WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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Last spring, massive brains
flooded the Midwest.

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One of the towns hit worst

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was Greene, Iowa - a place my best
friend Ian and I knew pretty well.

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[music]

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We had gone there after college
to make a movie, a documentary

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about the American diet. I\'m
moving in from Boston to Iowa.

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For our film, we had grown an
acre of corn, on land owned by

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Livon and Chuck Pyatt. Learned how to
farm with the help of our neighbors.

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Well, you wanna go another round?
Yeah, but slower, maybe.

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And had followed our harvest into corn
sweetened sodas and corn fed meat.

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We thought that 10,000
pounds of food wheat grown

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was the end of the story.

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[sil.]

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But the floods made us wonder:

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what if something besides our
harvest had left the farm?

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[music]

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There we go. There we go.

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[music]

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[music]

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Yeah.

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[sil.]

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Is the water clean? No, there\'s always
stuff in there. You\'re gonna find stuff…

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You\'re gonna find, uh… particularly from
herbicides, you\'re gonna find pretty all of them,

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whatever they break down to, you\'re gonna
find it in there. We met up with our

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old landlord, Chuck Pyatt, at a water
testing station, not far from our acre.

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What are we doing to the environment?
You know, this is a big question.

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And I think it\'s in everybody\'s mind. I think most farmers realize
that, uh… they\'re bothered of some of the long-range consequences.

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There\'s a lot of residue that\'s gathered

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in our… our water supplies and
everything else out here.

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During our year in Iowa, we attended our
one-acre farm, the way a typical farmer

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may attend a thousand
acres - with tractors,

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fertilizers and chemical sprays.

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[music]

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Racing to beat a rainstorm,
we\'d sprayed our acre

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with a mix of pesticides with
names like Atrazine and Liberty.

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[sil.]

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But not everything we had
sprayed stayed on the farm.

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The mixture of chemicals
that you applied, umm…

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sounded to me like it might include 40 or 50 different
compounds. And your decision to spray the material,

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uh… on one acre, really leaves
other people vulnerable,

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if the chemical has the potential
to migrate into their environment.

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John Wargo studies pesticides and
environmental toxins at Yale,

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and has served as a science advisor
to the EPA. In the case of Atrazine,

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uh… there are… there are a couple of key concerns, and… and
one is that, there is some evidence of carcinogenicity.

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Umm… And it\'s a very mobile chemical.

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[sil.]

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Running alongside the water
testing station was Flood Creek,

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which drains 95,000 acres,
including our old farm.

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Hello!

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Around the Corn Belt, waterways like
this one, have become contaminated,

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often because of the way herbicides
are designed it to work.

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Many chemicals, like Atrazine,

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sit on top of the soil
until rain dissolves them

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and roots drink them up. Corn plants
are able to process Atrazine,

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but weeds die.

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And some of the herbicide that isn\'t consumed, stays
dissolved in the water that flows off the farm.

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[music]

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Our acre\'s runoff in Flood Creek, empties into the
Shell Rock River, which flows through downtown Greene.

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[music]

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Along the way, Iowa\'s herbicides make
their way into the aquifers as well.

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Around the country,

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33 million Americans have been exposed
to Atrazine in drinking water.

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There are millions of people that, uh… are
exposed to it routinely in the Midwest.

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And most people don\'t know that they\'re being
exposed to the… to the uh… the material.

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[sil.]

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Southeast of Greene - the
runoff from our old farm

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enters the Cedar River, the
watershed for 2.8 million acres.

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[sil.]

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In our great-grandparents time, you
could see down to the river bottom.

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Now the water is cloudy and brown.

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This year the Midwest had
some tremendous rainstorms.

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These storms occurred in May and June.

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And when we have row crops, what do we
have covering the soil surface? Nothing.

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[music]

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When we had grown our corn, we plowed until
the soil on our acre was as fine as powder,

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leaving the bare dirt
exposed to the elements.

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You know, if you look at

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uh… a satellite photo of Iowa in April,

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it\'s an awful lot of brown
and the rains are coming.

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It doesn\'t get nice and green from
those satellite photos until July.

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And then, at the time of harvest, back in
October, it\'s going back to brown again.

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[music]

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Before our great-grandparents came to Iowa,
most of the state was covered year round

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in grasses, which held
the topsoil in place.

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Your acre would have been native prairie.
The vegetative cover would have been there

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and the roots would have been there.

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I come here in one summer, the grass was
high enough, the people on horseback

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could barely meet without seeing each
other. But it was all pretty grass.

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Chuck Pyatt still owns a piece of land

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that\'s been left untouched by the plow.
And it\'s native prairie,

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it\'s never been broke right in here. This land is
wet as it looked years and years ago, no different.

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For centuries, the roots of
Chuck\'s prairie have held

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this patch of topsoil in place, but
they\'ve also been doing something else.

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As generations of prairie
plants have grown, died,

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decayed and grown again, they\'ve moved
millions of pounds of carbon out of the air

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and into the ground.

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Worldwide, soils now store more
carbon than the atmosphere.

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Building up that carbon-rich soil
would help combat global warming.

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But erosion can send the carbon
back into the atmosphere and cause

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the land to lose its fertility.

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We know in the state of Iowa,
we\'ve lost half the topsoil

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in approximately 100 years of farming.
Now, another 100 years,

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and we\'re down to nothing but subsoil. That topsoil,
that top few inches, is what\'s really important.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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To compensate

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for the erosion of the soil\'s natural fertility,
corn farmers now rely on phosphate fertilizer

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from mines across the southeast
and anhydrous ammonia,

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some of which comes from factories in Iowa.

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From this control room, we\'re controlling the
process of making around 1100 tons a day

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of anhydrous ammonia. It all starts
right here. This is the kitchen?

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This is the kitchen. That\'s right.

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This is a half liter of anhydrous ammonia. If
this were in a regular room with all the hoods,

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we would have to evacuate the building. It
would be that strong. No, I… I\'m serious,

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it would be. This is exactly
what you put on your crop,

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on your agro crop. When we grew our corn,

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we had injected our acre with
130 pounds of fertilizer -

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giving us the promise of a huge yield, by
giving our corn easy access to nitrogen.

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[music]

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We have three primary raw materials

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for the production of ammonia. Air, from
the air we breathe in the atmosphere,

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air, which contains around 79% nitrogen,

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and that\'s where the nitrogen
source comes from, stain,

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and then natural gas,
which is methane or CH4.

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About 80% of the cost of producing

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ammonia is in the cost of natural gas.

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To produce enough fertilizer
for our one acre field,

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the furnaces at Terra Industries burned
2,000 cubic feet of natural gas.

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Anhydrous ammonia can be
an expensive ingredient

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in Iowa\'s abundant harvest,
especially, because it has a tendency

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to leave the farm. Ammonia has
a great affinity for water.

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A little bit of water will
give of a lot ammonia,

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there is excessive ranging power
when you start to get runoff,

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it will take some of that nitrogen with it.

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The runoff from our old farm
eventually enters the Iowa River,

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which parallels the Raccoon
River across much of the state.

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Together, they drain more
than five million acres.

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[sil.]

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You take a water sample from the
river, it\'s gonna be cloudy

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looking to the uh… average person, then
what you\'re seeing in that cloudiness is

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predominantly dirt and decaying vegetation.
What you don\'t see

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are the dissolved chemicals, you don\'t
see Atrazine, you don\'t see any nitrate,

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you don\'t see those things in
the water, but they\'re there.

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The Des Moines Water Works is the agency
responsible for providing clean drinking water

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to 400,000 residents of central Iowa.
This is the filter building

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where the water is filtered. It
flows through this bed of sand.

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Most of the topsoil and pesticides
found in the river can be removed

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by the kind of treatment other cities use.
But in recent years,

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water utilities in the Corn Belt have had
a more difficult problem to deal with.

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We constructed in uh… 1992, put
online the world\'s largest

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nitrate removal facility, because
back really in the late \'70s,

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uh… we recognized the trend of
increasing nitrate in the river.

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So, this is water that is not
ready to be consumed yet.

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And so this is the in-pipe, going into the nitrate
removal vessel. Right now, we\'re standing

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in the middle of the largest nitrate
rural facility in the world.

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This graph is the average

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uh… nitrate concentration in our finished drinking
water, coming from this plant, dating back to 1931.

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And you can see how it started
to increase, there in the \'70s,

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with the use of nitrogen
fertilizers in Iowa.

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Right now, the… the primary

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uh… concern is \"blue baby syndrome.\" Consuming
high nitrate water will tend to strip

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oxygen out of the blood. And that
produces this \"blue baby syndrome.\"

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Since the 1940s,

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scientists have warned that exposure to excess
nitrates can inhibit oxygen circulation

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in an infant\'s blood. Without the
nitrate removal plant in Des Moines,

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children in central Iowa
would face a higher risk of

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hospitalization or death.
Anywhere where we have

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contaminated water uh… with… uh… with
high nitrogen, you have that potential.

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The Des Moines drinking
water plant only treats

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a small portion of the water that flows
by its doors. So the vast majority of

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Iowa\'s nitrates continue
on to the Mississippi.

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[music]

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Driving South, we passed seven states which grew
a combined total of 18 million acres of corn.

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[music]

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Traveling alongside as now, was the
pesticide runoff and eroded topsoil

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from farms and lawns covering 40%
of the continental United States.

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[music]

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We followed the nitrates in the
river, which in peak season

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reach almost eight million pounds
a day - to the Gulf of Mexico,

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and a part of the coastline
called \"The Dead Zone.\"

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[music]

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[sil.]

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Well, we\'re in Cocodrie, Louisiana.

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What affects the Gulf of Mexico is the dissolved
nutrients, the dissolved organic nitrogen

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and the nitrate and the phosphate. And
what\'s happened in the Gulf of Mexico

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is that the amount of
nutrients has increased

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to the point that the algae are growing
more than they did historically,

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to end up with a deficit
of oxygen on the bottom.

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And that\'s what happens in the Gulf. If there\'s
not enough oxygen, the fish can\'t live.

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You won\'t see crabs, snails.

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You won\'t see any shrimp, you won\'t see any
red fish, you won\'t see any red snapper,

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you won\'t see any stingrays,
you won\'t see any sharks.

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Yeah, that\'s probably why we ain\'t catching
good shrimp anymore, \'cause it\'s a dead zone.

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Can you see it in the water?

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The water is like a red color, you know, when
you\'re pulling… A red color. Red color, dead.

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When you pull through it the fish
and the shrimp, all are dead in it.

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We\'re working for nothing.

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In communities along the
Gulf Coast, bringing in

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an abundant catch of shrimp is as
important culturally and economically

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as a 200 bushel corn
harvest is in the Midwest.

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Delegations of shrimp fishermen
have begun traveling to Iowa

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to meet with farmers and encourage
them to use less fertilizer.

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But one farmer told me that he yielded

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400 bushels of corn ton acre in Iowa. I
asked him, why did he have to do that?

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He said, to use less land
and produce more corn.

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What we\'re trying to say to the farmers is,

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if you have to survive, if you have
to yield so much corn to the acre,

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fine, we\'ve got to find out a
way that we can also have.

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You\'re passing down your
environmental problem down to me.

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[sil.]

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Where the Mississippi emptied into the
Gulf, we could see the legacy our abundant

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corn field had sent down river.
Above water,

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millions of pounds of grain were
leaving America for export.

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But below the surface,
that food had other costs.

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[music]

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See, the… the problem is to
get out all the problems.

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It has to with the scale
in which it\'s… it\'s done.

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You can get away with doing the
stupid things if your scale is small.

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[music]

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But, given the scale, uh… of corn in Iowa,

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that\'s one reason we got a dead zone.
Fossil fuel dependency,

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chemical dependency, soil
erosion, I mean, it\'s all there.

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[music]

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The way we grew our corn, touched people in
places thousands of miles away from Iowa.

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[music]

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In thinking back, we began to wonder if
the way we farmed could have contributed

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to another tragedy, one that
had hit much closer to home.

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She\'s lost her voice before we went.

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And then it came from back, and she\'s like, \"Oh, I\'m okay, you
know, I\'m all right. I just want to go.\" We got down there

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and I\'m still bothering with
that she\'d diagnosed then with a

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large B-cell lymphoma. Not
long after we moved to Iowa,

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Livon Pyatt was diagnosed
with non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma.

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Over half of the farmer wives, in the… uh… if you
drew a five-mile radius around us right in here,

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are already dead from cancer, over a half.

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[music]

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A non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma
has uh… been detected

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in… in uh… a higher level
uh… in populations

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that umm… include farmers, uh… that

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uh… routinely applied pesticides.

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The millions and millions of acres of land
are sprayed uh… by the compounds that… that…

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that you sprayed. The
probability that that…

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uh… farmers and their families are
exposed to this is significant and

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that can convey a very significant risk.

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It was the week we harvested our
corn that Livon Pyatt died.

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[music]

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
That year, our acre was one in a sea of
70 million acres grown in the same way.

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[music]

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And five years later, there
were nearly 90 million.

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Why do we do what we do?
Farmers are not bad people.

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Farmers don\'t want… When you\'re growing your
acre of corn, you didn\'t want to damage

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or have a negative impact on people
to receive the water off your land.

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As long as we continue to
get more economic return

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by adding more and more
herbicides, more pesticides,

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more fertilizers, then the cost
of the damage that we incur,

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we\'ll do it, we\'ll do it.
There\'s no doubt in my mind

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that… that modern pesticides
uh… have produced

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terrific gains in productivity. And the
real dilemma is trying to figure out

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how to get the benefits of the new technologies
while minimizing the adverse effects.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
[music]

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
Well, I think we\'re being
affected probably more out here

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than people that are eating the food.
And that is the chemicals… You know,

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I lost my wife to cancer last year.
And uh… so…

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What… What\'s long-range consequences of using
all these chemicals that we use, you know?

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
[music]

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
I go by, uh… build a corn
looks beautiful to me.

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You know, that… that comes from
having grown up on the Kansas farm.

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If you\'re not aware as to
what it is that stands behind

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all of that agriculture, you
can live with the illusion

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that there\'s nothing wrong.

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[music]

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[sil.]