi people,

00:33:51.800 --> 00:33:55.033
he felt bad
for the American soldiers,

00:33:55.067 --> 00:33:57.100
and he wanted
to fix everybody,

00:33:57.133 --> 00:33:59.100
and he couldn\'t fix anybody.

00:34:13.633 --> 00:34:15.133
- I think this was
part and parcel

00:34:15.167 --> 00:34:18.600
of the general tone
at the conference was,

00:34:18.633 --> 00:34:20.033
their goal should now be

00:34:20.067 --> 00:34:25.367
about making better human beings
and how this applies to warfare.

00:34:25.400 --> 00:34:27.133
They\'re proposing
a Manhattan Project

00:34:27.167 --> 00:34:28.967
for the human sciences.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:30.333
And I think -

00:34:30.367 --> 00:34:31.967
[laughing]

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:35.833
- Michael first came
to my office,

00:34:35.867 --> 00:34:37.333
and he already had started

00:34:37.367 --> 00:34:40.033
with the Humanitarianism
and War Project.

00:34:40.067 --> 00:34:43.133
He - and I suppose like me,

00:34:43.167 --> 00:34:46.300
we\'re both people who came
from mixed backgrounds,

00:34:46.333 --> 00:34:47.967
mixed cultures.

00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:51.833
And when you\'re a child,
you have different options.

00:34:51.867 --> 00:34:54.933
You have the option of choosing
one culture over another,

00:34:54.967 --> 00:34:57.000
which is the simpler option.

00:34:57.033 --> 00:34:58.267
Or you have the option of trying

00:34:58.300 --> 00:35:00.667
to reconcile
very powerful forces.

00:35:00.700 --> 00:35:02.833
And from the earliest stages,

00:35:02.867 --> 00:35:05.667
in a way not rejecting either
your mother or your father,

00:35:05.700 --> 00:35:08.933
you have to contend
with bringing things together.

00:35:08.967 --> 00:35:12.600
And I think out of that you get
a seriousness of purpose,

00:35:12.633 --> 00:35:16.033
and more importantly, really,
a curiosity.

00:35:16.067 --> 00:35:19.100
- When we started the Military
Cultural Awareness Project,

00:35:19.133 --> 00:35:21.300
he was the first guy
I reached out to,

00:35:21.333 --> 00:35:22.700
because he was one
of the few people

00:35:22.733 --> 00:35:24.767
who had the expertise
in Afghanistan

00:35:24.800 --> 00:35:26.667
but also had
the theoretical chops

00:35:26.700 --> 00:35:29.433
to understand why
this was something new

00:35:29.467 --> 00:35:31.067
and something that needed
to be studied

00:35:31.100 --> 00:35:33.533
to understand this
transformation of the military.

00:35:33.567 --> 00:35:35.967
He was working against
two different codes.

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:37.933
One, the code he had learned
as a scholar,

00:35:37.967 --> 00:35:40.033
of objective distance,

00:35:40.067 --> 00:35:44.000
and then one he had learned
as a concerned activist,

00:35:44.033 --> 00:35:46.000
that you need to get in
and get dirty.

00:35:46.033 --> 00:35:49.733
You need to get up close
to the war machine.

00:35:49.767 --> 00:35:51.467
- What\'s essentially
happening is,

00:35:51.500 --> 00:35:53.633
is people are adopting
anthropology\'s methods

00:35:53.667 --> 00:35:55.100
for studying the other

00:35:55.133 --> 00:35:58.333
without adopting either their
ethics or their perspectives.

00:35:58.367 --> 00:36:00.900
If you are involved,

00:36:00.933 --> 00:36:05.033
to what extent can you
dictate a freedom

00:36:05.067 --> 00:36:08.233
or an ability not
to provide information?

00:36:08.267 --> 00:36:09.567
And what I mean by that is,

00:36:09.600 --> 00:36:11.867
if you are engaged with military
actors on the ground,

00:36:11.900 --> 00:36:14.733
and that space between
reducing otherness

00:36:14.767 --> 00:36:17.333
and potentially being involved
in targeting

00:36:17.367 --> 00:36:19.833
starts to get blurred,
when can you say,

00:36:19.867 --> 00:36:22.700
\"I\'m not simply going to provide
that information to you,\"

00:36:22.733 --> 00:36:28.400
and whether that\'s a space
that can actually be negotiated,

00:36:28.433 --> 00:36:30.700
or is that just naïve?

00:36:30.733 --> 00:36:32.767
- And then we know the rest.

00:36:32.800 --> 00:36:37.567
He became less of a researcher
and more of a practitioner.

00:36:49.400 --> 00:36:50.933
- Yesterday I was going through
my notes,

00:36:50.967 --> 00:36:53.367
and I was like, \"Well, you know,
what are the objectives here?\"

00:36:53.400 --> 00:36:57.800
Like you said,
\"What is the why?\"

00:36:57.833 --> 00:36:59.633
The center of gravity
is now

00:36:59.667 --> 00:37:02.467
the perception of civilians,

00:37:02.500 --> 00:37:04.300
and so victory is defined

00:37:04.333 --> 00:37:06.767
as capturing the psychocultural
high ground.

00:37:06.800 --> 00:37:09.000
As a consequence of this,

00:37:09.033 --> 00:37:11.200
empathy is the new key weapon
of war.

00:37:14.233 --> 00:37:15.867
- \"JC, So I\'ve been asked

00:37:15.900 --> 00:37:17.567
\"to go out to Afghanistan
with the army

00:37:17.600 --> 00:37:20.600
\"as part of a \'Human Terrain\'
advising unit.

00:37:20.633 --> 00:37:23.033
\"I indicated I wasn\'t available
until September,

00:37:23.067 --> 00:37:24.833
\"finishing the dissertation.

00:37:24.867 --> 00:37:26.600
\"Instead, they\'ve asked me
to serve

00:37:26.633 --> 00:37:29.800
\"as a Subject Matter Expert
while here at Watson.

00:37:29.833 --> 00:37:32.833
Thoughts?\"

00:37:32.867 --> 00:37:35.433
- He had a sense
of romantic history.

00:37:35.467 --> 00:37:36.667
At the same time,

00:37:36.700 --> 00:37:38.967
he didn\'t particularly want
to hurt anybody,

00:37:39.000 --> 00:37:43.200
and peacekeeping offered a very
good solution to that dilemma.

00:37:43.233 --> 00:37:46.533
In his case, there was
the possibility of a transition

00:37:46.567 --> 00:37:50.033
from a peacekeeping context
into another context.

00:37:50.067 --> 00:37:51.600
There was a path already laid,
in a way.

00:37:51.633 --> 00:37:57.100
And, in a sense, that romantic
history of his

00:37:57.133 --> 00:38:02.200
enabled him to accept
doing this particular job.

00:38:02.233 --> 00:38:04.133
And I think that played into it,

00:38:04.167 --> 00:38:10.600
the ability to put on
a uniform and join a side.

00:38:12.300 --> 00:38:14.800
- \"Bhatia, sorry I\'ve been
out of contact

00:38:14.833 --> 00:38:16.267
\"since we were last in contact.

00:38:16.300 --> 00:38:19.500
\"The army option you passed on
is an interesting one,

00:38:19.533 --> 00:38:23.200
\"though it is helping
a disastrous process.

00:38:23.233 --> 00:38:26.467
\"I had the same problem
at the end in Israel-Palestine,

00:38:26.500 --> 00:38:28.033
\"work with the U.S. military

00:38:28.067 --> 00:38:30.100
\"to take sides amongst
Palestinians

00:38:30.133 --> 00:38:33.667
\"and contribute to the conflict,
or not.

00:38:33.700 --> 00:38:35.033
\"I didn\'t.

00:38:35.067 --> 00:38:37.500
\"So if one can get over
the moral qualms,

00:38:37.533 --> 00:38:40.767
\"at an operational level,
it would be interesting.

00:38:40.800 --> 00:38:44.433
\"Do have a sense of what they
would do with the information?

00:38:44.467 --> 00:38:45.967
\"As for the army,

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:48.267
\"it would be in Afghanistan
rather than Iraq.

00:38:48.300 --> 00:38:50.700
\"I would not go to Iraq.

00:38:50.733 --> 00:38:53.200
\"Afghanistan is
a quasi-just war,

00:38:53.233 --> 00:38:55.633
\"often unjustly conducted.

00:38:55.667 --> 00:38:57.233
\"The parliament
and the presidency

00:38:57.267 --> 00:38:58.433
\"are beginning to push back

00:38:58.467 --> 00:39:00.767
\"in trying to limit coalition
operations

00:39:00.800 --> 00:39:04.000
\"and to induce negotiations
with the Taliban.

00:39:04.033 --> 00:39:06.933
\"I think the army is beginning
to question the use of force

00:39:06.967 --> 00:39:08.833
\"but not entirely.

00:39:08.867 --> 00:39:12.167
\"Do you think Afghanistan
is as morally suspect?

00:39:12.200 --> 00:39:13.967
\"They will use the information
to understand

00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:15.300
\"the negative effects,

00:39:15.333 --> 00:39:17.733
consequences,
of their operation.\"

00:39:18.833 --> 00:39:22.833
- He and I had like an eight-,
nine-month email exchange

00:39:22.867 --> 00:39:24.200
after he discovered us,

00:39:24.233 --> 00:39:25.867
before he ever committed to

00:39:25.900 --> 00:39:29.100
or ever even asked
to join the program.

00:39:29.133 --> 00:39:31.733
It took him to help me
understand

00:39:31.767 --> 00:39:33.933
just how complex it was.

00:39:33.967 --> 00:39:35.567
- He didn\'t necessarily say

00:39:35.600 --> 00:39:41.133
that he was going to be embedded
with military.

00:39:41.167 --> 00:39:44.033
He sort of spoke of it
as a desk job

00:39:44.067 --> 00:39:46.600
and that it was research.

00:39:46.633 --> 00:39:48.500
My concern was that it was -

00:39:48.533 --> 00:39:51.100
he was going there not
as an independent researcher,

00:39:51.133 --> 00:39:53.800
not with an NGO
as he had done in the past.

00:39:53.833 --> 00:39:55.367
And this time it was military,

00:39:55.400 --> 00:39:59.300
and again, I just deferred
to his judgment.

00:39:59.333 --> 00:40:01.600
- Well, there\'s no substitute
for being there,

00:40:01.633 --> 00:40:02.700
which, I think, is something

00:40:02.733 --> 00:40:07.467
that Michael understood
completely.

00:40:07.500 --> 00:40:11.133
Culture at a distance is -
it\'s second best.

00:40:11.167 --> 00:40:14.800
It\'s not something
that you want to do.

00:40:14.833 --> 00:40:17.033
It\'s something that
the situation

00:40:17.067 --> 00:40:19.967
sometimes makes you do.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:21.100
- \"Hello all.

00:40:21.133 --> 00:40:23.233
\"My greetings from Fort Benning,
Georgia.

00:40:23.267 --> 00:40:25.733
\"After two intense months
at Fort Leavenworth

00:40:25.767 --> 00:40:29.267
\"and a brief foray down
to the JRTC at Fort Polk,

00:40:29.300 --> 00:40:32.700
\"I head out this evening
for Kuwait and then Afghanistan.

00:40:32.733 --> 00:40:34.333
\"I\'ll be joining
the Human Terrain Team

00:40:34.367 --> 00:40:37.433
\"in Khost, Afghanistan,
as a social scientist.

00:40:37.467 --> 00:40:39.233
\"I will be spending
a good amount of time

00:40:39.267 --> 00:40:41.533
\"over the next several days
in what the military calls

00:40:41.567 --> 00:40:43.067
\"\'hurry up and wait.\'

00:40:43.100 --> 00:40:46.800
\"I expect I\'ll be in Afghanistan
for at least nine months.

00:40:46.833 --> 00:40:48.000
\"While the program has proven

00:40:48.033 --> 00:40:50.267
\"to be controversial
and widely reported,

00:40:50.300 --> 00:40:53.233
\"I am optimistic that
given the right participants,

00:40:53.267 --> 00:40:54.667
\"the program has a real chance

00:40:54.700 --> 00:40:58.067
\"of reducing both the Afghan
and American lives lost.

00:40:58.100 --> 00:40:59.700
\"Contrary to some
of the criticism,

00:40:59.733 --> 00:41:02.767
\"I am not involved in covert
research or activities

00:41:02.800 --> 00:41:05.767
\"or in lethal targeting
or interrogation.

00:41:05.800 --> 00:41:08.800
\"To no doubt, I will confront
many challenges there,

00:41:08.833 --> 00:41:10.033
\"as I am already preparing

00:41:10.067 --> 00:41:13.333
\"for both the real
and ethical minefields.

00:41:13.367 --> 00:41:14.567
\"I look forward

00:41:14.600 --> 00:41:16.333
\"to hearing from everyone
over the next year

00:41:16.367 --> 00:41:17.700
\"and welcome any message

00:41:17.733 --> 00:41:22.100
of criticism, inquiry,
or support.\"

00:41:22.733 --> 00:41:24.300
- Most people become
anthropologists

00:41:24.333 --> 00:41:29.600
because they want
to reach out to the other.

00:41:29.633 --> 00:41:31.267
They want to understand
the other.

00:41:31.300 --> 00:41:32.833
They think that understanding
the other

00:41:32.867 --> 00:41:35.867
enhances the dignity
of the other, right?

00:41:36.967 --> 00:41:39.167
Once cultural knowledge
becomes commodified,

00:41:39.200 --> 00:41:41.067
once it becomes objectified,

00:41:41.100 --> 00:41:43.733
it becomes a way of manipulating
those cultural others,

00:41:43.767 --> 00:41:45.933
you\'ve moved away
from the original motivation

00:41:45.967 --> 00:41:48.800
that most anthropologists have
for understanding culture,

00:41:48.833 --> 00:41:52.100
and you can only feel ambivalent
about that.

00:41:52.133 --> 00:41:54.133
- \"Just arrived in Bagram
last night,

00:41:54.167 --> 00:41:57.333
\"trying to catch a C-130
down to Khost today.

00:41:57.367 --> 00:41:59.233
\"Will be off on the first
long-term

00:41:59.267 --> 00:42:00.967
\"research mission shortly.

00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:03.800
\"The commander really
gets it here, minimum force,

00:42:03.833 --> 00:42:06.000
\"extending the reach
of the central government,

00:42:06.033 --> 00:42:08.400
\"negotiating away the Taliban,

00:42:08.433 --> 00:42:11.233
\"supporting the police
and the rule of law, et cetera.

00:42:11.267 --> 00:42:13.133
\"All the more reason
to join up right now

00:42:13.167 --> 00:42:14.567
\"and support those commanders

00:42:14.600 --> 00:42:17.233
\"who are trying
to change strategy.

00:42:17.267 --> 00:42:19.267
\"Hard day for the 82nd.

00:42:19.300 --> 00:42:21.600
\"Yesterday a company commander
and driver

00:42:21.633 --> 00:42:24.300
\"were killed by an IED attack
in Paktika.

00:42:24.333 --> 00:42:27.133
\"Anyway, I don\'t think
I\'m expected to duck,

00:42:27.167 --> 00:42:31.100
but to protect myself.\"

00:42:31.133 --> 00:42:34.300
- We had come back
from a mission in Zormat.

00:42:34.333 --> 00:42:36.200
We\'d come back from Chura.

00:42:36.233 --> 00:42:39.400
Here was a small team,
individual Michael,

00:42:39.433 --> 00:42:42.300
you know, that\'s sitting
on the ground

00:42:42.333 --> 00:42:47.300
with elders in this open space,

00:42:47.333 --> 00:42:50.167
trying to find out what
the root of the problems is,

00:42:50.200 --> 00:42:51.700
you know, how can we fix it?

00:42:51.733 --> 00:42:53.533
How can we make things better?

00:42:53.567 --> 00:42:55.500
- Hello.

00:42:55.533 --> 00:42:58.533
- [speaking Arabic]

00:43:19.633 --> 00:43:24.567
- [speaking Arabic]

00:43:24.600 --> 00:43:25.833
- So we were talking about

00:43:25.867 --> 00:43:29.367
the controversy
around the program

00:43:29.400 --> 00:43:34.033
and how we just couldn\'t
understand how people

00:43:34.067 --> 00:43:37.133
could make a decision about us
and not be a part of us,

00:43:37.167 --> 00:43:39.633
you know, not even be in country
with us,

00:43:39.667 --> 00:43:42.533
you know, not do any research
on that to see what we are.

00:44:17.367 --> 00:44:20.367
- [speaking Arabic]

00:44:23.467 --> 00:44:26.433
- \"My greetings
from FOB Salerno.

00:44:26.467 --> 00:44:30.367
\"It\'s been an interesting almost
two months out here so far.

00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:33.200
\"While I do not take the
professional, ethical dilemmas

00:44:33.233 --> 00:44:35.200
\"in participating
in the program lightly,

00:44:35.233 --> 00:44:37.967
\"and in fact appreciate
any discussion of dilemmas

00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:40.733
\"in order to ensure
ethical practice,

00:44:40.767 --> 00:44:43.667
\"I\'m struck by the fact
that the strong response

00:44:43.700 --> 00:44:45.967
\"to this program partly reveals

00:44:46.000 --> 00:44:49.833
\"an exercise in anthro
\'group formation.\'

00:44:49.867 --> 00:44:51.200
\"In doing so, some academics

00:44:51.233 --> 00:44:53.800
\"have created a polemical
enemy image,

00:44:53.833 --> 00:44:56.067
\"focusing on naming, labeling,

00:44:56.100 --> 00:44:59.467
\"rather than actual learning
what the HTT does.

00:44:59.500 --> 00:45:03.333
\"We\'re not involved
in lethal targeting at all.

00:45:03.367 --> 00:45:05.233
\"I\'m more involved in SSR,

00:45:05.267 --> 00:45:08.000
\"governance,
and development issues.

00:45:08.033 --> 00:45:09.733
\"Those issues directly related

00:45:09.767 --> 00:45:15.700
to what we\'ve been studying
for all of those years.\"

00:45:15.733 --> 00:45:18.200
- Michael said he never served
in the military

00:45:18.233 --> 00:45:20.733
and that on some level
he sort of regretted that.

00:45:20.767 --> 00:45:24.500
And I told him,
I looked at him and told him,

00:45:24.533 --> 00:45:26.433
I said \"What do you think
you\'re doing now?

00:45:26.467 --> 00:45:31.900
\"You know, you may not be
a sworn soldier,

00:45:31.933 --> 00:45:33.367
\"but you\'re right
in the middle of it,

00:45:33.400 --> 00:45:34.867
and you\'re with everybody else,\"

00:45:34.900 --> 00:45:37.400
And I said,
\"Talk about being dirty.\"

00:45:37.433 --> 00:45:39.500
I said, \"You\'re getting dirty.\"

00:45:39.533 --> 00:45:44.533
- I\'ve spent my career both
in academia and in the field,

00:45:44.567 --> 00:45:46.800
and I\'m not sure the need

00:45:46.833 --> 00:45:52.967
to get one\'s hands dirty
explains away intentions

00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:55.867
and what you are
setting out to do,

00:45:55.900 --> 00:45:57.500
whether in the academic world

00:45:57.533 --> 00:46:00.100
or whether in
the practical world.

00:46:00.133 --> 00:46:03.033
And I think that you find
in both worlds

00:46:03.067 --> 00:46:06.500
good people and people
who are poorly intentioned.

00:46:06.533 --> 00:46:08.600
And whether you\'re getting
your hands dirty

00:46:08.633 --> 00:46:13.100
or not getting your hands dirty
is not the difference.

00:46:13.133 --> 00:46:17.033
To me the difference is,
what are you out to achieve?

00:46:17.533 --> 00:46:19.400
- He felt that,

00:46:19.433 --> 00:46:24.633
\"Why am I different than
any other young American man

00:46:24.667 --> 00:46:27.300
\"and young American woman
that is serving?

00:46:27.333 --> 00:46:30.867
\"And I have this knowledge
that they don\'t have

00:46:30.900 --> 00:46:34.267
\"or the military doesn\'t have
or someone doesn\'t have

00:46:34.300 --> 00:46:35.500
that I can help.\"

00:46:36.267 --> 00:46:40.967
He probably was pursuing
what I would know of him

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:44.500
in terms of trying to do good,
I mean, essentially.

00:46:44.533 --> 00:46:47.000
How he reconciled that

00:46:47.033 --> 00:46:50.000
with being part of a forward
unit with all of the things

00:46:50.033 --> 00:46:52.333
that go along with being part
of a forward unit,

00:46:52.367 --> 00:46:54.967
I don\'t know.

00:47:10.267 --> 00:47:13.267
- [speaking Arabic]

00:47:27.700 --> 00:47:30.700
- [speaking Arabic]

00:47:33.733 --> 00:47:36.733
- [speaking Arabic]

00:47:53.800 --> 00:47:56.800
- [speaking Arabic]

00:47:59.400 --> 00:48:01.033
- \"Hello, everyone.

00:48:01.067 --> 00:48:02.900
\"My apologies
for the mass email.

00:48:02.933 --> 00:48:05.800
\"I\'ll be back for 15 days
of leave in July,

00:48:05.833 --> 00:48:08.833
\"spending my time between
upstate New York, Toronto,

00:48:08.867 --> 00:48:11.400
\"and Massachusetts, Providence.

00:48:11.433 --> 00:48:14.133
\"Thought I\'d forward
the now departed 82nd Brigade

00:48:14.167 --> 00:48:16.100
\"Commander\'s Congressional
testimony

00:48:16.133 --> 00:48:20.000
\"on the impact of this team
on U.S. activity in Afghanistan.

00:48:20.033 --> 00:48:22.800
\"Some of the statement
may be a bit exaggerated.

00:48:22.833 --> 00:48:25.733
\"Other parts don\'t fully account
for what our impact has been

00:48:25.767 --> 00:48:28.100
\"over the last six months.

00:48:28.133 --> 00:48:30.133
Looking forward
to seeing everyone soon.\"

00:48:33.700 --> 00:48:38.033
- I guess it was around 10:30
in the morning, I suppose.

00:48:38.067 --> 00:48:39.700
We had all gotten our mission
assignments,

00:48:39.733 --> 00:48:42.400
so we had each of us staggered
throughout the trucks.

00:48:44.467 --> 00:48:46.700
We were coming up the -

00:48:46.733 --> 00:48:49.667
kind of the back road
to an area that we felt,

00:48:49.700 --> 00:48:51.000
everybody felt, I think,

00:48:51.033 --> 00:48:54.400
was the root of a lot
of the problems and violence

00:48:54.433 --> 00:48:56.900
in that particular location.

00:48:56.933 --> 00:49:00.000
And as we were coming up,

00:49:00.033 --> 00:49:05.033
there was a -
just this horrific explosion.

00:49:07.633 --> 00:49:10.500
After the IED exploded

00:49:10.533 --> 00:49:14.500
and we were waiting
for the helicopter to come,

00:49:14.533 --> 00:49:17.933
you know, it turned really cold.

00:49:17.967 --> 00:49:23.367
The wind started blowing,

00:49:23.400 --> 00:49:24.633
and it just started -

00:49:24.667 --> 00:49:26.500
it kind of started raining
from out of nowhere.

00:49:28.300 --> 00:49:30.200
- Sir, be advised.

00:49:30.233 --> 00:49:34.500
We have one urgent surgical,

00:49:34.533 --> 00:49:40.200
one urgent, three KIA.

00:49:40.233 --> 00:49:41.367
- [...].

00:49:41.400 --> 00:49:42.500
- Roger.
Good copy.

00:49:42.533 --> 00:49:43.533
Six out.

00:50:15.300 --> 00:50:17.467
[gunshots]

00:50:23.900 --> 00:50:26.700
- He was always doing something
greater than himself.

00:50:26.733 --> 00:50:28.933
Why this as opposed
to the other things?

00:50:28.967 --> 00:50:32.567
That\'s the difficult question
we\'re having to answer.

00:50:32.600 --> 00:50:33.767
And I think this also relates

00:50:33.800 --> 00:50:36.700
to how other people see
this death,

00:50:36.733 --> 00:50:38.367
the politicization of his death,

00:50:38.400 --> 00:50:40.567
because a lot of people
will say,

00:50:40.600 --> 00:50:42.833
\"Another fallen comrade
on the front lines

00:50:42.867 --> 00:50:44.633
in the War on Terror.\"

00:50:44.667 --> 00:50:48.933
But he was not a nationalist.

00:50:48.967 --> 00:50:50.333
He was an internationalist,

00:50:50.367 --> 00:50:54.300
ideologically, philosophically,
culturally,

00:50:54.333 --> 00:50:55.733
and it would be
a misunderstanding,

00:50:55.767 --> 00:50:58.033
a misinterpretation
of what he stood for,

00:50:58.067 --> 00:50:59.667
what he was about

00:50:59.700 --> 00:51:03.033
if he is viewed through the lens
of nationalism.

00:51:20.433 --> 00:51:22.900
- \"In that empire,
the art of cartography

00:51:22.933 --> 00:51:24.900
\"reached such perfection

00:51:24.933 --> 00:51:26.633
\"that the map
of one province alone

00:51:26.667 --> 00:51:28.400
\"took up the whole of a city,

00:51:28.433 --> 00:51:32.200
\"and the map of the empire
the whole of the province.

00:51:32.233 --> 00:51:36.433
\"In time those unconscionable
maps did not satisfy,

00:51:36.467 --> 00:51:38.533
\"and the colleges
of cartographers

00:51:38.567 --> 00:51:40.400
\"set up a map of the empire

00:51:40.433 --> 00:51:43.033
\"which had the size
of the empire itself

00:51:43.067 --> 00:51:46.067
\"and coincided with it
point by point.

00:51:46.100 --> 00:51:48.767
\"Less addicted to the study
of cartography,

00:51:48.800 --> 00:51:51.067
\"succeeding generations
understood

00:51:51.100 --> 00:51:53.867
\"that this widespread map
was useless

00:51:53.900 --> 00:51:55.633
\"and not without impiety.

00:51:55.667 --> 00:51:57.633
\"They abandoned it
to the inclemencies

00:51:57.667 --> 00:52:00.600
\"of the sun and of the winters.

00:52:00.633 --> 00:52:02.100
\"In the deserts of the West

00:52:02.133 --> 00:52:05.267
\"some mangled ruins
of the map lasted on,

00:52:05.300 --> 00:52:07.867
\"inhabited by animals
and beggars.

00:52:07.900 --> 00:52:09.267
\"In the whole country

00:52:09.300 --> 00:52:13.233
there are no other relics
of the discipline of geography.\"

00:52:16.767 --> 00:52:18.167
- Armed conflict involves

00:52:18.200 --> 00:52:23.400
both physical violence
and also a negotiation,

00:52:23.433 --> 00:52:25.433
a sort of war over words.

00:52:25.467 --> 00:52:28.833
And that partly is over
the legitimacy of violent acts

00:52:28.867 --> 00:52:31.267
and a legitimacy
of violent actors.

00:52:31.300 --> 00:52:33.867
- To achieve our goals,
we need a stronger,

00:52:33.900 --> 00:52:37.867
smarter,
and comprehensive strategy.

00:52:37.900 --> 00:52:41.200
I\'ve already ordered
the deployment of 17,000 troops

00:52:41.233 --> 00:52:43.333
that have been requested
by General McKiernan

00:52:43.367 --> 00:52:45.033
for many months.

00:52:45.067 --> 00:52:46.433
These soldiers and marines

00:52:46.467 --> 00:52:47.900
will take the fight
to the Taliban

00:52:47.933 --> 00:52:49.233
in the South and the East.

00:52:49.267 --> 00:52:51.333
- Our efforts in Afghanistan

00:52:51.367 --> 00:52:54.967
have appropriately focused
on protecting the population.

00:52:55.000 --> 00:52:57.900
This is, needless to say,
of considerable importance,

00:52:57.933 --> 00:53:00.033
for in counterinsurgency
operations,

00:53:00.067 --> 00:53:03.100
the human terrain
is the decisive terrain.

00:53:03.333 --> 00:53:06.233
- How do you make war
less likely

00:53:06.267 --> 00:53:07.933
rather than more humane?

00:53:07.967 --> 00:53:09.667
When you start
with that question,

00:53:09.700 --> 00:53:12.500
then you proceed to some
very different conclusions

00:53:12.533 --> 00:53:14.400
about where we should put
our research efforts.

00:53:14.433 --> 00:53:16.367
- For me personally,
what I should do

00:53:16.400 --> 00:53:18.067
as an anthropologist
in the military

00:53:18.100 --> 00:53:19.667
is ask questions
about the culture

00:53:19.700 --> 00:53:21.133
within the national security
state

00:53:21.167 --> 00:53:24.067
that enabled us to get into
this mess in the first place.

00:53:24.133 --> 00:53:25.700
So for me personally,

00:53:25.733 --> 00:53:27.600
the interesting questions
have to do

00:53:27.633 --> 00:53:29.400
with investigating the hubris

00:53:29.433 --> 00:53:30.800
and mistaken cultural
assumptions

00:53:30.833 --> 00:53:33.267
of American military planners,
rather than helping

00:53:33.300 --> 00:53:35.033
to sort of grease the wheels
for occupation.

00:53:35.067 --> 00:53:37.233
- After the Vietnam War,

00:53:37.267 --> 00:53:40.067
the Joint Chiefs of Staff
dismantled a lot of programs

00:53:40.100 --> 00:53:42.100
and capabilities that they had
created for Vietnam.

00:53:42.133 --> 00:53:45.300
And I am personally concerned

00:53:45.333 --> 00:53:48.900
that the same thing
might happen now.

00:53:48.933 --> 00:53:52.233
In which case,
everything we\'ve done now,

00:53:52.267 --> 00:53:55.000
not just HTS, but I mean across
the Department of Defense,

00:53:55.033 --> 00:53:56.833
will simply be dismantled.

00:53:56.867 --> 00:53:58.600
And then next time

00:53:58.633 --> 00:54:00.967
we\'ll have to build it all
again from scratch

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:02.467
during the middle of a war.

00:54:02.500 --> 00:54:03.633
[chuckles]

00:54:03.667 --> 00:54:06.100
You know, too little
too late.

00:54:06.133 --> 00:54:07.400
- This is a growth industry.

00:54:07.433 --> 00:54:09.933
This is not something
that\'s going to drop off

00:54:09.967 --> 00:54:14.133
the face of the military\'s
to-do list

00:54:14.167 --> 00:54:16.033
because of a change
in administration.

00:54:16.067 --> 00:54:19.233
The U.S. won\'t be out of Iraq
and Afghanistan

00:54:19.267 --> 00:54:21.333
as quickly as a lot
of people want.

00:54:21.367 --> 00:54:24.733
So we\'re going to have to deal
with it as best we can.

00:54:24.767 --> 00:54:27.433
- I think the idea
that there can be a kinder,

00:54:27.467 --> 00:54:31.733
gentler counterinsurgency war
is a myth.

00:54:32.067 --> 00:54:34.033
It\'s a kind of dream

00:54:34.067 --> 00:54:37.800
that they can somehow
do things differently.

00:54:38.567 --> 00:54:40.567
- The road ahead will be long,

00:54:40.600 --> 00:54:42.800
and there will be
difficult days ahead.

00:54:42.833 --> 00:54:44.333
But we will seek
lasting partnerships

00:54:44.367 --> 00:54:46.433
with Afghanistan and Pakistan

00:54:46.467 --> 00:54:48.700
that promise a new day
for their people.

00:54:48.733 --> 00:54:51.633
And we will use all elements
of our national power

00:54:51.667 --> 00:54:52.867
to defeat Al-Qaeda.

00:54:58.167 --> 00:55:01.700
- I wrote in a memorial
to Michael

00:55:01.733 --> 00:55:03.667
that just because you can\'t
change the world,

00:55:03.700 --> 00:55:06.433
it doesn\'t mean that the world
has to change you.

00:55:06.467 --> 00:55:07.633
When you\'re young,

00:55:07.667 --> 00:55:11.300
you think everything
is up for negotiation,

00:55:11.333 --> 00:55:12.767
up for change.

00:55:12.800 --> 00:55:14.833
And when you look back,

00:55:14.867 --> 00:55:20.833
it feels like

00:55:20.867 --> 00:55:22.833
the rules of the game
are set.

00:55:22.933 --> 00:55:26.467
And as we\'re unable
to change the rules of the game,

00:55:26.500 --> 00:55:29.433
does that mean that what we
aspire to do ought to change?

00:55:29.467 --> 00:55:31.967
I think that\'s precisely
the test.

00:55:38.100 --> 00:55:41.067
[Wolf Parade\'s You are a Runner
and I am My Father\'s Son]

00:55:41.100 --> 00:55:49.100
♪ ♪

00:56:01.433 --> 00:56:04.367
- ♪ I got a number on me ♪

00:56:04.400 --> 00:56:07.133
♪ I got a number ♪

00:56:07.167 --> 00:56:12.700
♪ Won\'t make it through
the high noon sun ♪

00:56:12.733 --> 00:56:15.500
♪ I am my father\'s son ♪

00:56:15.533 --> 00:56:18.333
♪ And I am my father\'s son ♪

00:56:18.367 --> 00:56:22.767
♪ His bed is made ♪

00:56:22.800 --> 00:56:28.633
♪ But I was a hero
early in the morning ♪

00:56:28.667 --> 00:56:35.600
♪ I ain\'t no hero
in the night ♪

00:56:35.633 --> 00:56:40.700
♪ ♪

00:56:40.733 --> 00:56:46.367
♪ I am my father\'s son ♪

00:56:46.400 --> 00:56:49.000
♪ And I\'ll build a house
inside of you ♪

00:56:49.033 --> 00:56:51.733
♪ I\'ll go in through
the mouth ♪

00:56:51.767 --> 00:56:57.500
♪ I\'ll draw three figures
on your heart ♪

00:56:57.533 --> 00:56:59.967
♪ One of them will be me
as a boy ♪

00:57:00.000 --> 00:57:02.933
♪ And one of them will be me ♪

00:57:02.967 --> 00:57:07.500
♪ And one of them will be me
watching you run ♪

00:57:07.533 --> 00:57:13.067
♪ Watching you run
into the high noon sun ♪

00:57:13.100 --> 00:57:18.733
♪ Watching you run
farther than guns will go ♪

00:57:18.767 --> 00:57:20.600
♪ You are a runner ♪