00:00:19.958 --> 00:00:22.458
My grandmother was called
María Luisa López,

00:00:22.542 --> 00:00:25.208
she was born in September 1907.

00:00:26.667 --> 00:00:28.750
My mother was called
María Luisa Ortiz,

00:00:28.917 --> 00:00:31.833
she was born in May 1936.

00:00:33.333 --> 00:00:37.083
I have a daughter who was born
in February 1994.

00:00:37.167 --> 00:00:39.125
Alba Fernández.

00:00:39.625 --> 00:00:42.458
I was brought up by women
of the 20th century

00:00:42.542 --> 00:00:45.250
and I reared women
of the 21st century.

00:00:48.208 --> 00:00:52.292
My name is Chus Gutiérrez,
I was born in November 1962.

00:00:53.208 --> 00:00:55.500
I still ask myself many questions.

00:00:55.958 --> 00:00:58.000
That is why I am making
this documentary.

00:00:58.750 --> 00:01:01.417
In case it can contribute
to changing this structure,

00:01:01.583 --> 00:01:03.458
which is egocentric and predatory.

00:01:03.625 --> 00:01:05.333
And also, for my mother.

00:01:05.500 --> 00:01:07.875
I know that she would have liked it.

00:01:10.542 --> 00:01:13.542
"So, Mother, go back to your quarters

00:01:13.708 --> 00:01:17.833
and tend to your own tasks,
the distaff and the loom...

00:01:17.917 --> 00:01:20.542
As for giving orders,
men will see to that..."

00:01:20.667 --> 00:01:22.708
The Odyssey, Homer.
8th century BCE.

00:01:25.750 --> 00:01:28.625
HANSALA, MOROCCO, 2008

00:01:40.542 --> 00:01:43.333
In 2008, we shot "Return to Hansala."

00:01:43.542 --> 00:01:47.083
A film about the hazardous journey
across the Strait of Gibraltar

00:01:47.250 --> 00:01:51.625
made by many immigrants
from secluded places such as Hansala.

00:01:52.708 --> 00:01:54.792
A film crew on a shoot.

00:01:54.875 --> 00:01:58.042
Women tasked with important jobs.

00:01:58.208 --> 00:02:00.917
And the village women watching us.

00:02:01.667 --> 00:02:03.542
And action!

00:02:03.750 --> 00:02:05.667
A month after filming finished,

00:02:05.792 --> 00:02:08.750
the women of Hansala
went to the council of elders

00:02:08.833 --> 00:02:10.625
to ask to be part of it.

00:02:10.792 --> 00:02:13.375
HANSALA, MOROCCO, 2019

00:02:14.625 --> 00:02:21.250
When we saw you women working,

00:02:21.500 --> 00:02:25.625
we realised we wanted to be like you,

00:02:25.750 --> 00:02:30.875
be at your level or even better.

00:02:31.042 --> 00:02:36.000
Because you did such a good job.

00:02:37.292 --> 00:02:41.167
Fátima came and explained to us

00:02:41.333 --> 00:02:44.208
that we had to join
the council of elders,

00:02:44.375 --> 00:02:51.042
and that we women
had to help each other.

00:02:51.375 --> 00:02:53.542
And so we told her

00:02:53.667 --> 00:02:57.958
that we did want to be part
of the council.

00:02:58.125 --> 00:03:00.917
Fátima had studied.

00:03:01.083 --> 00:03:06.083
She used to teach the women.

00:03:07.333 --> 00:03:12.792
She helped many women
who had not studied at all.

00:03:13.125 --> 00:03:16.667
We made up part of the council
for two years.

00:03:17.333 --> 00:03:23.250
Fifteen of the women,
including myself, were able to study.

00:03:23.958 --> 00:03:26.875
We want to progress.

00:03:27.042 --> 00:03:31.083
We want to earn money,
be self-sufficient.

00:03:31.250 --> 00:03:34.500
We want to work.

00:03:40.542 --> 00:03:45.292
The role model,
the tangible, direct example, worked.

00:03:45.458 --> 00:03:49.667
Since then, I have not stopped
thinking about our role models,

00:03:49.792 --> 00:03:52.292
those of little girls and teenagers,

00:03:52.458 --> 00:03:54.125
women they can emulate,

00:03:54.292 --> 00:03:56.333
who they can be inspired by.

00:03:57.625 --> 00:04:00.333
If you can see it, you can become it.

00:04:16.667 --> 00:04:21.667
Role and Role

00:04:24.167 --> 00:04:26.792
Where are our role models?

00:04:26.958 --> 00:04:29.292
What does cinema say about us,

00:04:29.458 --> 00:04:31.458
advertising, the press,

00:04:31.583 --> 00:04:33.708
the radio, the television,

00:04:33.792 --> 00:04:34.958
and the media?

00:04:35.667 --> 00:04:38.125
What is the image of us
that they project?

00:04:38.292 --> 00:04:42.208
The women around me have always been
strong and brave.

00:04:42.375 --> 00:04:44.667
Something I've never seen reflected
in the media.

00:04:44.792 --> 00:04:46.958
There is a tendency to represent women

00:04:47.125 --> 00:04:48.333
always in the same way.

00:04:48.542 --> 00:04:52.042
A one-dimensional character:
mother, whore, femme fatale,

00:04:52.208 --> 00:04:53.417
Lolita, or what have you.

00:04:53.875 --> 00:04:55.042
The media must show

00:04:55.375 --> 00:04:57.917
women who work,

00:04:58.083 --> 00:04:59.333
women entrepreneurs,

00:04:59.583 --> 00:05:02.708
women who play a role in society,

00:05:02.917 --> 00:05:05.708
because that is what will make
other women dream and say,

00:05:05.875 --> 00:05:06.792
"It is possible."

00:05:06.958 --> 00:05:10.667
Children only have access to 8%

00:05:10.833 --> 00:05:13.417
of female role models in text books.

00:05:13.542 --> 00:05:15.042
In Wikipedia, 11%.

00:05:15.375 --> 00:05:17.833
We look at a screen from day one.

00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:19.750
Video games, fiction,

00:05:20.208 --> 00:05:21.958
films, series...

00:05:28.792 --> 00:05:31.708
The media can provide a way

00:05:31.875 --> 00:05:35.208
of letting things continue the way
they are,

00:05:35.708 --> 00:05:38.458
or on the other hand,
pressure them to change.

00:05:38.542 --> 00:05:40.000
That is their responsibility.

00:05:40.167 --> 00:05:43.292
The media enable machismo
to live and grow stronger.

00:05:43.500 --> 00:05:44.708
Ana I. Bernal Triviño

00:05:45.542 --> 00:05:47.500
In March 2017,

00:05:47.583 --> 00:05:50.000
I found a survey published in El País

00:05:50.167 --> 00:05:52.583
conducted among 12,000
young Spaniards

00:05:52.750 --> 00:05:54.792
between the ages of 16-19.

00:05:55.167 --> 00:05:56.875
The question was the following:

00:05:57.042 --> 00:06:00.583
"Which public figure would you like
to be like when you are older?"

00:06:00.958 --> 00:06:03.125
Two things grab my attention.

00:06:03.542 --> 00:06:07.042
The fact a girl wants to be like
an 80-year-old businessman,

00:06:07.542 --> 00:06:10.708
and that the boys do not choose
any woman as a role model.

00:06:16.792 --> 00:06:19.292
I'm going to show you
some photos of women

00:06:19.500 --> 00:06:22.208
to see if you know their names
and what they do.

00:06:23.958 --> 00:06:26.750
She's a politician,
but I don't remember her name.

00:06:28.792 --> 00:06:30.167
I don't remember the name.

00:06:30.792 --> 00:06:34.250
Yes, she's a former minister
of the PSOE.

00:06:35.208 --> 00:06:37.417
I don't remember,
I'm terrible for names.

00:06:37.542 --> 00:06:39.833
Teresa Fernández de la Vega.

00:06:40.875 --> 00:06:43.250
Deputy prime minister
of the government.

00:06:46.250 --> 00:06:48.875
I don't know her name,
but she does look familiar.

00:06:50.250 --> 00:06:52.833
-You don't know her either?
-None of them.

00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:58.000
The President... of the Government.
Ana Pastor.

00:07:00.333 --> 00:07:01.167
No idea.

00:07:01.875 --> 00:07:03.167
Who is she?

00:07:05.167 --> 00:07:07.542
Michelle Bachelet,
former president of Chile.

00:07:09.833 --> 00:07:11.542
Something to do with the UN?

00:07:12.292 --> 00:07:13.250
I don't know.

00:07:13.958 --> 00:07:15.042
I don't know who it is.

00:07:15.583 --> 00:07:17.083
Head of the IMF.

00:07:17.250 --> 00:07:18.292
Christine Lagarde.

00:07:19.375 --> 00:07:22.583
I don't know if it's a guy or a girl,
they're wearing earrings.

00:07:23.458 --> 00:07:25.625
-Frida Kahlo.
-Frida Kahlo.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:27.917
No.

00:07:29.125 --> 00:07:30.458
No idea who it is.

00:07:30.583 --> 00:07:32.250
She's a film director.

00:07:32.458 --> 00:07:34.375
But her name...

00:07:34.542 --> 00:07:35.583
Iciar something.

00:07:35.792 --> 00:07:37.667
Iciar Bollain. Film director.

00:07:39.917 --> 00:07:40.708
No idea.

00:07:41.958 --> 00:07:42.875
Botín's daughter?

00:07:44.042 --> 00:07:46.417
Ana Patricia Botín.

00:07:48.208 --> 00:07:49.542
Her face rings a bell.

00:07:49.917 --> 00:07:51.417
She looks familiar, who is it?

00:07:52.083 --> 00:07:54.417
A writer?
Could it be "Victoria" Woolf?

00:07:54.583 --> 00:07:56.625
I'm terrible with women's names.

00:07:56.792 --> 00:07:58.125
Not men's?

00:07:58.458 --> 00:08:00.208
Yes, but not as much.

00:08:00.875 --> 00:08:04.083
FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM
19th CENTURY

00:08:21.417 --> 00:08:22.792
The French Revolution

00:08:22.958 --> 00:08:25.250
brought with it
one of the foundational texts

00:08:25.417 --> 00:08:27.292
in the conquest for human rights:

00:08:28.417 --> 00:08:31.542
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen

00:08:31.667 --> 00:08:33.583
of 1789.

00:08:33.792 --> 00:08:36.042
"The education and development
of women

00:08:36.208 --> 00:08:38.625
must be to make men's lives
more agreeable." Rousseau

00:08:39.292 --> 00:08:42.833
Olympe de Gouges, faced with
the blatant omission of women

00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:44.708
and in reply to the text

00:08:44.875 --> 00:08:47.625
writes "The Declaration
of the Rights of Woman

00:08:47.792 --> 00:08:50.458
and of the Female Citizen" in 1791.

00:08:52.750 --> 00:08:55.083
"Women have the right
to mount the scaffold,

00:08:55.250 --> 00:08:59.667
they must also have the right
to mount the speaker's rostrum."

00:09:03.083 --> 00:09:06.208
A year later, in 1792,

00:09:06.375 --> 00:09:08.333
Mary Wollstonecraft writes

00:09:08.542 --> 00:09:11.208
"Vindication of the Rights of Woman."

00:09:11.833 --> 00:09:15.792
"It is time to bring about a
revolution in female manners,

00:09:15.958 --> 00:09:18.667
time to restore their lost dignity,

00:09:18.833 --> 00:09:21.917
and to make them,
as a part of the human species,

00:09:22.125 --> 00:09:24.167
work to reform the world

00:09:24.333 --> 00:09:26.250
by reforming themselves."

00:09:29.500 --> 00:09:33.375
Olympe de Gouges
was sent to the guillotine in 1793.

00:09:34.375 --> 00:09:36.708
Mary Wollstonecraft died in 1797

00:09:36.875 --> 00:09:39.125
after the birth
of her second daughter.

00:09:46.250 --> 00:09:53.375
"For most of history, Anonymous
was a woman." Virginia Woolf

00:09:53.792 --> 00:09:55.542
When I see women in adverts,

00:09:55.708 --> 00:09:56.917
I don't identify.

00:09:57.250 --> 00:10:00.458
To me they look like aliens
or plastic dolls.

00:10:00.833 --> 00:10:04.083
Women have grey hair, wrinkles,
cellulite.

00:10:04.250 --> 00:10:06.625
When will there be real women
in advertising?

00:10:06.792 --> 00:10:09.583
Why do you represent women
as sex objects?

00:10:09.750 --> 00:10:12.542
Why do you make women feel bad

00:10:12.667 --> 00:10:16.083
by constantly telling them
that they need to change their bodies?

00:10:16.250 --> 00:10:19.875
When will there be strategies
to make us feel good?

00:10:22.417 --> 00:10:26.708
Advertising created a series of codes
basically in 1950.

00:10:26.875 --> 00:10:31.042
When marketing was introduced
it became an industry in itself.

00:10:31.208 --> 00:10:32.792
It became clear that

00:10:32.958 --> 00:10:36.167
a lot of money could be made
by industrialising

00:10:36.542 --> 00:10:38.958
advertising that used to be
more traditional.

00:10:39.125 --> 00:10:41.875
A series of codes
and absolute rules were established.

00:10:42.167 --> 00:10:44.792
What happened?
They were based on stereotypes.

00:10:44.958 --> 00:10:48.417
Those stereotypes appeared to be
aspirational at the time.

00:10:48.583 --> 00:10:51.417
Why were they used? Because they sold.

00:10:51.542 --> 00:10:53.042
It must be delicious.

00:10:53.250 --> 00:10:55.667
Think of the love
she put into making it.

00:10:55.833 --> 00:10:58.542
She must have spent all morning
in the kitchen.

00:11:01.500 --> 00:11:02.958
It tastes delicious.

00:11:03.167 --> 00:11:05.833
I'm so pleased! I got it right.

00:11:07.208 --> 00:11:08.875
After the Second World War,

00:11:09.042 --> 00:11:11.833
the governments and mass media

00:11:12.250 --> 00:11:19.125
pledged to keep women away from jobs
they carried out during the war.

00:11:20.583 --> 00:11:22.917
Women should return to the home,

00:11:23.083 --> 00:11:25.917
finding a comfortable future
in the role of housewife,

00:11:26.083 --> 00:11:29.000
not going out to compete
on the work market.

00:11:29.333 --> 00:11:32.542
THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE

00:11:35.833 --> 00:11:36.833
I need your help.

00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:38.792
I have a dreadful problem.

00:11:39.375 --> 00:11:40.625
It's about my husband.

00:11:40.792 --> 00:11:42.250
His temper is getting worse.

00:11:42.458 --> 00:11:45.750
Our home is beginning to become
an absolute hell.

00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:51.667
He's always in a mood
and spends days without talking to me.

00:11:51.833 --> 00:11:53.833
He has dreadful fits of temper.

00:11:58.500 --> 00:12:01.500
He shouts at me and is rude.

00:12:02.375 --> 00:12:04.583
He never kisses me goodbye.

00:12:07.917 --> 00:12:10.667
All right, all right,
don't tell me anymore.

00:12:11.125 --> 00:12:12.833
Have you ever thought

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:14.833
that he works hard every day

00:12:15.333 --> 00:12:17.500
and is entitled to a warm welcome

00:12:17.667 --> 00:12:20.375
when he gets home at night?

00:12:21.333 --> 00:12:22.333
Look at this.

00:12:23.458 --> 00:12:27.208
Make sure he always has
his glass of brandy.

00:12:28.750 --> 00:12:30.292
Wait and see, it never fails.

00:12:30.667 --> 00:12:35.625
It's still hard to break
with those stereotypes from 1950

00:12:35.792 --> 00:12:38.292
and make the brands understand

00:12:38.542 --> 00:12:41.042
that people no longer want that.

00:12:41.208 --> 00:12:44.250
You can still sell the same
by reflecting reality,

00:12:44.458 --> 00:12:46.292
not one that doesn't exist.

00:12:46.542 --> 00:12:49.208
Not selling wrinkle cream
using flawless young models.

00:12:49.375 --> 00:12:54.208
The stereotype is
the safe version of things.

00:12:54.542 --> 00:12:56.042
It causes no conflict.

00:12:56.292 --> 00:12:57.375
And because it doesn't,

00:12:57.542 --> 00:12:59.667
it's a comfortable place
for a lot of brands.

00:12:59.833 --> 00:13:02.958
Advertising or advertisers don’t exert
any pressure on this stereotype:

00:13:03.125 --> 00:13:05.375
they are the actual stereotype.

00:13:05.542 --> 00:13:07.875
In all the advertising for products...

00:13:08.042 --> 00:13:09.833
such as detergents,

00:13:10.417 --> 00:13:11.958
we only find women.

00:13:12.125 --> 00:13:15.792
Women doing the cleaning, cooking,

00:13:15.958 --> 00:13:18.375
women taking care of their children...

00:13:18.542 --> 00:13:21.208
Women are the only ones
who feed their children.

00:13:30.125 --> 00:13:33.208
Advertising has often
reflected reality.

00:13:33.667 --> 00:13:35.542
Who buys detergents? Women.

00:13:35.708 --> 00:13:38.417
So then I'll make advertising
that shows that.

00:13:38.542 --> 00:13:42.375
Women who clean and choose
the right detergent

00:13:42.542 --> 00:13:43.875
for their clothes or dishes, etc.

00:13:44.042 --> 00:13:47.958
The image they project of Moroccan
women has absolutely nothing to do

00:13:48.125 --> 00:13:50.958
with their contribution
to Morocco's economy.

00:13:51.125 --> 00:13:53.917
It does not show female bosses,

00:13:54.083 --> 00:13:56.208
it does not show women who are pilots,

00:13:56.417 --> 00:13:59.708
it does not show women
who drive a train, a tram...

00:13:59.875 --> 00:14:01.958
Unfortunately, we never see that
in advertising.

00:14:02.125 --> 00:14:04.625
Advertising and the media in general

00:14:04.792 --> 00:14:08.375
use stereotypes because they are what
people are familiar with.

00:14:08.542 --> 00:14:10.083
I think that they need

00:14:10.250 --> 00:14:12.292
awareness and social commitment

00:14:12.458 --> 00:14:16.167
to realise that their job is not just
about selling a product,

00:14:16.375 --> 00:14:19.250
but that it has a tremendous
social impact

00:14:19.458 --> 00:14:21.083
they are not addressing.

00:14:21.458 --> 00:14:24.167
The image that they convey of...

00:14:25.625 --> 00:14:27.333
Not of women, but of society,

00:14:27.500 --> 00:14:30.458
because they also convey an image
of men that is not

00:14:30.625 --> 00:14:34.292
really the image of a man
as we know it,

00:14:34.458 --> 00:14:35.750
the way they operate.

00:14:43.750 --> 00:14:46.708
Advertising is lucky: it has a mass
audience, for better or worse.

00:14:46.875 --> 00:14:48.167
But when used properly,

00:14:48.333 --> 00:14:52.083
it can create something
of social interest, sustainable.

00:14:52.250 --> 00:14:55.250
It might not change the world,
but it can change things.

00:14:55.458 --> 00:14:59.083
As an industry, you have a duty
to sort out stereotypes

00:14:59.250 --> 00:15:01.250
and right the wrongs you caused.

00:15:09.542 --> 00:15:12.750
This was a groundbreaking
advertising campaign.

00:15:12.917 --> 00:15:15.125
In the automotive world,

00:15:15.542 --> 00:15:18.167
particularly in the world
of luxury vehicles,

00:15:18.333 --> 00:15:20.083
a car driver means a man.

00:15:20.375 --> 00:15:22.375
Or at most, you could pick up

00:15:22.542 --> 00:15:26.542
a babe if you have this flashy car.

00:15:27.167 --> 00:15:30.917
It was an outdated stereotype.
Women drive the same as men.

00:15:31.375 --> 00:15:32.750
We decided to change it.

00:15:33.042 --> 00:15:36.083
The most feminine thing
you can imagine with the ultimate car.

00:15:36.250 --> 00:15:39.000
The car used in Iron Man
and by Cristiano Ronaldo.

00:15:39.250 --> 00:15:42.833
This is the ultimate macho sports car.

00:15:43.208 --> 00:15:47.500
The campaign changed a lot of things
including the category.

00:15:47.625 --> 00:15:51.250
Suddenly when you watched
car adverts made in Spain

00:15:51.458 --> 00:15:52.667
there were women.

00:15:52.833 --> 00:15:55.875
Advertising should be
much more groundbreaking.

00:15:56.042 --> 00:15:57.542
But people are afraid.

00:15:57.667 --> 00:16:01.083
So rather than advertising
spearheading these changes,

00:16:01.250 --> 00:16:03.625
it tends to copy what is happening
in entertainment.

00:16:03.792 --> 00:16:06.875
There are two signs that God exists.

00:16:07.167 --> 00:16:10.542
The first and most important
is a woman's body.

00:16:13.208 --> 00:16:16.417
THE LAST CIRCUS (2011)

00:16:16.792 --> 00:16:19.083
When things are good his mood changes.

00:16:19.375 --> 00:16:22.333
What you mean
is that he doesn't beat you as much.

00:16:23.125 --> 00:16:24.333
Don't say that.

00:16:26.458 --> 00:16:29.333
The guys are medical students;

00:16:30.167 --> 00:16:33.542
they are women of ill repute.

00:16:36.125 --> 00:16:39.958
Together, they are the main characters
in Kisses for Everyone.

00:16:40.625 --> 00:16:41.417
Very seldom.

00:16:41.583 --> 00:16:43.500
I very seldom see myself reflected.

00:16:43.917 --> 00:16:45.542
Very few fiction characters.

00:16:45.667 --> 00:16:47.792
I don't see myself
or other women around me.

00:16:47.958 --> 00:16:49.708
What we see in the media

00:16:49.875 --> 00:16:53.083
relates to a male fantasy

00:16:53.208 --> 00:16:56.292
that leaves out many facets
of what a woman is.

00:16:56.917 --> 00:17:00.167
What I feel is missing are more varied
depictions of women.

00:17:00.917 --> 00:17:02.083
The women I see.

00:17:02.208 --> 00:17:04.667
Cinema doesn't reflect the women I see
in life.

00:17:04.833 --> 00:17:07.708
Very few women,
and that annoys me a lot.

00:17:07.875 --> 00:17:11.958
The other day in the metro all I saw
were posters

00:17:12.125 --> 00:17:15.708
of films with male protagonists:
five guys, three guys...

00:17:15.875 --> 00:17:18.792
Suddenly you sit back
and say to yourself:

00:17:18.958 --> 00:17:21.375
It's like I'm living in a world
where I don't exist.

00:17:22.167 --> 00:17:24.208
A guy was killed there ten years ago.

00:17:24.417 --> 00:17:25.375
THE WARNING (2018)

00:17:25.542 --> 00:17:27.208
-Isn't it a bit weird?
-What?

00:17:27.417 --> 00:17:28.417
7 VIRGINS

00:17:28.542 --> 00:17:30.625
He has a 48-hour permit,

00:17:30.958 --> 00:17:32.583
then you accompany him
for his re-admission.

00:17:33.125 --> 00:17:35.125
Smoke it all!

00:17:35.917 --> 00:17:38.208
I feel sort of frustrated.

00:17:38.417 --> 00:17:40.792
What sort of world is this?
I'm part of it.

00:17:40.958 --> 00:17:44.083
Why doesn't this world recognise me
as a person

00:17:44.250 --> 00:17:46.958
who plays an active part in it,
a living being,

00:17:47.125 --> 00:17:48.167
a person with plans?

00:17:48.792 --> 00:17:50.792
90% of women

00:17:50.917 --> 00:17:53.875
say they were inspired
by film and fiction characters

00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:57.792
to have more confidence in their vital
and professional decisions.

00:17:58.542 --> 00:18:03.125
84% would like to know more
about the merits obtained

00:18:03.292 --> 00:18:06.375
and less about the latest trends
in beauty and fashion.

00:18:07.042 --> 00:18:09.917
Firstly, I think that very few women
of my age

00:18:10.083 --> 00:18:11.125
appear on screen.

00:18:11.625 --> 00:18:14.958
They are mother-in-law figures
who are a pain in the arse.

00:18:15.542 --> 00:18:17.750
If they are depicted as having power,

00:18:19.708 --> 00:18:23.083
it's because it was the last resort,
the planet is in ruins,

00:18:23.250 --> 00:18:26.708
nothing is left, so it doesn't matter
if a woman is in charge.

00:18:26.875 --> 00:18:28.833
Above all, I don't see variety.

00:18:29.375 --> 00:18:31.208
And I also don't see roles...

00:18:31.417 --> 00:18:34.000
Not positive roles,
but three-dimensional ones.

00:18:34.167 --> 00:18:37.083
Positive-negative roles.
People are complex.

00:18:37.250 --> 00:18:39.542
A one-dimensional character:

00:18:39.708 --> 00:18:43.250
mother, whore, femme fatale.
Lolita, or what have you.

00:18:45.125 --> 00:18:48.750
Characters that you can't really
relate to.

00:18:49.250 --> 00:18:50.458
It's a stereotype.

00:18:50.917 --> 00:18:52.917
I know your weakness.

00:18:53.083 --> 00:18:54.125
Oh, yeah?

00:18:54.292 --> 00:18:55.542
What's that?

00:18:55.667 --> 00:18:59.208
You go to the school gates
to see girls' knickers.

00:19:00.292 --> 00:19:02.208
If that's what you think, goodbye.

00:19:02.417 --> 00:19:04.292
Knickers don't interest me at all.

00:19:05.667 --> 00:19:07.333
Just as well. I'm not wearing any.

00:19:07.542 --> 00:19:10.958
The male stereotype is noble,
brave, heroic.

00:19:11.208 --> 00:19:14.458
It's cooler, right?
At least it's a positive role model.

00:19:14.583 --> 00:19:16.625
-B & B?
-Bed and breakfast.

00:19:16.875 --> 00:19:19.125
-Served in bed if you want.
-With a blowjob.

00:19:19.375 --> 00:19:21.417
-It's true.
-Served in bed if you want.

00:19:22.833 --> 00:19:24.542
-What if it's a guy?
-There are none.

00:19:24.708 --> 00:19:26.167
All women, it's the law.

00:19:28.792 --> 00:19:30.958
Look: Morocco, Tangier, Tunisia,
48,000.

00:19:31.250 --> 00:19:32.875
No girls, just Arabs there.

00:19:33.792 --> 00:19:35.917
The girls in the Caribbean
are like her or better.

00:19:36.167 --> 00:19:38.583
Women are always weak,

00:19:39.667 --> 00:19:43.250
victims, long-suffering, selfless.

00:19:43.458 --> 00:19:46.208
-What do you like about women?
-Everything.

00:19:46.708 --> 00:19:48.583
Their endurance in tough situations.

00:19:48.875 --> 00:19:50.458
Women?

00:19:50.583 --> 00:19:52.458
Their ability to work.

00:19:52.583 --> 00:19:54.167
To create.

00:19:54.375 --> 00:19:57.417
I like women who are fighters,

00:19:57.958 --> 00:19:59.625
who have strong personalities.

00:19:59.792 --> 00:20:01.292
One example I would give

00:20:01.542 --> 00:20:04.458
is pretty typical, but it's my mum.

00:20:06.167 --> 00:20:09.458
She's a fighter
in the true sense of the word.

00:20:09.542 --> 00:20:11.125
She has been all her life.

00:20:11.292 --> 00:20:13.875
They usually offer constant support.

00:20:14.042 --> 00:20:15.458
They never lose heart.

00:20:15.667 --> 00:20:17.167
Perseverance.

00:20:17.375 --> 00:20:19.417
The confidence that they give to men.

00:20:19.625 --> 00:20:23.083
But what I particularly like
is the way they view life

00:20:23.250 --> 00:20:25.458
and their ability to put up
with suffering.

00:20:26.125 --> 00:20:28.833
It makes me envious,
we men don't have that.

00:20:31.625 --> 00:20:34.458
-Ali, you're stubborn and silly.
-Yes.

00:20:34.583 --> 00:20:36.833
-What else are you?
-Pretty.

00:20:37.750 --> 00:20:39.292
They portray us as hysterical,

00:20:39.500 --> 00:20:42.500
but never as characters
who are really cool.

00:20:42.625 --> 00:20:47.417
She's a woman until you add children
to the equation.

00:20:47.958 --> 00:20:49.208
Then you're a mother.

00:20:49.417 --> 00:20:51.667
What Victoria Abril said was funny.

00:20:51.833 --> 00:20:55.792
After a certain age, you're too old
to play the lover anymore.

00:20:55.958 --> 00:20:57.875
There are lots of dramatic roles,

00:20:58.458 --> 00:21:00.083
lots of...

00:21:00.250 --> 00:21:02.500
But not "what a cool role!"

00:21:02.625 --> 00:21:05.083
Stories mostly based on women
would have to be created

00:21:05.250 --> 00:21:08.125
to make rounded female characters

00:21:08.292 --> 00:21:11.458
that are complex, multifaceted.

00:21:12.042 --> 00:21:14.500
The inmates want to kill you,
the guards too.

00:21:14.583 --> 00:21:16.250
You fucking rock!

00:21:16.458 --> 00:21:20.500
A recent film
that really grabbed my attention

00:21:20.583 --> 00:21:22.750
was Arrival.

00:21:22.917 --> 00:21:25.667
The film is science fiction.

00:21:25.833 --> 00:21:28.542
There are space ships, weird aliens.

00:21:28.667 --> 00:21:32.042
They need to communicate with them
and look for the best interpreter

00:21:32.208 --> 00:21:34.583
they can find,
who happens to be a woman.

00:21:34.750 --> 00:21:38.917
There are few films where a woman
excels in her field.

00:21:39.083 --> 00:21:42.792
How many films can I recall
where there is a top professional?

00:21:43.583 --> 00:21:46.875
Not one who turns out to be a bitch.

00:21:47.625 --> 00:21:51.458
Not a boss from hell, overambitious,

00:21:51.542 --> 00:21:55.000
someone whose kids commit suicide
because she neglects them?

00:21:55.208 --> 00:21:57.708
One of my role models was

00:21:57.875 --> 00:22:00.542
Lieutenant Ripley in Alien.

00:22:00.667 --> 00:22:03.667
She's an amazing character.

00:22:03.833 --> 00:22:06.542
She was on the space ship

00:22:06.708 --> 00:22:09.667
because of her expert skills,

00:22:09.833 --> 00:22:12.292
and because presumably...

00:22:12.500 --> 00:22:16.417
Well, she's second-in-command
on the Nostromo.

00:22:16.542 --> 00:22:19.375
She's bright, resourceful.

00:22:19.500 --> 00:22:20.583
She knows what to do.

00:22:20.750 --> 00:22:24.250
In the last season of Game of Thrones
I thought it was amazing

00:22:24.458 --> 00:22:27.875
that we had to wait until 2018
to see a scene

00:22:28.042 --> 00:22:31.208
in which four or five queens

00:22:31.417 --> 00:22:33.167
are gathered together discussing

00:22:33.375 --> 00:22:35.833
military strategies.
Whatever strategy.

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:38.750
How many times have we seen that scene

00:22:39.625 --> 00:22:42.875
with military strategies,
bank robbers...

00:22:43.792 --> 00:22:47.458
Scenes in which five men
are deciding something

00:22:47.583 --> 00:22:50.500
is stereotypical, a constant feature

00:22:50.625 --> 00:22:52.958
in so many stories.

00:22:53.125 --> 00:22:56.458
Until that scene came on our screens

00:22:56.583 --> 00:23:00.833
played exclusively by women
discussing power games.

00:23:01.250 --> 00:23:04.542
If I can't give my son security,
who can?

00:23:05.375 --> 00:23:07.000
The banks?

00:23:07.625 --> 00:23:09.167
The politicians?

00:23:09.375 --> 00:23:11.417
The IMF, the UN?

00:23:13.458 --> 00:23:15.500
MAY GOD SAVE US (2016)

00:23:15.625 --> 00:23:17.542
We can, gentlemen.

00:23:17.667 --> 00:23:21.625
In the end, what is universal
is associated with masculinity.

00:23:21.917 --> 00:23:25.833
Women are the exception,
on the fringes, the companion.

00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:28.542
What we said before: we play a woman.

00:23:28.667 --> 00:23:30.542
True passion,

00:23:30.708 --> 00:23:32.417
what really occurs,

00:23:32.542 --> 00:23:33.625
is a male thing.

00:23:33.792 --> 00:23:36.458
What they actually love is themselves.

00:23:38.500 --> 00:23:41.958
A study reported
the number of words spoken

00:23:42.125 --> 00:23:44.833
by male and female characters

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:46.792
in approximately 2,000 films.

00:23:46.958 --> 00:23:50.375
The data show that men
speak more often than women,

00:23:50.542 --> 00:23:53.833
even in films where women
are the lead characters.

00:23:54.125 --> 00:23:55.542
In Mulan, for instance,

00:23:55.667 --> 00:23:58.083
Mushu, the dragon who protects her,

00:23:58.292 --> 00:24:02.917
has 50% more words than Mulan herself.

00:24:04.458 --> 00:24:07.875
What they said to us quite openly
when we were little:

00:24:08.042 --> 00:24:10.667
"Hopefully you'll find a good man,"

00:24:10.833 --> 00:24:14.458
is still true on an emotional level
even today. Why?

00:24:14.583 --> 00:24:16.500
Because of audiovisual narratives.

00:24:16.708 --> 00:24:20.458
If they convey something to you
in a specifically oral way,

00:24:20.583 --> 00:24:22.625
you detect it and can say no.

00:24:22.875 --> 00:24:26.375
But if that same thing is said
in fiction,

00:24:26.542 --> 00:24:28.625
all wrapped up in a logical context,

00:24:29.083 --> 00:24:31.042
it's very hard to realise it.

00:24:31.583 --> 00:24:35.917
"Hypersexualised and passive: women
in Spanish cinema for teenagers"

00:24:36.667 --> 00:24:39.708
"Women in the cinema and TV:
few, young, and minor roles"

00:24:39.917 --> 00:24:42.917
It means that girls
who would reject this message,

00:24:43.083 --> 00:24:46.625
have never questioned it
when they hear it in a film.

00:24:46.792 --> 00:24:50.708
They're watching films
where that is exactly what happens.

00:24:51.125 --> 00:24:55.583
"This Swedish exec knows how
to achieve gender equality in cinema".

00:25:37.792 --> 00:25:41.417
"No female director
among 12 films for production in 2017"

00:25:41.875 --> 00:25:44.833
"Goya Awards 2019
Women in cinema at a disadvantage"

00:25:46.500 --> 00:25:50.250
"RTVE skips Equality Law when
assigning funding to Spanish cinema"

00:26:12.333 --> 00:26:16.000
On women in directing and scripting
in Spain - Directing 20% Men 80%

00:26:16.167 --> 00:26:20.583
Feature films directed by women
have 50% less of a budget

00:26:20.750 --> 00:26:23.750
"Spanish cinema is unable
to break away from inequality."

00:26:23.917 --> 00:26:27.417
"Out of 173 film,
only 31 were directed by women."

00:26:33.375 --> 00:26:34.917
I'd always worked with men.

00:26:35.083 --> 00:26:37.542
Bright, bearded men with pipes.

00:26:37.708 --> 00:26:39.583
So it was a figure

00:26:39.750 --> 00:26:41.167
that has nothing in common with me.

00:26:41.375 --> 00:26:45.708
Chus Gutiérrez took me to New York
to shoot Sublet.

00:26:46.625 --> 00:26:48.167
Apart from a close friendship,

00:26:48.375 --> 00:26:50.583
she was a director who was my age.

00:26:50.750 --> 00:26:54.250
It wasn’t like seeing myself,
but she was someone like me.

00:26:54.458 --> 00:26:56.667
I thought, if Chus can direct...

00:26:57.542 --> 00:26:59.958
It was incredibly inspiring.

00:27:00.125 --> 00:27:03.292
The producers were real ogres.

00:27:03.500 --> 00:27:05.417
They were quite scary.

00:27:05.542 --> 00:27:08.542
Their attitude created
a lot of tension.

00:27:08.667 --> 00:27:10.000
I wouldn't say respect.

00:27:10.750 --> 00:27:14.000
With Cristina Huete,
my first female producer,

00:27:14.167 --> 00:27:16.375
I totally surrendered to

00:27:16.542 --> 00:27:19.167
all the many qualities that she has.

00:27:19.833 --> 00:27:21.417
Her closeness,

00:27:21.542 --> 00:27:23.417
her ability to make a team.

00:27:23.542 --> 00:27:25.542
The empathy that she showed

00:27:25.708 --> 00:27:28.917
towards each of the members.

00:27:29.542 --> 00:27:33.625
The way she concerned herself
with their personal issues,

00:27:33.792 --> 00:27:36.625
because she was convinced,
like myself,

00:27:36.792 --> 00:27:40.083
that your personal and emotional
state of mind

00:27:40.250 --> 00:27:42.167
affects your involvement.

00:28:09.042 --> 00:28:11.208
My name is Luz Estela Álvarez Giménez

00:28:11.417 --> 00:28:13.042
and I'm 23.

00:28:14.958 --> 00:28:18.875
Women were the lead characters
in my two feature films.

00:28:19.917 --> 00:28:23.125
It has a lot more to do
with the subject matter.

00:28:23.292 --> 00:28:25.542
I choose the subject matter

00:28:25.667 --> 00:28:29.375
and then work with women
based on that.

00:28:31.542 --> 00:28:35.667
I think that this awareness
has more to do

00:28:35.833 --> 00:28:37.667
with what I want to address.

00:28:38.542 --> 00:28:40.500
UNSTOPPABLE (2018)

00:28:41.042 --> 00:28:43.833
Blessed is the fruit of thy womb,
Jesus...

00:28:45.583 --> 00:28:48.917
They commissioned me for my last film.

00:28:49.083 --> 00:28:52.667
The main character is a man
and it was actually quite hard for me

00:28:52.833 --> 00:28:54.708
to put myself in his place.

00:28:54.875 --> 00:28:56.583
It was honestly quite hard.

00:28:56.750 --> 00:28:59.583
I've been writing with a friend
for 20 years.

00:28:59.833 --> 00:29:01.042
Tamara Viñes.

00:29:02.750 --> 00:29:06.292
We talked about how difficult
it had been for us

00:29:07.667 --> 00:29:09.625
to see things from his point of view,

00:29:09.792 --> 00:29:12.458
see life through his eyes.

00:29:12.792 --> 00:29:17.250
Yet it was so easy for us
to tell his wife's story,

00:29:17.458 --> 00:29:20.542
even though she is only
a minor character.

00:29:21.750 --> 00:29:25.917
She's important, but not to the same
extent as he is as the lead character.

00:29:26.250 --> 00:29:27.833
There are differences.

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:30.250
-Where are you from?
-The Dominican Republic.

00:29:30.833 --> 00:29:33.458
Santo Domingo.
I've been here four years.

00:29:33.542 --> 00:29:35.500
-In the Caribbean, right?
-Yes.

00:29:36.958 --> 00:29:37.708
I'm from here.

00:29:37.917 --> 00:29:40.250
A character
in Flowers from Another World

00:29:40.458 --> 00:29:41.667
is Dominican.

00:29:41.833 --> 00:29:46.417
We wanted something from her past
to play a part in her life today,

00:29:46.542 --> 00:29:48.417
and be an obstacle
for her relationship.

00:29:48.542 --> 00:29:51.417
My screenplay partner,
Julio Llamazares,

00:29:51.542 --> 00:29:54.042
immediately focussed
on her being a prostitute.

00:29:54.208 --> 00:29:56.958
It was the second film,
but even at that point

00:29:57.125 --> 00:30:01.250
something inside me said
I didn't want her to be a prostitute.

00:30:01.458 --> 00:30:03.833
I decided
that she'd been married before.

00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:05.875
After that, the same actress

00:30:06.042 --> 00:30:08.292
only got roles as a prostitute.

00:30:08.875 --> 00:30:11.417
It's probably the most common role
for women.

00:30:11.542 --> 00:30:12.667
So...

00:30:13.583 --> 00:30:15.167
what do you reckon?

00:30:15.917 --> 00:30:17.542
My name is Lola.

00:30:17.667 --> 00:30:19.542
I'm very pretty.

00:30:19.625 --> 00:30:21.792
Very pretty and very expensive.

00:30:21.958 --> 00:30:24.833
-You can sleep with that guy later.
-What else?

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:28.542
Throw him out before five.
I want my sheets to be clean.

00:30:29.875 --> 00:30:32.833
I'm out of here.
I feel like a monkey in a cage.

00:30:33.917 --> 00:30:35.917
Girls, come on in!

00:30:39.167 --> 00:30:41.125
You're a whore!

00:30:41.417 --> 00:30:42.542
You screwed me, Rita.

00:30:42.708 --> 00:30:45.375
Now it's my turn.
Give me your panties.

00:30:46.250 --> 00:30:47.583
Sorry.

00:30:47.750 --> 00:30:49.792
Is this where the young ladies are?

00:30:50.875 --> 00:30:51.833
"Young ladies"?

00:30:52.792 --> 00:30:53.750
Whores?

00:30:54.375 --> 00:30:55.292
Ah, yes.

00:30:55.542 --> 00:30:57.875
I think that as long as women

00:30:58.042 --> 00:31:03.375
do not produce and direct
as many films as men do,

00:31:04.042 --> 00:31:06.125
thus opening the door

00:31:06.292 --> 00:31:09.708
to other types of narrative,
other ways of reflecting reality,

00:31:09.875 --> 00:31:11.792
to other issues...

00:31:11.958 --> 00:31:15.042
Films with lead characters
who are 50-year-old women,

00:31:15.208 --> 00:31:16.458
there are some, but few.

00:31:16.542 --> 00:31:19.792
Sex scenes that break with convention,

00:31:19.958 --> 00:31:24.083
women who enjoy a wide variety
of different experiences,

00:31:24.250 --> 00:31:26.458
and who find love as well.

00:31:26.542 --> 00:31:29.542
Love should not be
the only subject of the film.

00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:33.625
The fact that women are making

00:31:33.792 --> 00:31:35.708
more films about themselves,

00:31:36.250 --> 00:31:38.542
completely changes the discourse.

00:31:38.625 --> 00:31:41.958
The discourse has always
been dominated

00:31:42.125 --> 00:31:44.875
by the depiction and role of gender.

00:31:45.042 --> 00:31:46.625
What men do, what women do.

00:31:46.792 --> 00:31:50.042
I recently saw a foreign series.

00:31:50.542 --> 00:31:55.250
The first three images
were of powerful women.

00:31:55.458 --> 00:31:57.250
That has a visual impact.

00:31:57.458 --> 00:31:59.625
That raises awareness

00:32:00.167 --> 00:32:02.125
about the presence of powerful women.

00:32:02.292 --> 00:32:04.667
For young girls who see it,

00:32:04.833 --> 00:32:06.875
the message is they can be that.

00:32:07.500 --> 00:32:10.167
We cannot imagine the power that

00:32:10.375 --> 00:32:12.458
it has on a little girl
when she sees a woman

00:32:12.875 --> 00:32:15.458
who has made it,
who is involved in politics,

00:32:15.542 --> 00:32:17.500
who is a doctor, who is...

00:32:17.583 --> 00:32:19.792
They exist, but they are never shown.

00:32:19.958 --> 00:32:22.542
The media,
and television in particular,

00:32:22.750 --> 00:32:24.542
have a duty.

00:32:24.667 --> 00:32:28.667
They have a duty to show these women,

00:32:28.833 --> 00:32:30.833
so that they become role models.

00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:32.292
The power the media have

00:32:32.500 --> 00:32:35.250
to educate and manipulate
is enormous.

00:32:35.625 --> 00:32:37.583
And I have to say

00:32:37.750 --> 00:32:41.708
that the subject matter
of my latest film, domestic violence,

00:32:41.875 --> 00:32:44.750
is heavily influenced by the media.

00:32:44.917 --> 00:32:48.542
They have played a role
at perpetuating

00:32:48.917 --> 00:32:51.417
male violence and the patriarchy.

00:32:51.542 --> 00:32:54.625
The media have done that,
and this includes cinema.

00:32:55.167 --> 00:33:00.250
"1,000 victims of male violence
against women: unfinished business"

00:33:00.500 --> 00:33:03.417
Why are women still portrayed
as sex objects?

00:33:04.292 --> 00:33:08.250
This is very closely linked
to the world of art.

00:33:08.417 --> 00:33:11.542
Artists were responsible for creating

00:33:11.667 --> 00:33:13.875
and producing all the stereotypes

00:33:14.083 --> 00:33:17.625
that you, the advertising agencies,
still use today.

00:33:17.792 --> 00:33:21.250
The very earliest artists
were the first advertising execs.

00:33:31.708 --> 00:33:33.833
If we had to define an image
of a woman

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:37.042
that was most repeated
throughout visual art history,

00:33:37.333 --> 00:33:39.417
which do you think that would be?

00:33:39.667 --> 00:33:40.875
The Virgin.

00:33:41.125 --> 00:33:44.292
The Virgin is the female figure
that is most repeated

00:33:44.792 --> 00:33:48.375
and with which femininity
is most associated throughout history.

00:33:48.875 --> 00:33:50.542
Few advertising campaigns

00:33:50.667 --> 00:33:52.958
have been as powerful
as the Virgin Mary.

00:33:53.167 --> 00:33:55.917
The example of a woman
who is selfless,

00:33:56.083 --> 00:33:59.292
committed, caste, pure,
virgin and mother,

00:33:59.500 --> 00:34:02.833
is still going around in our heads
even today.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:04.792
But what about paternity?

00:34:05.208 --> 00:34:08.083
Do you recall any famous painting
in art history

00:34:08.292 --> 00:34:10.667
where a man cares for his baby?

00:34:11.667 --> 00:34:13.000
Does anybody?

00:34:13.875 --> 00:34:16.083
No? Absolute silence?

00:34:16.875 --> 00:34:19.292
Saturn Devouring his Son.

00:34:19.458 --> 00:34:22.958
Yes, I know it isn't
the best example of a father figure,

00:34:23.250 --> 00:34:27.542
but it's the first thing
that comes to mind in that respect.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:42.292
The Story of Art by Gombrich.

00:34:43.083 --> 00:34:44.250
A seminal work

00:34:45.167 --> 00:34:47.625
on art in the full sense of the word.

00:34:48.125 --> 00:34:51.792
This is a wonderful book, accessible,

00:34:52.458 --> 00:34:54.625
and it's actually a best seller.

00:34:54.792 --> 00:34:57.542
Over eight million copies
have been sold worldwide

00:34:57.708 --> 00:35:00.250
and it has been translated
into over 40 languages.

00:35:00.417 --> 00:35:02.000
It's almost perfect.

00:35:02.167 --> 00:35:04.417
Except that the author forgot
to include

00:35:04.542 --> 00:35:07.250
all the female artists
in the history of art.

00:35:07.958 --> 00:35:11.125
The history of art
had no female representatives

00:35:11.292 --> 00:35:12.917
up until very recently.

00:35:13.083 --> 00:35:16.000
Parallel texts began appearing

00:35:16.167 --> 00:35:18.375
that introduced the presence
of women.

00:35:19.083 --> 00:35:24.042
Most of them are works
that have been written by women.

00:35:26.000 --> 00:35:27.333
I'm going to add,

00:35:27.667 --> 00:35:32.000
between pages 166-167 of this book,

00:35:32.167 --> 00:35:35.458
the first female European painter
acknowledged as such:

00:35:37.625 --> 00:35:39.208
the illuminator "N".

00:35:39.917 --> 00:35:42.125
She was a predecessor
of Romanesque art.

00:35:42.292 --> 00:35:44.708
This illuminator was Spanish,

00:35:44.875 --> 00:35:46.833
from the region of Zamora.

00:35:47.000 --> 00:35:49.542
She illustrated The Gerona Beatus.

00:35:49.708 --> 00:35:53.542
We know she was an educated woman
familiar with sacred scriptures.

00:35:53.667 --> 00:35:55.625
These are some of her illustrations.

00:35:55.792 --> 00:36:00.083
I had absolutely no female role models
at university.

00:36:00.250 --> 00:36:03.250
The most surprising thing
is that I didn't miss them.

00:36:03.958 --> 00:36:06.083
In a work by two women -

00:36:06.250 --> 00:36:10.375
Old Mistresses by Griselda Pollock
and Rozskia Parker -

00:36:10.542 --> 00:36:13.458
the question is raised
right at the beginning

00:36:13.583 --> 00:36:17.042
how Vasari, in the 16th century,

00:36:17.208 --> 00:36:21.292
mentions many women in his treaty
on the story of art,

00:36:21.458 --> 00:36:24.542
yet the most eminent authors
of the 20th century

00:36:24.667 --> 00:36:26.583
such as Gombrich and Janson

00:36:26.750 --> 00:36:27.958
do not mention any?

00:36:28.125 --> 00:36:30.000
When I read that

00:36:30.167 --> 00:36:33.125
it was like a real slap in the face

00:36:33.750 --> 00:36:35.417
that made me say, "How?"

00:36:36.500 --> 00:36:39.875
Gombrich was my go-to book,
the one I read with passion.

00:36:40.042 --> 00:36:44.042
How could he not include women,
and how could I not realise that?

00:36:46.167 --> 00:36:47.708
The next artist I will add

00:36:48.125 --> 00:36:51.583
is possibly the most important figure
of the Middle Ages.

00:36:52.042 --> 00:36:54.792
She was recently named
Doctor of the Church,

00:36:54.958 --> 00:36:57.000
a title only held by four women.

00:36:57.167 --> 00:36:59.083
Her name is Hildegard of Bingen.

00:36:59.833 --> 00:37:02.792
She would have been as highly regarded
as Leonardo da Vinci

00:37:02.958 --> 00:37:04.208
if she had been a man.

00:37:04.375 --> 00:37:07.125
She was a poet, composer, dramatist,

00:37:07.292 --> 00:37:10.875
scientist, apothecary, medic, abbess.

00:37:11.333 --> 00:37:15.792
She was one of the first women
to write about the female orgasm.

00:37:16.500 --> 00:37:20.292
This piece is entitled
The Universal Man.

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:24.167
It predates Da Vinci's Vitruvio
by 400 years.

00:37:24.958 --> 00:37:29.542
I recommend you listen to her music,
it's absolutely fascinating.

00:37:32.917 --> 00:37:34.875
It's essential
to look for role models.

00:37:35.042 --> 00:37:38.958
Because we need them
and because they are not there.

00:37:39.125 --> 00:37:41.792
It's almost become a mantra.
Making a list

00:37:42.542 --> 00:37:44.250
of our own genealogy.

00:37:44.417 --> 00:37:46.542
Each woman needs that genealogy

00:37:46.667 --> 00:37:50.458
to purify her of all the disgrace
she has suffered.

00:37:53.292 --> 00:37:56.625
This group of female artists
in the Paris of the 1920s and 1930s,

00:37:56.792 --> 00:37:59.292
during the so-called "new women" era,

00:37:59.500 --> 00:38:02.958
helped me discover
a valid group of women

00:38:04.083 --> 00:38:07.167
with whom I could identify.

00:38:07.375 --> 00:38:11.125
Surprisingly,
there were quite a lot of them.

00:38:11.292 --> 00:38:16.917
They had set up networks
to help each other

00:38:17.583 --> 00:38:18.833
that were very consolidated.

00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:20.958
They were artists, writers,

00:38:21.125 --> 00:38:24.542
they organised and put on plays
about themselves.

00:38:24.792 --> 00:38:28.042
They supported each other
and received patronage.

00:38:31.167 --> 00:38:33.292
Suzanne Valadon

00:38:33.500 --> 00:38:38.208
is possibly the most important
Post-Impressionist painter there is.

00:38:38.375 --> 00:38:39.458
She's French.

00:38:39.583 --> 00:38:41.458
She began her career very young.

00:38:41.583 --> 00:38:45.583
She ran away from home
and joined a circus.

00:38:45.750 --> 00:38:47.750
She worked as a tightrope walker.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:51.792
At one point, she fell off the
tightrope and injured herself badly.

00:38:51.958 --> 00:38:55.292
Her friends said to her
that since she was pretty

00:38:55.458 --> 00:38:58.542
she should go to the square
where all the painters were

00:38:58.667 --> 00:39:01.083
and she'd be hired as a model.
And it worked.

00:39:01.250 --> 00:39:04.792
She modeled for Puvis de Chavannes,
Renoir...

00:39:04.958 --> 00:39:06.917
At one point, Toulouse-Lautrec,

00:39:07.083 --> 00:39:08.292
who also painted her,

00:39:08.583 --> 00:39:11.250
saw her sketchpad with drawings.

00:39:11.417 --> 00:39:14.750
He asked her what she was doing
working as a model

00:39:14.917 --> 00:39:17.500
when she was a superb painter.

00:39:18.083 --> 00:39:20.292
So fortunately, Suzanne

00:39:20.458 --> 00:39:23.208
gave up modelling
and focussed on painting.

00:39:23.375 --> 00:39:28.292
Here we can see some
of the wonderful work that she did.

00:39:29.500 --> 00:39:31.542
Each time I look at them I think:

00:39:31.708 --> 00:39:35.708
why didn't I have this role model
when I studied Fine Art?

00:39:37.375 --> 00:39:39.167
When I painted a model,

00:39:39.292 --> 00:39:40.958
I'd like to have had this example.

00:39:41.125 --> 00:39:44.667
Suzanne Valandon's work
could have been a starting point.

00:39:44.833 --> 00:39:47.875
I don't think the art world
is interested in feminist art.

00:39:48.042 --> 00:39:50.083
That has obviously changed now,

00:39:50.250 --> 00:39:53.708
but our work is conceived
as a sort of ghetto.

00:39:54.250 --> 00:39:57.167
If you do gender work
you're part of that ghetto.

00:39:57.292 --> 00:40:00.000
Female artists
are certainly been rediscovered

00:40:00.167 --> 00:40:02.125
and reappraised.

00:40:02.292 --> 00:40:06.292
Right now is the optimal moment,

00:40:06.458 --> 00:40:09.417
but it doesn't stop being a ghetto.

00:40:14.667 --> 00:40:16.500
In the art world,

00:40:16.625 --> 00:40:19.542
there are more men in exhibitions,

00:40:20.208 --> 00:40:22.125
at art trade fairs.

00:40:22.292 --> 00:40:24.250
Work done by women

00:40:24.583 --> 00:40:26.292
is not paid as well.

00:40:26.500 --> 00:40:28.750
Men receive more scholarships.

00:40:29.042 --> 00:40:31.750
The juries are also made up of men,

00:40:31.917 --> 00:40:34.125
so they appreciate more

00:40:34.292 --> 00:40:35.542
the work of other men.

00:40:35.667 --> 00:40:38.875
As a teacher,
I've often come across female students

00:40:39.042 --> 00:40:41.667
who did work that amazed me,

00:40:41.833 --> 00:40:46.208
but other male teachers had told them
it wasn't relevant.

00:40:46.375 --> 00:40:49.292
I think it's very obvious.

00:40:49.458 --> 00:40:51.375
But you regard it as normal

00:40:51.542 --> 00:40:54.125
until you start discussing it
with other women

00:40:54.292 --> 00:40:56.458
and they make you open your eyes.

00:40:56.833 --> 00:40:59.125
Women have realised we need
to join together,

00:40:59.292 --> 00:41:02.042
bring about change ourselves.

00:41:02.208 --> 00:41:04.292
That means building up our confidence,

00:41:04.500 --> 00:41:07.833
doing away with the idea
that we're impostors,

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:10.667
the social biases that we have.

00:41:10.833 --> 00:41:12.792
Giving mutual support to one another.

00:41:12.958 --> 00:41:16.167
Let women who fought to reach
positions of power

00:41:16.292 --> 00:41:18.542
help those who are behind them.

00:41:19.208 --> 00:41:21.875
SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM
19th CENTURY

00:41:23.208 --> 00:41:28.167
In 1848,
the Seneca Falls Declaration,

00:41:28.417 --> 00:41:32.958
denounced the political restrictions
imposed on women.

00:41:33.708 --> 00:41:37.000
They could not vote,
run in elections,

00:41:37.167 --> 00:41:38.958
or hold public offices,

00:41:39.042 --> 00:41:42.250
or join political organisations.

00:41:42.417 --> 00:41:44.000
"Suffragette Emily Davison killed"

00:41:46.250 --> 00:41:49.333
In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst

00:41:49.625 --> 00:41:53.875
founded the Women's Social
and Political Union.

00:41:54.250 --> 00:41:55.292
At that time,

00:41:55.458 --> 00:41:59.250
demands for suffrage
and women's political rights

00:41:59.417 --> 00:42:02.500
became an openly violent
and militant struggle.

00:42:02.625 --> 00:42:08.083
A VOTE FOR EVERY MAN,
AND A VOTE FOR EVERY WOMAN!

00:42:08.208 --> 00:42:10.208
Now it's all about quotas.

00:42:10.375 --> 00:42:12.542
A certain number of awards
have been given

00:42:12.667 --> 00:42:15.125
to men and women
for whatever category.

00:42:15.292 --> 00:42:18.750
So we're redirecting it,
but without addressing

00:42:18.917 --> 00:42:20.125
the real issue.

00:42:20.292 --> 00:42:22.458
I get the feeling

00:42:22.583 --> 00:42:25.000
that when I was young

00:42:25.167 --> 00:42:26.625
it was freer than it is today.

00:42:26.875 --> 00:42:30.125
Now it all seems to be
a lot more calculated.

00:42:30.292 --> 00:42:33.750
They have more tricks today.
There were no quotas back then.

00:42:33.917 --> 00:42:36.458
You simply weren't there.

00:42:36.583 --> 00:42:39.708
Now what all the statistics show

00:42:39.875 --> 00:42:42.125
is that women apparently
have a presence,

00:42:42.292 --> 00:42:44.250
but you're not really there

00:42:44.417 --> 00:42:47.458
because these are strategies
that were devised so that

00:42:47.583 --> 00:42:49.333
it looks that way.

00:42:49.583 --> 00:42:52.542
Number of male and female artists
at ARCO 2018.

00:42:52.708 --> 00:42:54.667
This year at ARCO

00:42:55.917 --> 00:42:58.708
the number
of female artists present fell.

00:42:59.750 --> 00:43:01.292
Even more.

00:43:01.458 --> 00:43:04.042
How are my male colleagues doing?

00:43:04.542 --> 00:43:07.750
They're better off financially,
which is logical.

00:43:07.917 --> 00:43:10.333
The figures speak for themselves.

00:43:10.500 --> 00:43:13.833
Winners of art prizes
Women/Men/Groups, Others

00:43:14.000 --> 00:43:16.750
Spain, European Average,
Germany, UK, France

00:43:17.167 --> 00:43:21.000
"Women who were erased
from the art history books"

00:43:23.958 --> 00:43:27.375
"Do state-run museums discriminate
against female artists?

00:43:27.542 --> 00:43:29.208
The case of the Reina Sofía."

00:43:29.542 --> 00:43:32.042
"Quotas not the solution
to women's presence in art"

00:43:32.208 --> 00:43:34.792
The Reina Sofía is actually
one of the museums

00:43:35.125 --> 00:43:37.958
with less female artists,
and it's a quota system.

00:43:38.125 --> 00:43:39.417
You can tell that it is.

00:43:39.875 --> 00:43:42.375
For example, I would really like

00:43:42.542 --> 00:43:44.292
to carry out that study

00:43:44.458 --> 00:43:48.083
on how much money they invest
in male and female artists.

00:43:48.250 --> 00:43:52.167
Men are present in the major projects,

00:43:52.292 --> 00:43:55.292
the big productions,
ones with considerable backing.

00:43:55.458 --> 00:43:59.667
They're still there
in that male vision of the art world.

00:44:00.167 --> 00:44:03.292
Today, women are there
to make up the statistics.

00:44:10.042 --> 00:44:12.667
Guerilla Girls
are feminist activist artists.

00:44:12.833 --> 00:44:16.000
They show where women are
within the art world.

00:44:16.167 --> 00:44:20.375
So there are a series of actions

00:44:20.542 --> 00:44:22.875
based on statistics

00:44:23.042 --> 00:44:26.250
that show what is actually going on.

00:44:29.542 --> 00:44:32.292
THE ADVANTAGES
OF BEING A WOMAN ARTIST:

00:44:32.458 --> 00:44:35.917
Work without the pressure of success,
Do not coincide with men at shows,

00:44:36.083 --> 00:44:39.917
Disconnect from the art world
after freelancing in four jobs...

00:44:44.292 --> 00:44:45.833
We're here.

00:44:46.917 --> 00:44:49.417
Said, you've grown so much!

00:44:54.458 --> 00:44:55.583
Mother!

00:44:59.167 --> 00:45:01.375
This article is from...

00:45:01.958 --> 00:45:05.042
Wednesday, 25 March 2009.

00:45:05.208 --> 00:45:07.958
I was promoting Return to Hansala.

00:45:08.750 --> 00:45:12.542
The text is flawless and conveys
the essence of the film.

00:45:12.833 --> 00:45:14.708
But they published this photo.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:16.917
This photo is not harmless.

00:45:17.500 --> 00:45:19.667
I wonder what thought process

00:45:19.833 --> 00:45:23.000
allowed someone to approve
the publication of this photo

00:45:23.167 --> 00:45:25.250
and what the true aim was.

00:45:25.875 --> 00:45:29.542
A demonstration of male power,
of patriarchal power.

00:45:29.667 --> 00:45:32.833
Any group that is more powerful

00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:34.458
remains in the shadows.

00:45:34.583 --> 00:45:37.833
At a given moment
the idea is to take the worst photo.

00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:39.500
Not the photo

00:45:39.625 --> 00:45:42.792
that shows intelligence,
strength, power.

00:45:44.125 --> 00:45:47.542
"Inés Arrimadas
wearing tight moiré pattern dress"

00:45:47.708 --> 00:45:51.542
"Carmena insulted in police chatroom:
'Hope the old bitch dies soon' "

00:45:51.958 --> 00:45:56.000
"Happily, Barcelona mayor not
to abort: Ada Colau pregnant at 42"

00:45:56.167 --> 00:45:58.375
"Susi Sánchez: "Some directors
stopped calling me

00:45:58.542 --> 00:46:00.167
when they found out I was lesbian."

00:46:00.917 --> 00:46:03.292
Every five year since 1995,

00:46:03.458 --> 00:46:06.292
the Global Media Monitoring Project

00:46:06.500 --> 00:46:08.458
has taken the pulse

00:46:08.625 --> 00:46:12.250
of the presence of women in the news
in the press,

00:46:12.500 --> 00:46:14.542
radio and television.

00:46:15.417 --> 00:46:17.167
In the past 20 years,

00:46:17.458 --> 00:46:21.125
the increase in the presence of women
has only been 7%.

00:46:21.542 --> 00:46:25.333
In politics,
their presence has increased by 9%,

00:46:25.750 --> 00:46:28.250
although in global figures
they only represent 16%,

00:46:28.417 --> 00:46:31.000
compared to 84% for men.

00:46:31.833 --> 00:46:34.792
In celebrity, arts and sports news,

00:46:35.042 --> 00:46:38.250
their presence has dropped by 1%.

00:46:38.542 --> 00:46:40.542
In crime and violence,

00:46:40.875 --> 00:46:43.000
this figure has increased 7%.

00:46:44.583 --> 00:46:46.875
Women continue to be consulted

00:46:47.042 --> 00:46:49.458
as popular opinion providers,
witnesses

00:46:49.667 --> 00:46:51.542
or personal experience providers.

00:46:51.708 --> 00:46:55.083
As experts, they only make up 19%.

00:46:57.417 --> 00:47:00.708
Sometimes I feel the media
treat me well, other times not at all.

00:47:00.875 --> 00:47:03.500
That's the honest truth.

00:47:03.875 --> 00:47:07.458
When you hold office

00:47:08.042 --> 00:47:09.792
in a public arena,

00:47:09.958 --> 00:47:12.292
and not just in a public arena.

00:47:12.500 --> 00:47:15.750
Politics too
is a very tough public arena

00:47:15.917 --> 00:47:18.000
for women and always has been.

00:47:18.167 --> 00:47:20.375
Both now and in the past.

00:47:20.542 --> 00:47:23.000
"Fernández de la Vega:
A Woman at the Helm"

00:47:23.167 --> 00:47:27.250
You read the press every day.
You have to.

00:47:27.417 --> 00:47:31.625
I do pay a lot of attention
to gender bias

00:47:31.792 --> 00:47:34.125
when they describe a woman and a man.

00:47:34.917 --> 00:47:38.375
You notice it
when there are only men in a photo.

00:47:38.750 --> 00:47:41.917
"Business community meeting,"
and they're all men.

00:47:42.417 --> 00:47:44.583
The typical photo of politicians.

00:47:44.750 --> 00:47:47.125
I think we should start to say no

00:47:47.292 --> 00:47:49.542
when they ask us to appear

00:47:49.667 --> 00:47:52.208
in photocalls
where there are only men.

00:47:52.625 --> 00:47:55.375
It's a blatant display of male power.

00:47:56.542 --> 00:47:58.417
It happens all over the place.

00:47:58.542 --> 00:48:01.167
At a hairdressing award ceremony.

00:48:01.583 --> 00:48:06.125
I'm in IFEMA managing
fashion and lifestyle trade fairs,

00:48:06.292 --> 00:48:07.250
and you suddenly say:

00:48:07.458 --> 00:48:10.792
"There are no female prizewinners."

00:48:10.958 --> 00:48:13.208
You have to be like Jiminy Cricket,

00:48:13.375 --> 00:48:16.375
constantly reminding others
about this type of thing.

00:48:16.542 --> 00:48:19.250
You turn on the TV and see a talk show
with six men.

00:48:19.417 --> 00:48:21.083
Did no one realise...

00:48:21.250 --> 00:48:25.500
We must be in a bad way
if no one realised

00:48:25.625 --> 00:48:27.417
this does not represent us.

00:48:27.542 --> 00:48:29.792
Even if it's just for the image
it sends out.

00:48:29.958 --> 00:48:32.417
Men have their place guaranteed.

00:48:33.042 --> 00:48:34.458
It's the norm.

00:48:34.583 --> 00:48:37.458
For a man to be in power
or in the government

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:38.958
is the norm.

00:48:39.125 --> 00:48:41.500
A man who is determined, resolute.

00:48:41.958 --> 00:48:43.958
A man who knows what he wants.

00:48:44.125 --> 00:48:45.833
So what does that make you?

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:47.417
An intruder.

00:48:47.625 --> 00:48:49.250
Overambitious.

00:48:50.083 --> 00:48:54.750
A praying mantis
that devours those who annoy her.

00:48:55.292 --> 00:48:57.917
It's funny, the same people
who wrote that then said:

00:48:58.083 --> 00:49:02.292
"However, in her personal life
she's a wonderful individual."

00:49:02.500 --> 00:49:04.542
The patriarchy is very smart.

00:49:04.708 --> 00:49:07.667
They try and distract you,
but you must ignore it.

00:49:07.833 --> 00:49:10.625
Especially when you hold a position
of responsibility,

00:49:10.792 --> 00:49:14.500
they try and undermine you
using all these means.

00:49:14.625 --> 00:49:18.417
You have to make yourself stronger
so as not to get involved.

00:49:18.542 --> 00:49:21.208
From very early on
I learnt how to take

00:49:21.500 --> 00:49:22.917
the blows,

00:49:23.083 --> 00:49:26.000
to the point where I was
so used to it,

00:49:26.167 --> 00:49:28.542
that I didn't even notice them.

00:49:28.667 --> 00:49:32.250
And the last time I was in Parliament

00:49:32.417 --> 00:49:33.750
they started asking me:

00:49:33.917 --> 00:49:36.542
What do you do to be so thick skinned?

00:49:36.667 --> 00:49:37.917
You're subjected to...

00:49:38.083 --> 00:49:42.125
not just your talent is questioned.

00:49:42.292 --> 00:49:44.083
The way you act is questioned.

00:49:44.292 --> 00:49:47.750
And of course your physical appearance
and what you're wearing.

00:49:47.917 --> 00:49:49.208
Who you're sleeping with,

00:49:49.375 --> 00:49:52.500
if you're sleeping with someone
or not, if you're a mother or not.

00:49:52.625 --> 00:49:53.917
All of those things,

00:49:54.083 --> 00:49:57.042
if you're a genius, a creative talent,

00:49:57.208 --> 00:49:59.958
a high-profile man,
are absolutely irrelevant.

00:50:00.125 --> 00:50:02.542
Men have lots of room to manoeuvre.

00:50:02.708 --> 00:50:04.292
We're incredibly limited.

00:50:04.500 --> 00:50:07.708
A good piece of advice
to give a woman

00:50:07.875 --> 00:50:10.125
if she wants to go into politics,

00:50:10.292 --> 00:50:14.583
is that the blows must not
make you question yourself

00:50:14.750 --> 00:50:16.583
or your ideas.

00:50:17.042 --> 00:50:18.708
It's normal, you tell yourself,

00:50:18.875 --> 00:50:21.542
they are not attacking you,

00:50:21.667 --> 00:50:24.458
it's not that I'm not a nice person
or whatever.

00:50:24.583 --> 00:50:26.250
It's a woman in politics,

00:50:26.417 --> 00:50:28.708
a woman in a position of power.

00:50:28.875 --> 00:50:31.833
That's what they attack
and it's the norm.

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:33.750
Is it important? Yes, it is.

00:50:33.917 --> 00:50:36.833
You are what you are
in every respect.

00:50:37.000 --> 00:50:39.292
They leave you feeling confused.

00:50:39.500 --> 00:50:41.083
You talk about an important issue

00:50:41.250 --> 00:50:42.917
and they say, "Look at her shoes."

00:50:43.083 --> 00:50:46.833
When the media ask me for info

00:50:47.042 --> 00:50:48.458
or something for a press release

00:50:48.583 --> 00:50:50.292
and they slip in a photo,

00:50:50.500 --> 00:50:53.667
if I don't check that,

00:50:53.833 --> 00:50:57.583
they publish a photo of male students.
Exclusively male.

00:50:57.750 --> 00:51:00.625
If I don't give it my full attention
just once,

00:51:01.250 --> 00:51:05.917
girls will not appear in a photo
for a physics and technology fair.

00:51:06.083 --> 00:51:08.250
An ordinary day in a news room

00:51:08.417 --> 00:51:09.917
is pretty hectic.

00:51:10.083 --> 00:51:12.208
You're working flat out.

00:51:14.375 --> 00:51:17.583
So the last thing I'm thinking about
is gender politics.

00:51:17.750 --> 00:51:20.875
Because you have to revise each photo,

00:51:21.042 --> 00:51:22.292
each headline.

00:51:22.708 --> 00:51:26.500
First, most media outlets are run
by men. That's just for starters.

00:51:26.625 --> 00:51:28.375
They are the decision makers,

00:51:28.542 --> 00:51:31.750
the ones who decide
what news is reported.

00:51:32.083 --> 00:51:34.083
In the end, men call the shots.

00:51:34.250 --> 00:51:36.708
The world is run
by Anglo-Saxon men,

00:51:36.875 --> 00:51:39.167
normally white, middle-aged,

00:51:39.292 --> 00:51:40.875
and usually heterosexual,

00:51:41.042 --> 00:51:43.875
or at least that's the status quo.

00:51:44.542 --> 00:51:46.417
Many women work in Biomedicine.

00:51:46.542 --> 00:51:49.542
At the Príncipe Felipe
Research Centre,

00:51:49.667 --> 00:51:52.500
over 60% of the personnel are women.

00:51:52.625 --> 00:51:55.542
It is true that as far
as representation is concerned,

00:51:55.708 --> 00:51:59.917
as soon as you leave this institution,

00:52:00.083 --> 00:52:03.542
if a committee is made up of
six people,

00:52:03.708 --> 00:52:05.250
four are men, two are women.

00:52:05.417 --> 00:52:09.667
It isn't because there are no women.
There are plenty in Biomedicine.

00:52:09.833 --> 00:52:12.500
It's simply because these positions

00:52:12.625 --> 00:52:15.375
are positions of trust
appointed by men.

00:52:15.542 --> 00:52:17.125
It's jobs for the boys.

00:52:17.292 --> 00:52:19.167
Men appoint friends, colleagues.

00:52:19.292 --> 00:52:21.917
A woman is often not appointed

00:52:22.083 --> 00:52:24.625
because they don't know she exists,
she isn't visible.

00:52:24.792 --> 00:52:27.792
Mujeres Tech
was recently awarded a prize.

00:52:27.958 --> 00:52:30.833
I'm grateful,
but I would have preferred

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:33.083
another type of prize:

00:52:33.250 --> 00:52:36.833
for at least one woman to give
some of the most important talks.

00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:38.250
There was not one.

00:52:38.417 --> 00:52:41.083
Yes, this is 2019.

00:52:41.250 --> 00:52:46.042
I also found a Who's Who of the event
that featured

00:52:46.208 --> 00:52:50.208
outstanding, historic figures
in the hardware and software industry.

00:52:50.375 --> 00:52:52.958
There was not one single woman.

00:52:53.125 --> 00:52:55.250
Not Hedy Lamarr,
the inventor of WiFi,

00:52:55.875 --> 00:52:57.917
Ada Lovelace,
the inventor of algorithms.

00:52:58.083 --> 00:53:02.000
Ángela Ruíz, inventor of the eBook
and a native of León,

00:53:02.167 --> 00:53:05.500
or Gladys West,
who invented GPS.

00:53:15.417 --> 00:53:18.333
There are things
that I still can't my head around.

00:53:18.500 --> 00:53:21.250
This 2009 news item, for example,

00:53:21.417 --> 00:53:24.458
from Guadalajara
International Film Festival, Mexico.

00:53:24.875 --> 00:53:26.458
In the headline we see

00:53:26.583 --> 00:53:30.542
"The Milk of Sorrow" has won
the Best Latin American film award.

00:53:31.083 --> 00:53:34.000
The title below states that "Camino",
a Spanish film,

00:53:34.167 --> 00:53:35.958
won Best Photography.

00:53:36.500 --> 00:53:40.083
It isn't until the second paragraph
that there is no mention of

00:53:40.333 --> 00:53:43.042
"Return to Hansala"
winning two of the key prizes:

00:53:43.208 --> 00:53:45.333
Best Direction and Best Screenplay.

00:53:45.500 --> 00:53:48.292
"Svetlana Alexievich not credited
for 'Voices of Chernobyl' "

00:53:48.458 --> 00:53:51.583
The famous invisibility.
It's harder for you to be seen.

00:53:51.750 --> 00:53:52.667
Definitely.

00:53:52.833 --> 00:53:56.542
It's easier to forget your name
than a man's names.

00:53:56.708 --> 00:54:00.250
The press makes a tally of all those
who have won

00:54:00.417 --> 00:54:04.125
the Cannes Critics' Award,
and my name doesn't appear.

00:54:04.292 --> 00:54:07.000
I got the first prize.
The journalist forgot that.

00:54:07.625 --> 00:54:11.500
I think those oversights happen
more often with women.

00:54:12.458 --> 00:54:13.458
A lot more often.

00:54:13.583 --> 00:54:15.458
For my first film,

00:54:15.583 --> 00:54:18.792
a documentary called I Don't Know What
Your Eyes Have Done To Me,

00:54:19.875 --> 00:54:23.375
I wrote the screenplay
and co-directed it with a man.

00:54:24.083 --> 00:54:26.167
When the film premiered,

00:54:26.292 --> 00:54:29.375
writing and directing it
was divided equally between us,

00:54:30.417 --> 00:54:33.667
everyone talked about
Sergio Wolf's film.

00:54:34.417 --> 00:54:35.833
No one named me.

00:54:36.000 --> 00:54:37.208
It was incredible.

00:54:37.375 --> 00:54:40.542
Not only was he credited first,
my name had vanished.

00:54:40.708 --> 00:54:43.000
That was quite tough for me.

00:54:43.167 --> 00:54:46.458
The problem with women
is not that they haven't done work.

00:54:46.583 --> 00:54:49.458
The problem is that this work
does not go any further.

00:54:49.833 --> 00:54:51.833
There are conscious vested interests

00:54:52.000 --> 00:54:53.208
to ensure this.

00:54:53.542 --> 00:54:56.583
"Meet 12 of the world's
top scientists... They're women too!"

00:54:56.750 --> 00:54:59.167
UNBEATABLE GENERATION

00:54:59.292 --> 00:55:03.875
I could do 15 articles
about women in science. Boom!

00:55:04.042 --> 00:55:06.292
Women artists. Boom!

00:55:06.458 --> 00:55:09.708
Women who do different things,
but they all appear together.

00:55:09.875 --> 00:55:12.417
One woman isn't enough to fill
a whole page.

00:55:13.417 --> 00:55:15.292
A fashion magazine calls you.

00:55:15.458 --> 00:55:18.917
They dress you in Armani
or whoever.

00:55:19.833 --> 00:55:22.083
They do your makeup and take a photo

00:55:22.250 --> 00:55:24.875
that makes you look like a model,
when you're a photographer.

00:55:25.042 --> 00:55:27.583
"Women in classical music
break the glass ceiling"

00:55:28.125 --> 00:55:31.208
These photos are a way of valuing us
"in bulk".

00:55:31.375 --> 00:55:34.542
They deny us a clear identity,
an individual name,

00:55:34.708 --> 00:55:36.167
a personality.

00:55:36.875 --> 00:55:39.958
Many headlines
don't give information about us.

00:55:40.125 --> 00:55:43.500
"A woman wins
the Nobel of mathematics."

00:55:44.292 --> 00:55:47.833
"A woman will draft
the jail sentence for the Wolf Pack."

00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:49.875
What do you mean "a woman"?

00:55:50.042 --> 00:55:54.000
We're stressing the fact
that it's an exception,

00:55:54.167 --> 00:55:57.917
the article addresses this fact,
but is their name in the headline?

00:55:58.083 --> 00:56:01.958
You would never say:
"A man won the Nobel for physics."

00:56:02.125 --> 00:56:03.542
That's pretty obvious!

00:56:03.708 --> 00:56:06.875
It's like saying "a biped",
what information does it give us?

00:56:07.042 --> 00:56:10.083
A koala bear didn't win
the Nobel for physics!

00:56:10.250 --> 00:56:14.250
"The woman who was determined
to open a mosque in Ávila"

00:56:14.792 --> 00:56:17.292
I manage the Twitter accounts
of women in Tech.

00:56:17.500 --> 00:56:19.542
I often have to mention their name.

00:56:19.750 --> 00:56:23.000
I look for it in the body
of the article and cite it.

00:56:23.167 --> 00:56:25.500
It's a vicious circle.

00:56:25.625 --> 00:56:29.875
Because they're aware that women
aren't present,

00:56:30.292 --> 00:56:32.042
they don't appear in the media.

00:56:32.208 --> 00:56:33.833
And because of that,

00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:37.042
they aren't a reference
so that other media outlets

00:56:37.208 --> 00:56:38.375
look for those women.

00:56:38.542 --> 00:56:40.000
So, it's a vicious circle

00:56:40.167 --> 00:56:41.708
that can only be broken

00:56:41.875 --> 00:56:44.208
by looking for those women,
they do exist.

00:56:44.375 --> 00:56:47.417
We believe it's necessary
that they appear in the media

00:56:47.542 --> 00:56:48.750
and serve as role models.

00:56:48.917 --> 00:56:50.792
There are still newspapers

00:56:50.958 --> 00:56:53.000
and very important media outlets

00:56:53.167 --> 00:56:56.833
that report the murder of a woman as:
"A woman has died."

00:56:57.000 --> 00:56:59.375
That sort of thing still exists today.

00:56:59.542 --> 00:57:02.292
On social media, the internet,

00:57:02.500 --> 00:57:04.542
this still appears in major headlines.

00:57:04.833 --> 00:57:06.667
It's incredible.

00:57:07.125 --> 00:57:10.958
It needs to be reported properly.

00:57:11.708 --> 00:57:17.375
" 'El Cubano' strangles Martha,
flirty domestic help, with cable."

00:57:20.500 --> 00:57:25.250
My mother couldn't open her own
bank account until 1975.

00:57:25.417 --> 00:57:27.750
Alba is her granddaughter,
and we're in 2019.

00:57:27.917 --> 00:57:30.167
-Mum.
-Hey. You found me.

00:57:35.208 --> 00:57:37.458
My main role models

00:57:37.583 --> 00:57:40.875
have been the women
who were around me in my life:

00:57:41.042 --> 00:57:42.250
by that I mean you,

00:57:43.375 --> 00:57:46.042
my aunt, Blanca Li,
and my grandmother.

00:57:46.333 --> 00:57:49.250
Because you're the women
who inspired me

00:57:49.500 --> 00:57:51.667
to move ahead in my daily life

00:57:52.125 --> 00:57:54.125
and to face life in general.

00:57:54.500 --> 00:57:56.125
Why your grandmother?

00:57:57.250 --> 00:58:00.000
Well, my grandmother...

00:58:00.167 --> 00:58:01.542
because she was a woman who,

00:58:01.708 --> 00:58:05.542
despite her circumstances and her era,

00:58:05.708 --> 00:58:08.833
was enterprising, determined,

00:58:09.667 --> 00:58:11.292
strong, empowered.

00:58:11.500 --> 00:58:13.292
My grandmother ran a company.

00:58:13.500 --> 00:58:15.000
She was basically the boss.

00:58:15.167 --> 00:58:18.083
That was very unusual back then,
but despite that

00:58:18.542 --> 00:58:20.292
she formed a family

00:58:20.458 --> 00:58:23.208
and had seven children:
boys and girls.

00:58:23.708 --> 00:58:27.583
She had to take care of them,
feed them, educate them.

00:58:28.792 --> 00:58:31.625
That was my gran,
it was no mean feat!

00:58:32.250 --> 00:58:34.958
I remember that once
we were on a bus,

00:58:35.125 --> 00:58:37.375
I don't remember where we were going.

00:58:37.583 --> 00:58:41.417
You were 16 years old
and suddenly you said to me:

00:58:41.625 --> 00:58:44.875
"I'm sick of being a girl,
I want to be a guy."

00:58:45.250 --> 00:58:46.792
I know why that is.

00:58:47.667 --> 00:58:51.125
I had lots of cousins, all boys.

00:58:51.292 --> 00:58:54.000
So the clothes they gave me
were for boys.

00:58:55.083 --> 00:58:57.083
I used to wear boys' clothes.

00:58:57.250 --> 00:58:58.958
You dressed me in boys' clothes.

00:58:59.458 --> 00:59:02.292
I felt comfortable,
I didn't see any problem.

00:59:02.458 --> 00:59:05.042
I compared myself to my girlfriends
and said:

00:59:05.208 --> 00:59:07.042
"I look scruffy."

00:59:07.583 --> 00:59:11.417
But I felt comfortable and didn't
see why I had to wear a dress,

00:59:11.542 --> 00:59:13.458
which was uncomfortable for me

00:59:13.667 --> 00:59:17.208
if I wanted to run, jump,
or what have you.

00:59:17.625 --> 00:59:19.625
I think that's where it came from.

00:59:21.875 --> 00:59:23.958
-You're an actress now, right?
-Yes.

00:59:24.500 --> 00:59:26.417
You're starting your career.

00:59:27.708 --> 00:59:32.625
Do you feel pressured
because you're a woman?

00:59:33.250 --> 00:59:37.458
I think that in the world of acting,
a woman

00:59:37.875 --> 00:59:39.292
has more limitations.

00:59:39.542 --> 00:59:42.125
Men are allowed to play
a range of ages,

00:59:42.292 --> 00:59:45.292
but women are light years away

00:59:45.458 --> 00:59:47.208
from them, we're more limited.

00:59:47.542 --> 00:59:49.417
In the places I've worked

00:59:49.542 --> 00:59:52.250
there were a lot more older men
than older women.

00:59:52.708 --> 00:59:55.708
-Is there pressure because of age?
-Absolutely.

00:59:56.167 --> 00:59:59.958
What I mean is I don't see
that there are roles written

01:00:00.458 --> 01:00:04.583
for women over 50.

01:00:05.042 --> 01:00:07.375
As a young actress,

01:00:08.792 --> 01:00:11.250
do you get the feeling

01:00:11.417 --> 01:00:14.250
that the time will come
when you can't play all roles?

01:00:15.125 --> 01:00:18.667
Right now I'm under a lot of pressure
to work like crazy,

01:00:18.833 --> 01:00:22.417
because I'm afraid that later on

01:00:22.542 --> 01:00:24.500
it won't be that easy to find work

01:00:24.625 --> 01:00:26.458
because of my age.

01:00:27.167 --> 01:00:29.875
I don't think it's that easy.

01:00:32.542 --> 01:00:35.042
According to a report
by the World Economic Forum,

01:00:35.208 --> 01:00:37.583
economic equality
between men and women

01:00:37.792 --> 01:00:40.333
will not be reached until 2186.

01:00:40.542 --> 01:00:42.833
That means six generations.

01:00:43.167 --> 01:00:47.125
We will have to wait for Alba's
great-great-great-great granddaughter.

01:00:48.375 --> 01:00:51.125
THIRD WAVE OF FEMINISM
20TH CENTURY

01:00:53.250 --> 01:00:55.250
FEMINIST WRITER AND ACTIVIST

01:01:15.042 --> 01:01:16.917
In 1966

01:01:17.542 --> 01:01:22.250
Betty Friedan founded the National
Organization for Women in USA,

01:01:22.542 --> 01:01:25.125
which became the most influential
feminist group.

01:01:25.958 --> 01:01:29.958
Women at the time
began to reclaim their bodies,

01:01:30.333 --> 01:01:32.583
their sexuality
and the right to abort.

01:01:33.542 --> 01:01:35.000
This organisation considered

01:01:35.167 --> 01:01:38.042
that if women exercised
their vested rights,

01:01:38.208 --> 01:01:41.958
they would join public,
professional and political life,

01:01:42.208 --> 01:01:44.125
their problems would have a solution.

01:01:46.042 --> 01:01:48.542
AGAINST REPRESSION

01:01:54.375 --> 01:01:57.667
I experienced all the events
of May '68.

01:01:57.833 --> 01:02:00.750
There were numerous discussions,
debates,

01:02:00.917 --> 01:02:02.083
everyone talked...

01:02:04.250 --> 01:02:09.083
about socialism, communism,
revisionism, Stalinism...

01:02:09.250 --> 01:02:11.000
About Trotskyism...

01:02:11.167 --> 01:02:15.292
It was all a heady mix of debates

01:02:15.458 --> 01:02:16.958
and we spent the day debating.

01:02:17.125 --> 01:02:19.500
I have to say that the issue
of women's rights...

01:02:19.625 --> 01:02:21.208
I didn't...

01:02:21.625 --> 01:02:24.750
I didn't learn anything
about women's rights in France.

01:02:25.042 --> 01:02:26.542
By being militant

01:02:26.667 --> 01:02:28.667
I learnt commitment to the people.

01:02:34.792 --> 01:02:38.042
DEATH OF A CYCLIST (1955)

01:02:38.208 --> 01:02:40.875
My university was May '68.

01:02:41.042 --> 01:02:45.042
Our militancy and commitment were...

01:02:45.917 --> 01:02:48.750
The universities were shut
half the time.

01:02:48.917 --> 01:02:50.583
I was already a member...

01:02:50.750 --> 01:02:54.292
When I studied Law I was already
active in the Communist Party.

01:02:54.458 --> 01:02:55.542
It was a time of my life

01:02:56.375 --> 01:02:58.417
that was truly explosive.

01:03:00.167 --> 01:03:02.875
You also discovered freedom, love.

01:03:03.042 --> 01:03:05.333
That was a key period.

01:03:05.917 --> 01:03:09.125
It was when you begin
experimenting with feminism.

01:03:09.292 --> 01:03:11.625
You start your journey of feminism

01:03:11.792 --> 01:03:13.375
by reading...

01:03:16.042 --> 01:03:18.042
The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir.

01:03:18.208 --> 01:03:21.542
It's a book that profoundly marked
all of our generation.

01:03:23.042 --> 01:03:24.958
My profession was not my dream.

01:03:25.125 --> 01:03:28.875
I used to say that I worked
to make a living,

01:03:29.042 --> 01:03:31.083
but I had very big dreams.

01:03:32.000 --> 01:03:33.292
With my commitment,

01:03:33.500 --> 01:03:36.250
I dreamt of being like Rosa Luxemburg,

01:03:36.417 --> 01:03:38.292
like Angela Davis...

01:03:38.750 --> 01:03:41.500
Back then, they were the names
of women

01:03:41.833 --> 01:03:43.500
that I had heard.

01:03:43.625 --> 01:03:45.958
They were revolutionary women.

01:03:46.125 --> 01:03:50.500
And they were the women
in which I projected myself.

01:03:54.375 --> 01:03:57.833
It was political awareness
and personal awareness.

01:03:58.000 --> 01:04:00.500
It happens at a time
when you're still very young

01:04:00.625 --> 01:04:03.000
and you announce:
"I want to go to Paris."

01:04:03.208 --> 01:04:06.167
And your father says no.
Your brother can, but not you.

01:04:06.667 --> 01:04:08.250
It's an example.

01:04:12.667 --> 01:04:14.667
I have to say that at the time

01:04:14.833 --> 01:04:17.542
there were militant women
who were students,

01:04:17.667 --> 01:04:19.125
but most of them,

01:04:19.292 --> 01:04:22.083
once they married,
we never saw them again.

01:04:22.625 --> 01:04:24.833
They just vanished, and at the time

01:04:25.000 --> 01:04:28.375
I made a resolute decision

01:04:28.542 --> 01:04:31.208
and said: I will never marry...
I was very young.

01:04:31.500 --> 01:04:33.500
I will never marry a man

01:04:34.708 --> 01:04:38.000
who does not respect
my political engagement.

01:04:38.167 --> 01:04:41.792
And if I do have children,
I am adamant

01:04:41.958 --> 01:04:44.417
that I will not give up my commitment

01:04:44.583 --> 01:04:45.750
even with children.

01:04:49.417 --> 01:04:50.750
-Cry.
-I've never cried!

01:04:50.917 --> 01:04:53.208
-Women cry.
-Let me go!

01:04:53.667 --> 01:04:56.417
The woman you imagine is a slave.
Let go!

01:04:56.583 --> 01:04:59.500
Slavery was abolished a long time ago,
you know?

01:04:59.750 --> 01:05:02.250
THE RIGHTS OF A WOMAN (1963)

01:05:02.458 --> 01:05:05.250
No, I'm not crying!
I won't be humilliated.

01:05:05.417 --> 01:05:08.750
I want the same rights.
Fifty per cent.

01:05:08.917 --> 01:05:12.542
We were preparing ourselves
for a tough time in society.

01:05:12.667 --> 01:05:15.125
An example I had was my aunt Jimena.

01:05:15.958 --> 01:05:19.417
She suffered a lot of discrimination.

01:05:19.542 --> 01:05:21.875
She was one of Spain's
first female scientist,

01:05:22.125 --> 01:05:24.708
she introduced genetics into medicine.

01:05:24.875 --> 01:05:28.167
She was the one who warned me

01:05:28.333 --> 01:05:31.417
to get ready,
that this would be a battlefield,

01:05:31.542 --> 01:05:34.417
so I'd have to be well-qualified,
and work hard.

01:05:35.708 --> 01:05:39.167
When I arrived in Morocco,
one day I was told

01:05:39.292 --> 01:05:40.958
to take charge of the women.

01:05:41.125 --> 01:05:42.542
And I refused.

01:05:42.708 --> 01:05:45.417
I want to fight like everyone else,

01:05:45.583 --> 01:05:48.458
I want to change the way
people live in this country.

01:05:48.583 --> 01:05:52.042
And he replied:
"I'll tell you something, Nouzha."

01:05:52.208 --> 01:05:55.917
"If you don't deal
with women's rights, no one will."

01:05:58.208 --> 01:06:00.833
And that affected me...

01:06:01.000 --> 01:06:02.958
I asked him why women?

01:06:03.125 --> 01:06:06.750
He replied
that they suffered violent situations,

01:06:06.917 --> 01:06:09.375
their husbands beat them.

01:06:09.542 --> 01:06:13.500
I knew nothing about that,
I was a young woman of 22-23.

01:06:13.792 --> 01:06:18.042
And so I asked him
why they didn't divorce.

01:06:18.208 --> 01:06:19.958
He told me they couldn't.

01:06:22.833 --> 01:06:23.875
All right.

01:06:24.042 --> 01:06:26.750
And how come no one talks about this?

01:06:26.917 --> 01:06:30.833
And when I began researching,
I was stupefied.

01:06:31.000 --> 01:06:35.000
How can things like this exist?

01:06:35.167 --> 01:06:36.917
Once I began working
in women's rights,

01:06:37.583 --> 01:06:39.250
there was no turning back,

01:06:39.417 --> 01:06:41.667
because there were no women
in parliament,

01:06:41.833 --> 01:06:43.375
no women in the government,

01:06:43.542 --> 01:06:45.083
no women in the town council.

01:06:45.250 --> 01:06:48.125
There were very unfair laws
against women

01:06:48.292 --> 01:06:49.875
that no one talked about.

01:06:55.000 --> 01:06:59.083
There isn't just one way
for women to exercise power.

01:06:59.250 --> 01:07:00.417
There are many ways.

01:07:00.542 --> 01:07:03.958
Many women exercise power
in different ways.

01:07:04.125 --> 01:07:07.083
Power as we understand it,

01:07:08.083 --> 01:07:10.375
as a male thing,
in vertical structures,

01:07:10.542 --> 01:07:12.417
is a noun.

01:07:12.583 --> 01:07:13.917
"The power."

01:07:15.292 --> 01:07:18.625
Power that places you above people.

01:07:19.208 --> 01:07:21.167
The way we women understand
the term

01:07:21.625 --> 01:07:23.667
is that "power" is a verb

01:07:24.417 --> 01:07:26.375
enabling you to do things.

01:07:28.750 --> 01:07:30.750
The "egosystem",

01:07:32.125 --> 01:07:33.542
not the ecosystem.

01:07:33.750 --> 01:07:37.667
Women tend to join together,
put plans into action.

01:07:38.042 --> 01:07:40.917
Women are in the majority
at La Casa Encendida.

01:07:41.167 --> 01:07:44.042
And now there are more and more of us.

01:07:44.208 --> 01:07:47.083
I think the key here
is horizontal organisation.

01:07:47.250 --> 01:07:49.792
Women are better team players.

01:07:49.958 --> 01:07:54.625
There is a feeling of community,
of helping each other grow together,

01:07:54.792 --> 01:07:56.625
sharing information.

01:07:56.792 --> 01:08:00.125
That doesn't happen as much with men.

01:08:00.417 --> 01:08:03.708
Perhaps because women
are more communicative.

01:08:03.875 --> 01:08:06.000
We talk more about

01:08:06.167 --> 01:08:09.250
what we're going through, problems,
what we think,

01:08:09.417 --> 01:08:12.292
and sharing those things
helps information flow.

01:08:12.500 --> 01:08:16.417
I think that creates the feeling
of a strong team.

01:08:17.208 --> 01:08:21.875
It helps combine forces, together
we can get this off the ground.

01:08:22.292 --> 01:08:23.958
No one is in the limelight.

01:08:24.125 --> 01:08:26.458
I lead from a position
of truth, honesty,

01:08:26.583 --> 01:08:30.125
and I care about keeping
on that track.

01:08:30.292 --> 01:08:31.750
My approach is horizontal.

01:08:31.917 --> 01:08:34.417
When I used to interview people

01:08:34.542 --> 01:08:37.667
I'd asked the copywriters
if they were good people.

01:08:38.292 --> 01:08:40.000
"Are you a good person?"

01:08:40.167 --> 01:08:42.250
Most were amazed.

01:08:42.417 --> 01:08:44.583
But it's something that I learnt, too.

01:08:44.750 --> 01:08:47.500
There was a time when I hired
because of talent

01:08:47.833 --> 01:08:49.542
without heeding my gut feeling.

01:08:49.708 --> 01:08:52.042
I convinced myself
not to be so radical.

01:08:52.458 --> 01:08:54.083
It doesn't matter.
Yes, it does.

01:08:55.250 --> 01:08:58.417
Someone with lots of talent,
but who isn't a good person

01:08:58.542 --> 01:09:00.208
is not going to click with me.

01:09:00.375 --> 01:09:03.125
The challenge lies precisely

01:09:03.708 --> 01:09:06.292
in changing those structures.

01:09:06.667 --> 01:09:08.167
I always give the example

01:09:08.292 --> 01:09:10.750
of Obama and Hillary Clinton.

01:09:10.917 --> 01:09:13.500
At the time, Obama played the role

01:09:13.625 --> 01:09:16.625
of horizontality, empowering people,

01:09:17.083 --> 01:09:19.750
using his slogan "Yes We Can".

01:09:19.917 --> 01:09:24.625
That means power not as a noun,
but as an active verb.

01:09:26.250 --> 01:09:30.125
When Hillary Clinton faced Obama
in the presidential primaries,

01:09:30.542 --> 01:09:32.500
she was the one who made a video

01:09:32.625 --> 01:09:34.625
in which the red phone rings

01:09:34.792 --> 01:09:37.792
and she asks if that happens
do you want me to answer the call?

01:09:38.000 --> 01:09:39.875
And she picks up.

01:09:40.292 --> 01:09:42.125
For me, that represented

01:09:42.833 --> 01:09:46.042
the image of vertical management.

01:09:46.208 --> 01:09:48.667
The red phone means war.

01:09:48.833 --> 01:09:52.833
Everything that "power" represents
as a noun.

01:09:53.000 --> 01:09:54.750
I respect but I don't share the idea

01:09:54.917 --> 01:09:57.625
of women exercising power like men,

01:09:57.792 --> 01:09:59.333
because I think it's a waste.

01:09:59.500 --> 01:10:02.667
It's a shame,
because women have the capacity,

01:10:02.833 --> 01:10:05.417
or we should have the capacity

01:10:05.542 --> 01:10:07.125
thanks to our history,

01:10:07.292 --> 01:10:10.042
to identify different realities
among the shadows.

01:10:10.208 --> 01:10:13.625
When you're a women you do see them.

01:10:13.792 --> 01:10:17.083
I've enjoyed seeing how certain women
have exercised power

01:10:17.250 --> 01:10:20.042
and taken into account
the perspective of gender,

01:10:20.208 --> 01:10:22.667
the perspective of inclusion.

01:10:22.833 --> 01:10:24.125
Exercising power

01:10:24.542 --> 01:10:27.042
according to what they have
experienced and seen

01:10:27.208 --> 01:10:29.667
and what they see.
Some might not see it.

01:10:29.833 --> 01:10:33.000
It makes you angry when women

01:10:33.625 --> 01:10:35.667
don't make changes,

01:10:36.917 --> 01:10:40.625
because we have the knowledge,
the tools and our memories

01:10:41.292 --> 01:10:43.208
to make things change.

01:10:43.375 --> 01:10:46.667
To make sure little girls,
women of the future,

01:10:47.375 --> 01:10:49.833
don't always have to climb mountains,

01:10:50.000 --> 01:10:52.458
to make twice as much effort.

01:10:52.583 --> 01:10:55.917
That feeling of always struggling
up the mountain.

01:10:56.542 --> 01:10:58.042
At some point

01:10:58.500 --> 01:11:00.042
there will be a slope down.

01:11:00.208 --> 01:11:02.000
Does it all have to be uphill?

01:11:02.375 --> 01:11:04.917
I had to make twice the effort.

01:11:05.375 --> 01:11:07.917
I had limits that were determined

01:11:08.083 --> 01:11:10.583
not by the situation,
but by my gender.

01:11:10.750 --> 01:11:13.042
Because I was a woman, a girl.

01:11:13.500 --> 01:11:15.625
That fills you with anger.

01:11:16.875 --> 01:11:19.917
It's an anger that I think
has always been with me.

01:11:20.458 --> 01:11:21.542
I still feel it.

01:11:21.708 --> 01:11:24.542
At this stage in my life I realise

01:11:24.708 --> 01:11:26.500
I had to make a lot of effort,

01:11:26.625 --> 01:11:29.375
more than a man.
And there was no reason for that.

01:11:29.542 --> 01:11:31.458
It was gratuitous, unnecessary.

01:11:31.875 --> 01:11:36.417
I ran in the elections
for the first time in 1976

01:11:36.542 --> 01:11:38.292
and I wasn't elected.

01:11:38.500 --> 01:11:42.125
The second time that I ran
for the legislative elections

01:11:42.292 --> 01:11:43.708
in 1977,

01:11:44.125 --> 01:11:47.667
I was the only female candidate
in Casablanca.

01:11:47.833 --> 01:11:50.250
I was the only woman candidate.

01:11:50.417 --> 01:11:53.875
There was not one single female
candidate in the whole of Morocco.

01:11:54.250 --> 01:11:58.542
After that, I ran a third time,
a fourth time,

01:11:58.708 --> 01:12:01.125
a fifth time, a sixth time...

01:12:01.542 --> 01:12:05.292
Sometimes I ran for mayoral elections,
other times for legislative ones.

01:12:05.500 --> 01:12:07.250
And it wasn't until the seventh time

01:12:07.417 --> 01:12:09.625
that I was elected
in the mayoral elections.

01:12:09.792 --> 01:12:13.500
I was among the 0.34% of women
who were elected.

01:12:14.458 --> 01:12:16.000
To the beautiful

01:12:17.417 --> 01:12:19.458
Member of Parliament Ansúrez.

01:12:19.708 --> 01:12:22.417
I'm not sure about her gift
of the gab, but I am sure

01:12:22.542 --> 01:12:24.708
that she'll make people nervous!

01:12:25.208 --> 01:12:27.792
I want to propose another toast.

01:12:29.125 --> 01:12:32.625
So I don't have to listen
to members of my party

01:12:33.708 --> 01:12:36.917
using such inappropriate,
empty words again.

01:12:38.500 --> 01:12:41.208
The 2011 Constitution announced

01:12:41.375 --> 01:12:43.792
that men and women were to enjoy

01:12:43.958 --> 01:12:45.583
equal rights and freedoms

01:12:45.750 --> 01:12:50.792
of civil, political, economic, social,
and environmental character.

01:12:50.958 --> 01:12:53.667
Violence and discrimination
were prohibited.

01:12:53.833 --> 01:12:55.417
Parity was proclaimed.

01:12:55.958 --> 01:12:59.875
It has been a tremendous breakthrough
for women.

01:13:00.042 --> 01:13:03.167
There were elections after 2011,

01:13:03.292 --> 01:13:05.833
and the first party to come to power,

01:13:06.000 --> 01:13:09.417
led by a coalition government,

01:13:09.542 --> 01:13:11.833
is the most conservative party

01:13:12.375 --> 01:13:13.667
that Morocco has ever known.

01:13:13.833 --> 01:13:17.125
Shortly after, there was only one
female minister.

01:13:17.708 --> 01:13:18.708
That's the end of it.

01:13:18.875 --> 01:13:22.167
And all the MPs
from all the political parties

01:13:22.708 --> 01:13:26.125
stood up in Parliament
holding signs that said:

01:13:26.292 --> 01:13:27.750
Where is Article 19?

01:13:27.917 --> 01:13:30.167
Where is parity?
Just one woman

01:13:30.333 --> 01:13:32.833
among 32 or 33 MPs is not normal.

01:13:33.250 --> 01:13:36.500
"Never forget that a political,
economic or religious crisis

01:13:36.625 --> 01:13:40.667
would suffice to call women's rights
into question." Simone de Beauvoir

01:13:41.042 --> 01:13:44.708
It's no longer a question of justice
or parity, but common sense.

01:13:44.875 --> 01:13:46.958
It has been shown

01:13:47.750 --> 01:13:50.583
that things improve in areas
where women are involved.

01:13:50.750 --> 01:13:54.917
At all levels.
So the world can no longer afford

01:13:55.083 --> 01:13:59.167
to manage without women,
who make up over half the population.

01:14:00.625 --> 01:14:03.125
Obviously,
I believe in joint responsibility.

01:14:03.292 --> 01:14:05.708
But also in individual responsibility

01:14:05.875 --> 01:14:07.417
as something...

01:14:08.500 --> 01:14:09.750
that is basic in life.

01:14:10.917 --> 01:14:14.292
Each and every one of us
can do something.

01:14:14.792 --> 01:14:19.375
We have increasingly more choices,
which is a political tool.

01:14:19.542 --> 01:14:23.208
We can choose not to take part
in something that rejects us

01:14:23.375 --> 01:14:24.833
and do politics that way.

01:14:25.000 --> 01:14:28.417
Girls need to be encouraged
so they achieve great things.

01:14:28.542 --> 01:14:31.167
Okay, you don't have role models,
but you can do it.

01:14:31.333 --> 01:14:34.042
And boys can be jointly responsible.

01:14:34.208 --> 01:14:35.792
Cry, process,

01:14:35.958 --> 01:14:38.542
show me your emotions.
Talk, talk to me.

01:14:38.708 --> 01:14:43.375
I saw an African president
who visits young schoolgirls.

01:14:44.042 --> 01:14:46.583
She says hello to all of them.
See? You can be like me.

01:14:46.750 --> 01:14:50.292
Then she goes to the next school
and says the same thing.

01:14:50.458 --> 01:14:52.500
It's part of her mandate.

01:14:52.625 --> 01:14:55.917
We need to carry on doing
what we're already doing.

01:14:56.583 --> 01:14:59.375
There need to be conferences...

01:15:00.250 --> 01:15:03.917
places where we can debate,
share ideas, see each other.

01:15:04.083 --> 01:15:06.417
I don't like playing the victim card,
okay.

01:15:06.542 --> 01:15:08.792
If we don't like something
we change it.

01:15:08.958 --> 01:15:10.833
This is how we work in innovation.

01:15:11.000 --> 01:15:14.542
We focus on problem-solving.
We don't look for culprits.

01:15:14.667 --> 01:15:16.875
This is the best time ever.

01:15:17.042 --> 01:15:20.167
We have many tools
and many opportunities.

01:15:20.292 --> 01:15:23.750
I imagine a future of struggles.

01:15:23.917 --> 01:15:25.625
I imagine a future

01:15:26.042 --> 01:15:29.875
that is marvellous too,
one with many milestones as a woman,

01:15:30.042 --> 01:15:32.542
as a person on this planet,

01:15:32.667 --> 01:15:36.542
which needs us more than ever
given the situation today.

01:15:38.708 --> 01:15:42.083
I truly believe
in the march of history,

01:15:42.250 --> 01:15:46.042
meaning we take two steps forward,
one step back.

01:15:46.208 --> 01:15:48.542
And two steps forward again,
what I mean

01:15:48.708 --> 01:15:51.458
is that for me the march of history
is inevitable.

01:15:51.583 --> 01:15:52.792
No one can stop it.

01:15:52.958 --> 01:15:55.125
We can speed it up a bit
or slow it down,

01:15:55.292 --> 01:15:56.542
but not stop it.

01:15:56.667 --> 01:15:59.458
Morocco's future
and the future of the world

01:15:59.583 --> 01:16:02.375
will be equality between men and women

01:16:02.542 --> 01:16:03.708
to change the world.

01:16:03.875 --> 01:16:07.875
The world is in dire need, the world
is in a bad way due to the absence

01:16:08.042 --> 01:16:09.125
of women's views

01:16:09.292 --> 01:16:11.792
on how to do things,
the awareness and richness

01:16:11.958 --> 01:16:13.583
that women bring to it.

01:16:27.208 --> 01:16:29.208
My mother died a few days ago.

01:16:30.375 --> 01:16:33.292
I tried to interview her
for this documentary.

01:16:33.875 --> 01:16:35.500
I wanted her to talk about her life,

01:16:35.625 --> 01:16:38.375
what it was like
living under a dictatorship,

01:16:38.542 --> 01:16:40.625
putting up with a controlling husband,

01:16:40.708 --> 01:16:43.375
and rearing five daughters
and two sons.

01:16:43.542 --> 01:16:44.542
She said no.

01:16:44.667 --> 01:16:47.917
She told me
she didn't want to talk about that.

01:16:48.458 --> 01:16:50.375
She said that her soul was wounded

01:16:50.917 --> 01:16:52.958
and she was afraid of hurting us,

01:16:53.417 --> 01:16:55.958
that her words would harm us.

01:16:58.583 --> 01:17:00.542
I dedicate this documentary to her

01:17:00.667 --> 01:17:03.750
and to all the women
who the patriarchy,

01:17:03.917 --> 01:17:05.625
as Kate Millett said,

01:17:06.000 --> 01:17:09.333
wounded their soul
and destroyed their essence.

01:17:17.292 --> 01:17:20.542
"As long as we do not break
the patriarchal foundation,

01:17:20.708 --> 01:17:24.500
basis of all inequalities, no change
seems possible." Rita Laura Segato

01:17:24.625 --> 01:17:29.333
4th WAVE

01:17:33.250 --> 01:17:35.375
BEING FREE = LOVING OURSELVES

01:17:40.833 --> 01:17:42.042
PATRIARCHY MAKES ME PUKE

01:17:42.208 --> 01:17:45.250
NOT BORN A WOMAN
SO I COULD DIE FOR BEING ONE

01:17:49.417 --> 01:17:52.083
I'LL SHOUT OUT LOUD EVERYTHING
YOU COULDN'T

01:18:08.917 --> 01:18:11.833
I do believe you! I do believe you!

01:18:15.542 --> 01:18:17.542
EQUALITY

01:18:20.125 --> 01:18:22.458
GIRLS CAN'T DO WHAT...?

01:18:25.625 --> 01:18:28.417
WITH OR WITHOUT CLOTHES,
DON'T TOUCH MY BODY

01:18:28.542 --> 01:18:30.792
WOMEN