WEBVTT

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Every creature on earth is unique.

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We each inherit our own set of genes
that guide how we grow and respond to

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our environment but now scientists can
transfer genes between different species.

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Taking a characteristic from one plant
or animal and giving it to another

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it\'s a whole new relationship
with creation that

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we\'re establishing through
this biotechnology.

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The Tree of Life which has
developed over millennia.

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Which means that certain
species Do not share

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genetic material with other species
we don\'t exactly know why they don\'t.

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But they\'ve developed in this way

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genetic engineering is transforming
science and agriculture but

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there\'s not much public awareness
of what the new technology can

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do what is it being used
for who will it benefit.

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What are the risks to the environment
and public health technologies don\'t

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appear God doesn\'t will them and nature
doesn\'t bring them forth by definition.

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Their acts of humans
purposeful acts of humans.

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So we ought to have a whole much more spirited
debate about what kinds of technologies

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we want which is a debate
about what kind of

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society we want what do we want to
achieve what do we want to bring forth

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We need to be careful with numerical
technologies that claim to be safe.

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The last revolution in
agriculture left farmers

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dependant on artificial
fertilizers and toxic sprays.

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Still genetic engineering is intriguing.

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If scientists find a gene
that helps one plant or

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animal resist disease They can transfer that
gene into the crop they\'re working on and

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farmers won\'t need to spray
as much you\'re limited in

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classical plant breeding because I
can only cross led us to things

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that will cross with let us like the prickly
lattice one the very calm winds around

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here but I can\'t go to tomatoes
or I can\'t go to breath

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because I can\'t go to rife
once they\'ve isolated

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a desirable genes scientists tried to

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incorporate it into the DNA of
the target plant or animal.

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Some use bacteria to transfer
the gene and these are

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actually small pieces of lettuce
tissue here and what we\'ve done is

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we\'ve incubated them with the agrobacteria

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and after two days Plate
them on a Petri dish like

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this but it has an antibiotic
that kills the agrobacterium

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the agrobacterium has done its job
and then we regenerate plants.

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Back from these four pieces
of tissue and those bonds

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hopefully we\'ll have the gene inside
them that the bacteria is but in

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other researchers or engineering
rice to fight off a deadly disease

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that\'s spread widely during the Green
Revolution the pathogen and we\'re

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looking at causes or worse
bacterial disease in Asia and

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also affects crops in Africa and
sometimes it can reduce yield

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up to 50% so what we\'ve done is we\'ve
isolated a resistance gene from

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a wild species Introduced it using

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molecular biology techniques
into a cultivator variety.

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Researchers say genetic engineering
can help feed the world and improve

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the environment but the products coming to
market suggest industry has another agenda.

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Down the road from the
University is counting.

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Which put out the first
genetically altered food.

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So we grow we pack we ship we mark
it and we merchandise with stores.

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Under our brand McGregor the tomato now

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you don\'t have to have a business degree
to understand why we\'re doing this

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the market for tomatoes seeds is $20
million mark the wholesale market for

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tomatoes is 3.5 billion Now cow
gene has its eye on cotton.

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A crop that uses more wheat
and insect killers than any

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other and those chemicals are
losing their effectiveness.

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So we said look the opportunity
here is to go in and use

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this technology to drastically

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reduce the use of chemicals and
charge a premium to the seed.

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It\'s what we did was we put a gene
into a cotton plant that makes

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it totally resistant to a
very effective herbicide.

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But that means you can spray cotton with

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one more toxic chemical in Cal gene

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isn\'t the only company using
genetic engineering this way

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Many of those of us in the environmental
community have argued that

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such projects are antithetical
to what we\'ve been told about

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genetic engineering that genetic engineering
is supposed to be used to reduce

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the incentives for farmers to
use agrochemicals remarks on

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oral cancer causing material it also causes

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Birth The question that they ask is can

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we do it and can we make money
that\'s about as far as they go.

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They\'re not asking the question
of who is going to put

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this on who\'s going to be exposed to it.

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What\'s going to be the effect on the
air and the water and the soil.

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There are alternatives to heavy use
of chemicals organic methods and

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other sustainable farming techniques but

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Biotech receives more research
funding and rather than

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develop a new way to feed the world
industry tends to use the technology to

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prop up the existing system the Green
Revolution in animal production of

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concentrated animals into very small
confined places Which reduce a lot of

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produce a lot of stress as well as
health impacts of the food chain but in

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biotechnology that stressful
production system it\'s not

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question but now the animal is going
to be re-engineered to fit into

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those stressful conditions and now trying to
genetically engineer animals that will be

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more disease resistant
under these conditions but

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the emotional stress the psychological
stress will still be there.

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Animals it can\'t escape from each other
and have no relief from the overcrowding.

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The lungs will still be burning with
the ammonia and the poor ventilation.

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Because there\'s genetic engineering.

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Will never be able to eliminate
the capacity to suffer to

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experience pain Some biotechnology
seems like science fiction.

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The DNA of these pigs has
been engineered to contain

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human genes the goal is to
reduce organ rejection.

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So that hearts livers and
kidneys from pigs like

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these can be transplanted
into people the whole goal of

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Zeno transplantation is to try
and solve the organ throw

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his problem and really as a scientific and
medical communities have looked at this

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the only real solution is to look at
animals is doners and in the case of

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heart transplants as but between

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two thousand and twenty five
hundredth heart transplants done

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every year with an unlimited
supply perhaps as many as

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between 2540 thousand transplants per
year We\'ve been eating too much pork and

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beef and the heart gives out because the
answer is a clogged up well give them

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a pig\'s heart So we will
no longer have Richard the

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Lionheart we\'ll have pizza the
pig heart trotting around.

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Now this is the kind of future that
I think it\'s completely absurd.

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What our true human needs are
we directing this technology

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to genuine human needs or is it
just being directed to the things

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that big corporations can
make the most money off

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many people are concerned whether
they be consumers who were concerned

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about the health of themselves
and their families from

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genetically engineered foods because
the tests are not being done Or people

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who are concerned about the environment

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where they know that ecological
studies are not being

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done to see the full impact of genetic
engineering you need to look beyond

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genetics as plants and animals develop they

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interact with each other in the
environment in a delicate balance Elaine

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inner and Michael Holmes look
at the bigger picture as

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soil ecologists they study the millions
of tiny creatures that live in soil.

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If you reduce those
organisms if you kill them

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off you\'re not going to cycle
nutrients you\'re not going to hold

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onto water or in the nutrients and
system you\'re not going to grow

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plants A German lab engineered
soil bacteria to turn

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crop waste into ethanol
but what could happen if

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the bacteria got out of the
laboratory and into a wheat field in

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one experiment the plant
died in other cases

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the genetically engineered organism had a
significant impact on soil food web organisms

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that are important for nutrient
cycling and therefore would have

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a detrimental effect on plant growth
or nutrient cycling processes in

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the soil in the worst-case
scenario it would outright

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kill all of our agricultural
crops except for perhaps a few

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that are tolerant of Ethanol production
in their root systems like rice for

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example genetically altered plants

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and animals can multiply or interbreed with

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related species they have to be

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isolated from the environment
until they\'re known to be safe.

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Even field tests can be risky.

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Under the wrong conditions one transgenic
mistake could upset a whole ecosystem in

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general transgenic organisms are very

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dangerous right and he says if you
do experiments with potatoes in

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the US it\'s hazardous but it\'s even more

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dangerous and Ecuador where there
are wild relatives of the potato.

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When Crop is engineered to have

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herbicide tolerance resistance
to herbicides and that crop.

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Can exchange genes as part of its normal
evolutionary process with wild VD relatives that

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genetic material that makes for

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herbicide resistance can actually
transfer to neighbouring crops and you

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get the production of super weeds
genetically engineered fish.

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Had been released into our environment

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the superficial tilapia
is starting to eat up

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Indigenous fisheries that
exist in the Philippines

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and is creating some sort of
environmental impact But this never pass

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through the biosafety guidelines the
dangers aren\'t always so immediate.

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Some experiments seem

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to be good ideas like putting
a gene for Bt toxin or

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natural insecticide right into
the DNA of trees and crops.

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It he has a tremendous
environmental records.

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Basically only toxic to the
target insect and then only if

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they bite the plan and so the hope
there is that they will produce

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trees that are insect resistant
and require much less use of

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pesticide corn cotton and potatoes have

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also been engineered to
make their own bt But

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insects keep evolving
with so much bt around.

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They\'ll just evolve faster to resist
it so where does that leave us one it

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has been a short-term reprieve from
the use of synthetic insecticide.

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Second organic and sustainable ag
growers they\'re very people who

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are leading us in the right
direction in agriculture will have

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lost one of their most important
biological insecticides we

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haven\'t learned we went out with
pesticides and we\'ve created

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all kinds of resistance
problems and so now that

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the people with the same brilliant thinking
that brought us pesticides are going to

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say I\'ve got something
else for you And they\'re

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going to bring us these other
technologies which will invariably

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create the same kinds of

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problems the debate about genetic
engineering isn\'t just for scientist.

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When biotech products come on the market
they can affect anyone in Vermont

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the issue is bovine growth hormone or
bGH which makes cows give more milk.

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I don\'t use it because I don\'t
want to use my cattle i\'m

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not so Dead certainly on the health
effects on them and reuse it for

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that reason that I don\'t use it because
I\'m concerned about the economics

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of the industry as a whole it\'s
a totally useless product it\'s

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doing more harm than good and the only
one that\'s making any money on it

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Monsanto bGH is reported to cause

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increased disease and birth defects in
Cass yet not everyone is against it

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some CBG h which is also known as BST

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as a quick fix for farmers
caught in a financial squeeze.

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It\'s the one kind of a capital
improvement that you can make to

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increase milk production that pays for
itself before the bill comes due.

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So if you\'re a cash-strapped farm.

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It\'s a great way to increase your milk
production without having to go into

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debt To increase the supply of milk that\'s

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going to do nothing but lower the price of
milk and perhaps some farmers might realize

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a short-term benefit gain by using

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it but in the long term they\'re
essentially going to be.

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Bringing more milk out of that
cows out or for which they will

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be paid less than they will be in
essentially the same position that

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they weren\'t before Ben and Jerry\'s pays

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higher prices to its suppliers
so they won\'t use VGA Jew.

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But consumers find it hard
to avoid products from

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treated cows when Vermont tried to
pass a labeling law Monsanto did

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everything they could to stop it well
it was a multi-year battle to get

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the legislation in place and I
have the feeling that the battle

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isn\'t over The majority of her monitors.

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Do support the labeling the tactics of

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the company were to come in and say well
this is illegal where we\'re going to

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take you right to court the big
dogs coming down and being in

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the halls themselves with the local
lobbyist so it was a full core press

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there\'s no doubt about it we
had people calling him with

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the governor\'s office every
legislator and even people that

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would have voted against the law I

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felt that the political pressure was
so great that they had to vote for

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it the law requires blue shuffle labels for

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all dairy products sold in Vermont
that were produced with BGH or BST.

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But in the long run The fate of BGH depends
on farmers and what the hormone can or

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cannot do for them we all work together
as a family and I think that\'s valuable.

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It\'s hard to work this hard and
still have a hard time financially.

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Good you could do this and pay
your bills they feel better

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about things I think at least
for the time being BSD and it\'s

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helped us to keep the workload
and account numbers down

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to a more manageable number it would
be ideal if we could do it on

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half of this scale not 50 cows and
pay our bills that would be perfect

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We can\'t seem to if it works BST could help

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small well-managed farms like this one to
increase their earnings by getting more milk

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from the same number of
counts if we\'re not going to

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use BST and ordered to take advantage of

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the increase in production to
help offset the lore and price

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a mill what we really need
is a premium put on Mill.

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That comes from cows are not
injective disease status.

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That\'s where I\'d like to see
happen Bovine growth hormone

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seems like a solution in search of

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a problem no one claims that
improves the quality of milk.

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It just forces cows to produce more when there\'s
already a surplus of milk on the market.

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So everyone gets to work a little harder.

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Cows to make more milk and
farmers to pay for doses of

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BGH economically for an
individual person it may

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be beneficial economically
for the industry as a whole

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I think it\'ll hurt us bGH
is bad for family farms.

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Be as BGH increases milk
supply when there\'s more milk.

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It depresses prices.

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What\'s happening is the processors
And the supermarket to making

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greater and greater profits because
the farm prices being forced laugh.

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This is an unnecessary
technology one that has

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the potential to be harmful to
cows and to farmers just because

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we\'ve discovered we can do this does
that mean we should in Wisconsin

00:16:37.595 --> 00:16:39.874
Atlanta Washington and New York City

00:16:39.875 --> 00:16:43.338
consumers are angry over the
governments go ahead for BGH.

00:16:43.339 --> 00:16:46.039
And its decision not to
require dairies they use

00:16:46.040 --> 00:16:50.404
growth hormone to list it as an ingredient
is when you have a controversial.

00:16:50.405 --> 00:16:55.939
New food that\'s been transformed you have to
label it that\'s the law of the land But what

00:16:55.940 --> 00:16:59.539
the Bush and Clinton administration
learned from that is if you label

00:16:59.540 --> 00:17:02.059
controversial foods the public will not

00:17:02.060 --> 00:17:04.849
buy them and the grocery
stores will not sell them.

00:17:04.850 --> 00:17:08.434
Therefore their solution
to the problem is to

00:17:08.435 --> 00:17:13.530
take away our right to know and crammed down
our throats whether we like them or not.

00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:21.289
Most of these foods aren\'t labeled which

00:17:21.290 --> 00:17:24.124
presents a special problem
for people with allergies

00:17:24.125 --> 00:17:29.644
or those who don\'t eat certain foods for
religious reasons and it\'s not just labeling.

00:17:29.645 --> 00:17:33.529
Without better oversight and
regulation of genetic engineering.

00:17:33.530 --> 00:17:38.929
Public health and the environment are at
risk Every time the wind blows across

00:17:38.930 --> 00:17:41.479
the surface of the soil some
of that soil is picked up in

00:17:41.480 --> 00:17:44.869
period down when every time
a bird lands in the field.

00:17:44.870 --> 00:17:47.134
Those organisms would get on its feet.

00:17:47.135 --> 00:17:49.939
Once it\'s out there in the real
world there is no way to contain

00:17:49.940 --> 00:17:52.609
it so you have to know it\'s
safe before you put it out

00:17:52.610 --> 00:17:55.489
there if you look at what\'s happened in

00:17:55.490 --> 00:17:59.299
Japan if you look at the regulatory
situation in Europe and in fact

00:17:59.300 --> 00:18:02.374
those countries have more
stringent regulations

00:18:02.375 --> 00:18:05.569
than in the US and we\'ve
even seen some movement of

00:18:05.570 --> 00:18:09.769
European companies to the United
States specifically because

00:18:09.770 --> 00:18:14.359
the US has relatively weak regulations.

00:18:14.360 --> 00:18:20.779
There\'s a train hurling down the tracks toward
us and Rather than let it pass us by and

00:18:20.780 --> 00:18:23.779
crash that it makes sense to try to slow it

00:18:23.780 --> 00:18:27.634
down and to make sure that their
regulations and other things in place.

00:18:27.635 --> 00:18:30.949
So that the problems that were
caused in the path by for

00:18:30.950 --> 00:18:34.339
example pesticides and nuclear power
and all these other things aren\'t

00:18:34.340 --> 00:18:42.214
repeated biotech companies are based in
the industrialized nations of the North.

00:18:42.215 --> 00:18:46.009
But they are also active in the
south conducting experiments and

00:18:46.010 --> 00:18:50.284
promoting products with fewer safeguards
for health and the environment.

00:18:50.285 --> 00:18:56.749
Most of these developments have occurred
in private industry Third World.

00:18:56.750 --> 00:19:03.169
Countries ensure good applications And
technology are suited to their knees and not

00:19:03.170 --> 00:19:09.934
driven by the concerned look at boida
focusing about up on something that is a CPA.

00:19:09.935 --> 00:19:12.469
But nobody that distinguished
it all after what can

00:19:12.470 --> 00:19:15.019
happen is what\'s called
genetic contamination in

00:19:15.020 --> 00:19:17.329
other words the wilder
traditional varieties of

00:19:17.330 --> 00:19:20.119
potatoes will cross with the
trout gene or whatever has been

00:19:20.120 --> 00:19:24.079
introduced and we don\'t know what
biological or social consequences this will

00:19:24.080 --> 00:19:28.579
have since the potato is central
to Ecuador sculpture inequalities.

00:19:28.580 --> 00:19:30.870
Would have given up upon

00:19:30.940 --> 00:19:35.179
each major crop corn rice wheat came from

00:19:35.180 --> 00:19:38.749
a certain part of the world where
it still has wild relatives.

00:19:38.750 --> 00:19:40.939
When new varieties are needed.

00:19:40.940 --> 00:19:45.499
That\'s where scientists find them The
centers of diversity are the future of

00:19:45.500 --> 00:19:50.089
the world food supply the places
where biodiversity survives.

00:19:50.090 --> 00:19:53.509
Are the places where economic
development had not reached.

00:19:53.510 --> 00:19:56.674
These are the last pockets of biodiversity

00:19:56.675 --> 00:20:01.894
and it is the poor in
those conventional terms.

00:20:01.895 --> 00:20:04.849
Who have been the best
concerns to rob them of

00:20:04.850 --> 00:20:10.369
their capacity of using that diversity
for this survival and therefore being

00:20:10.370 --> 00:20:13.549
able to conserve it means

00:20:13.550 --> 00:20:16.519
not just a major threat
to their survival It

00:20:16.520 --> 00:20:20.850
implies a major threat to the
survival of biodiversity

00:20:22.750 --> 00:20:26.790
in Queensland Kano Simeon

00:20:27.070 --> 00:20:31.849
elemental onto needed when they
discover indigenous knowledge based in

00:20:31.850 --> 00:20:36.169
genetic material the pharmaceutical
industries were patent is we believe that

00:20:36.170 --> 00:20:41.239
what they are doing is Rob Rob.

00:20:41.240 --> 00:20:45.514
One debate about genetic
engineering focuses on patenting.

00:20:45.515 --> 00:20:48.829
Companies won\'t invest in the
technology if they can\'t control

00:20:48.830 --> 00:20:54.319
the results in the US you can patent
genetically altered plants and animals but

00:20:54.320 --> 00:20:58.459
Brazil Argentina India don\'t allow
patents on food or medicine

00:20:58.460 --> 00:21:02.989
And the European Parliament
banned all patents on life and

00:21:02.990 --> 00:21:06.919
there\'s a very strong
movement not only of people

00:21:06.920 --> 00:21:11.599
who are opposed to it for ethical
reasons but many other groups

00:21:11.600 --> 00:21:13.939
environmental groups who fear
that patenting won\'t give

00:21:13.940 --> 00:21:17.599
a big boost to genetically modified
organisms in the environment

00:21:17.600 --> 00:21:20.884
the larger public values
and public morality is

00:21:20.885 --> 00:21:26.074
outraged by certain kinds of patent
regimes in the area of life themes.

00:21:26.075 --> 00:21:29.479
Even when something might
not be violative of

00:21:29.480 --> 00:21:33.889
ethical norms even when something
might not be based on piracy of

00:21:33.890 --> 00:21:37.459
third world knowledge I think
that\'s such an areas of exclusion

00:21:37.460 --> 00:21:41.434
that we need to institutionalize
if they had the public Interest.

00:21:41.435 --> 00:21:45.094
Either in terms of the right
to food or the right to

00:21:45.095 --> 00:21:49.999
under gatt that we will be flooded
with a lot of these products like

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:52.729
bovine growth hormone milk
which is such an issue in

00:21:52.730 --> 00:21:55.609
the United States and
in Europe but what we\'d

00:21:55.610 --> 00:21:57.139
like to send a message to

00:21:57.140 --> 00:22:01.639
the transnational corporations that
they\'re dealing in the New World.

00:22:01.640 --> 00:22:04.849
Were before in the 70s they could
do this with impunity they cannot

00:22:04.850 --> 00:22:08.149
do this today this gene has also been

00:22:08.150 --> 00:22:11.839
thousands of genetically altered
organisms are being developed

00:22:11.840 --> 00:22:16.039
yet no one knows how they will
affect farmers the food supply and

00:22:16.040 --> 00:22:24.040
the environment we are totally ignoring the
natural order of things And we are continuing

00:22:25.420 --> 00:22:33.420
this business that we can run over nature
dominated and control it for our own use and

00:22:33.580 --> 00:22:35.859
the benefits will accrue to

00:22:35.860 --> 00:22:43.070
very few people but the problems
will accrue to society and total.

00:22:46.020 --> 00:22:51.309
It implies a major threat to
the survival of biodiversity.

00:22:51.310 --> 00:22:54.489
Once it\'s out there in the real
world there is no way to contain

00:22:54.490 --> 00:22:58.284
it so you have to know it safe
before you put it out there

00:22:58.285 --> 00:23:02.019
just because we\'ve discovered we
can do this does that mean we

00:23:02.020 --> 00:23:06.589
should The 20th century

00:23:06.590 --> 00:23:11.329
is any guide we know that the promise
of a new technology can be short-lived.

00:23:11.330 --> 00:23:16.458
While the costs remain with us
genetic engineering is no exception.

00:23:16.459 --> 00:23:21.379
This new technology must be used
wisely and with caution to improve

00:23:21.380 --> 00:23:27.510
the human condition and to repair our fragile
relationship with other life on Earth