WEBVTT

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It\'s probably better known the story of
the British attitudes toward aerobes

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Through Egypt I mean it was often
said that the Egyptians were good

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for nothing but to help dig
in archaeological sites.

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There was always toward

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the Middle East efforts on the part
of the British particularly to

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classify and to diminish the Arabs
with respect to each other.

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So it was a history of high I had did miss.

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And if you want enormous disrespect
based on fear and there\'s no question

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that the British in proportion
to their fear of the locals

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Do the. the more elaborate racist ideas.

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Much documentation about the attitudes
of major leaders like Churchill.

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Racism was what mode with the Arabs was
also well-known toward the Indians.

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In particular the figure of Gandhi

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It was a justification for
not allowing the self-rule

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but they were two backward
to make it possible.

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But again this is a legitimation
of the fact that it was known that

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the Iraqi areas represented

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a very evolved area of the Ottoman Empire

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but it was always true that the
most evolved areas first Egypt.

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And then the area of Mesopotamia
were treated as backward

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Backwardness with large measure
result the pressures in the way

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these areas where we\'re divided Re
divided ruled by colonial powers.

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Ancient Mesopotamia is
so important in terms of

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archaeology and history because
it is considered to be

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the world\'s first urbanized
culture the world\'s

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first civilization where people started to

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build cities it\'s the place where writing

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was invented where the wheel
was used for the first time.

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It\'s the place where we have the earliest

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use of monumental architecture

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the earliest literature poetry
scientific texts mathematics.

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All of these occur first in

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Mesopotamia the the people who were
the first to use writing are called

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the Sumerians of they had
control of the south of

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Iraq from the fourth to the end
of the third millennium BC.

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After that time we have the Babylonians
coming the most famous Babylonian king is

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Hammurabi of Babylon whose law code
is known to all schoolchildren.

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Babylon was the most important
city in the second millennium BCE.

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But by about 100 BC the north of Iraq

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becomes important and we have the
rise of the Assyrian empire.

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They were very learned people.

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They had libraries on they had schools.

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They had a very educated
elite with all sorts of

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texts that survive on astronomy
this sciences medicine.

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The reason that the ancient
Mesopotamian civilization is so

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important is that many many
aspects of our own culture

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today in the West actually derives from

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the practices of the ancient Assyrians and
the Babylonians and even the ancients

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And the Marion\'s so much of that
written knowledge trickle-down or was

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borrowed from the Babylonians and the Assyrians
but through to the Greeks and the Romans.

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And then from the Greeks and the
Romans down to our own time

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Another period in time in which
Iraq\'s history is very important is

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the Abbasid medieval
period of Islamic history.

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So we are talking about
a period between the

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eighth and the tenth centuries
AD when Baghdad was

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the capital when Baghdad was the
center of the Islamic world and

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Caliph of Baghdad were very interested in

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The knowledges of all sorts and this was
the time when universities were built.

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The oldest university was
built in Baghdad in 100 AD.

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This was the time when

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all of the ancient Greek texts the
things that were written by Plato and

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Aristotle and all of the famous Greek classical
writers that we know of and admire today.

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These texts were copied
down were translated into

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Arabic and were kept in libraries
and archives in medieval Baghdad.

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Whereas in the west nobody cared about

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them and if not for that
preservation and translation

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The adolescent Caleb\'s all of

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that magnificent knowledge of the ancient
Greeks would be lost to us today.

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United States policy in Iraq
today has to be seen in

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a century long history of
brake pressure exercised

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by the Western great
powers in the Middle East.

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That was the main zone of contention
re division of imperial spoils.

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The European great powers had been
involved at least since the time of

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Napoleon to push back the
Ottoman Empire to dissolve it.

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So starting with 1878

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the pressure and then the colonization
of Egypt\'s taking it away from

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the Ottoman Empire and then continuing with

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the conflicts Germany France
France Italy over North Africa.

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Concluding with the
seizure of Libya in 1912.

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So The Great War World War one was seen
very clearly in all sorts of secret records

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as being the moment in which
this entire area would be in

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effect taken away and recolonize
by the Western powers.

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Already during the war the Sykes and
pico to administrative entrepreneurs

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representing the French.

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And the British had signed
an agreement a secret

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agreement which provided at
the end of the war the area

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of which Iraq is now exists was

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going to be divided as the French are
going to take Syria and Lebanon.

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And the British would take the area of
these great provinces extending through

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the Tigris and the Euphrates
which is present-day

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Iraq and the war ended the secret treaties.

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Although denounce publicly and publicized
by Lenin to the great distress of

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the allies as well as the
Russians who catalog

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taking part in the despoiling
of the Ottoman Empire

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preceeded. When the Arabs
found out about it at

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the Versailles they had expected

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their freedom editing and supported the
Allies and the effort to get that freedom.

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There was terrible distress.

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And when it was indeed found out that
they would not be liberated as expected.

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There was great uprising in

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1920 which the British put down in
their area with enormous violet.

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So violets which given the techniques
that time and technologies of that time

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is in many respects similar to that exercise
by the United States and the first Gulf War.

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And then in the second Gulf War as well
enormous superiority of arms there was

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A talk about using poison gas there wasn\'t a
slaughter thousands and thousands of Iraqi.

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Now that was the area the
area out of which Iraq is

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created which was considered to be the
most advanced area of the Mid East.

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And it was the area which was most
irregularly divided up which is to say

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that rack the new state that was emerging
was prevented from having access

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to the Persian Gulf by the creation
of this mini state of Kuwait.

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And it was protests it
from the very outset.

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It was expected that the state of
Kurdistan would be created but

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that was prevented by the
parcel realization of the Kurds

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into partly into a new Persian State
partly into the state of Iraq and partly

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into the emerging state of Turkey which
was given therefore a greater shape.

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So it was a bird that was
in many ways monstrous.

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The British did would stay in Iraq

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constantly because it was a
source of constant rebellion.

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This status quo an area where there was

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constant protest against this
enormous abuse of power as it was

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viewed from the moment of the
Versailles when it was discovered

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that the freedom for peoples
that was spoken about my Wilson.

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The notion that there would be
a just peace that would free

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particularly the Arabs who were led to believe
that it would be supported by the British.

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But this delusion was such that there
will be a constant history than up

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enormous rebellious snus and animosity and
particularly around the state of Iraq

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Saddam Hussein first came
to attention in 1963.

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In 1963 the government of Iraq was

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overthrown with the assistance of

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the United States and that brought
to power the Ba\'ath Party.

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And Saddam Hussein was a junior
activist in the bath party.

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That party stayed in power only briefly
but came back into power in 1968.

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In the meantime having when it was briefly
in parents 63 had been killed off many of

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the Democratic opponents who
had been in power before

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that Saddam then reemerges in 1968
when the bath seizes power again.

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And he is essentially
number two in the regime.

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From 1968 for the first decade through till

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1979 he\'s very much as a
strong man behind the scenes.

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He\'s organizing the party apparatus is
he\'s organizing the security operators.

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He\'s also organizing the oil
industry and taking control of

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The resources of the oil
industry and putting them in

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the hands of the party and of himself.

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After Saddam Hussein
becomes president in 1979.

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He begins to consolidate
his control on power.

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And that happens to coincide with
the Islamic Revolution in Iran.

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There\'s been a history of conflict
between those two regimes Iran and Iraq.

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And a dispute over territory in the South.

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Saddam Hussein decides to take
advantage of the weakness

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of Iran in the aftermath of
the revolution and invades

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his neighbor officially the United
States is neutral in the Iran-Iraq war.

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And officially it supports UN resolutions.

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Embargoed arms to both
sides behind the scenes.

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However it begins to do two things.

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First it supports Saddam Hussein.

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And secondly and at the
same time it also supports

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and allows the channeling of funds to
the other side in the war as well.

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To Iran. The US support for Saddam Hussein

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begins very early on in and becomes
more significant with time

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Because it doesn\'t want
this support to be public.

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It mostly goes through third parties through
allies such as Egypt for the supply

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of arms to allies such as Saudi Arabia
Kuwait for helping to finance the war.

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We have a president going completely
berserk about Saddam Hussein\'s pieces of

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a nuclear weapon who gave it to him the
Saudi Arabians is our information.

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And we\'re confident of it gave Saddam
Hussein $7 billion to build an atomic bomb.

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They pulled out before he could finish
it but they still gave them $7 billion.

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And they could not do that without

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the US government\'s support that was
during the Reagan and Bush administration

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In the 19 eighties when we are happy
to use Saddam Hussein to contain

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Iran the direct US assistance takes the form
particularly of intelligence information.

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Which they share with the Iraqi regime
particularly two years into the war.

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Around 19831984 when the Iranians begin
to recover from the initial attack and

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turn around and start to threaten Iraq more
directly from very early on in the war.

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And particularly from that moment

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once the Iranians begin
to take the offensive.

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We now know that the Iraqi forces
turned to the use of chemical weapons.

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While the Iraqi regime was using those
chemical weapons to the knowledge of

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the international community the United
States went on supporting him and

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even helping him in the US because the US

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was doing most directory was giving
him the battlefield information

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about the arrangement of

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Iranian forces Iranian forces against whom
the Iraqis were using chemical weapons.

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There were subsequent occasions
in which they were used

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including the better-known one later on
towards the end of the war as the war ended

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He turned to reconquer the northern
part of the country the Kurdish part of

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the country and used
chemical weapons again.

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This time against the Iraqis themselves
against the Kurds in the north.

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We were giving a wink and a nod to allow
Saddam Hussein\'s chemical weapons.

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If he so chose not only the Kurds were affected
were attacked but also the Marsh Arabs.

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Around Basra were also attacked
and that didn\'t bother us at

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all didn\'t bother American all
that both sides are like just

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chewing up people and poisoning
them in the later part of the war.

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One other important form of support was
direct financial aid to supply food aid

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iraq which again helped it to continue
to pursue the war against Iran.

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The United States also gave diplomatic
support to Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war.

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In particular insisting that the
attempts by the UN to bring an end to

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the war were carried out in a way that
was favorable to the Iraqi government.

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Specifically the US blocked
attempts by the UN to impose.

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A settlement that would name Iraq
as the aggressor in the war.

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The significance of that is that if Iraq
was named as the aggressor it would be

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liable for reparations for paying financial
compensation to Iran at the end of the war.

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The end of the Iran-Iraq War in 19881989.

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The US at that time was very keen to

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establish closer ties with
Iraq called Saddam Hussein.

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The force for moderation in
the region was a little bit

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uncomfortable about his attack on the
curves but with that behind him.

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The US was looking for closer
ties and Saddam Hussein.

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The Iraqi government now had a dispute with

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another neighbour dispute
with its neighbor to

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the south Kuwait was a
dispute over two things OIL.

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Shared oil field between the
two countries and also about

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financial issues.

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Kuwait had subsidized the war for Iraq

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and was now demanding the
repayment of debts and Iraq

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was in very severe economic straits after

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the war needed funds for its own rebuilding
and consider those demands unreasonable.

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Us master glass be told

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Saddam Hussein that the Bush administration
no problem if he attacked Kuwait

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however the deal was he was only
supposed to attack their oil fields and

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the border areas because Kuwait
was illegally stealing Iraqi oil.

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What they were doing is that they were
drilling into a common pool of oil

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While the Iraqis could not because
their system had been destroyed by

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the Iranians the joint production agreement
that they had was being violated.

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Now George Bush the daddy are first Bush
president was an oil man as his son.

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If you break your agreements in
an oil field you get punished.

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And so he told Saddam go punish
those guys where it Saddam

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did is that he said oh listen
moving in ten miles is easy.

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Let\'s go the rest of the way

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united states told Iraq that it
had no particular position on

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its dispute with Kuwait and the Iraqi
regime seems to have interpreted that

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Giving them a free hand to
threaten Kuwait as they

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saw fit and what they actually did was
invaded Kuwait in August of 1990.

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In fact the United States was not

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happy about that and that was the moment
at which relations suddenly changed.

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When we unleashed the attack on Iraq and

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January January 169091400 today

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Our area or short-ish a
packing the people of Iraq.

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Kinda gone claims a 110 thousand aerial
short-ish by US aircraft upon every 30 Savage.

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And I remember every hour every day for
42 days he is 88,500 tons of bombs.

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Such a pentagon tells us
it\'s equivalent to 7.5.

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Here machines could kill less Jewish bear.

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I wouldn\'t former secretary of the
navy said at least 200 thousand.

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Cornell POW who you want show much
softer respect was asked You\'re a sauce.

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How many Iraqis and you say she\'s killed and
he said quote frankly that\'s not a question.

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I\'m very interested in
different kind of wind up.

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Let\'s work.

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What are

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the factors.

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Okay

00:23:54.580 --> 00:24:02.580
The Iraq war and war against Iraq in 1991

00:24:02.900 --> 00:24:06.949
produced on thousands tens of thousands of

00:24:06.950 --> 00:24:11.284
military casualties as well
as civilian casualties.

00:24:11.285 --> 00:24:17.208
In some ways even more important the
aftermath of the war the destruction of

00:24:17.209 --> 00:24:23.839
the power supplies of the destruction of
hospitals other kinds of damage in Iraq

00:24:23.840 --> 00:24:31.840
Led to a vast amount of disease and disability
can lead to deaths among civilians.

00:24:32.135 --> 00:24:35.119
In the succeeding years I helped organize

00:24:35.120 --> 00:24:38.644
the first fact-finding mission to
Iraq three weeks after the Gulf War.

00:24:38.645 --> 00:24:40.759
The first Gulf War in 1991.

00:24:40.760 --> 00:24:43.189
What we found is that contrary to

00:24:43.190 --> 00:24:46.699
the public image here in the United
States have a clean war that

00:24:46.700 --> 00:24:49.909
the US led coalition by targeting
the infrastructure and

00:24:49.910 --> 00:24:54.439
particularly the electricity had
caused a massive humanitarian crisis.

00:24:54.440 --> 00:25:01.354
The chain of events was attack the
electricity water and sanitation stops.

00:25:01.355 --> 00:25:06.134
It\'s Iraq is a modern countries 70% urban.

00:25:06.135 --> 00:25:09.699
Which means that suddenly the
population which was used to getting

00:25:09.700 --> 00:25:16.749
clean water taps at home had to
scavenge for water dirty water and

00:25:16.750 --> 00:25:20.259
given the war and given the collapse
of the public health system

00:25:20.260 --> 00:25:23.619
you had a huge increase in
disease and death due to

00:25:23.620 --> 00:25:27.459
simple diarrhea which hadn\'t
happened for years in

00:25:27.460 --> 00:25:29.979
Iraq and mostly children of course because

00:25:29.980 --> 00:25:32.709
children are most vulnerable
to diarrheal disease.

00:25:32.710 --> 00:25:35.664
So what we found after
the first war was that

00:25:35.665 --> 00:25:40.419
over a 100 thousand civilian
casualties deaths mostly as

00:25:40.420 --> 00:25:48.420
a result of disease not of being hit by bombs
and mostly children not soldiers or adults.

00:25:48.555 --> 00:25:52.099
It was clearly not an attack
against the Iraqi military.

00:25:52.100 --> 00:25:57.934
It was an attack against the Iraqi economy
which meant civilians suffered the most.

00:25:57.935 --> 00:26:02.824
And in fact this is a war crime
because under international law

00:26:02.825 --> 00:26:05.914
the two most important
principles are that you must

00:26:05.915 --> 00:26:09.769
always hit only military targets
never civilian targets.

00:26:09.770 --> 00:26:15.139
And we saw many civilian targets that were
hit systematically not not by accident.

00:26:15.140 --> 00:26:19.879
And the second principle of
international law is that even if you

00:26:19.880 --> 00:26:24.844
hit a legitimate military target you can\'t
have excessive civilian casualties.

00:26:24.845 --> 00:26:27.829
And that means that when you
hit something like electricity

00:26:27.830 --> 00:26:32.194
which which should not even be
a legitimate military target.

00:26:32.195 --> 00:26:36.034
But when you hit electricity and you
cause tens of thousands well over

00:26:36.035 --> 00:26:41.104
a 100 thousand deaths mostly among
children clearly that\'s disproportionate.

00:26:41.105 --> 00:26:44.134
And so clearly that was a
violation of the laws of war.

00:26:44.135 --> 00:26:46.980
We impose sanctions first.

00:26:47.890 --> 00:26:54.120
There\'s the sixth which
is Hiroshima Day 1990.

00:26:55.120 --> 00:27:03.120
And we\'ve locked medicine
and we want to answer 1997

00:27:06.880 --> 00:27:13.699
Unicef hope for children\'s Jill its final

00:27:13.700 --> 00:27:17.884
variable reported in August
of 91 that there were

00:27:17.885 --> 00:27:23.989
47,500 children identified dad
as a result of the sanctions.

00:27:23.990 --> 00:27:29.014
The Food and Agriculture Organization
which we really worked at it.

00:27:29.015 --> 00:27:31.594
Could eliminate hunger.

00:27:31.595 --> 00:27:38.049
Could eliminate malnutrition soft and
we ought to think about seriously and

00:27:38.050 --> 00:27:46.050
do reported in October of 1996575 thousand

00:27:49.010 --> 00:27:54.439
children under the age of five who
have died as a direct result of

00:27:54.440 --> 00:27:59.839
manufactured and forced impoverishment and

00:27:59.840 --> 00:28:03.079
deprivation of needed food median maximum

00:28:03.080 --> 00:28:07.470
needed health care treatment
dead because of that

00:28:36.180 --> 00:28:42.309
I thought about Madeline Albright when I went
to the commensurate Children\'s Hospital in

00:28:42.310 --> 00:28:49.434
Baghdad I thought about her interview
on the CBS program 60 minutes in 1996.

00:28:49.435 --> 00:28:53.019
When at that point she
was the US Ambassador to

00:28:53.020 --> 00:28:57.909
the United Nations soon to become
the US Secretary of State.

00:28:57.910 --> 00:29:02.829
And the network correspondent
Lesley Stahl asked her about

00:29:02.830 --> 00:29:10.830
the UN estimate of 500 thousand
children who had been already dead

00:29:11.505 --> 00:29:19.249
who had already passed away because
of the US led sanctions on Iraq.

00:29:19.250 --> 00:29:24.438
And the Madeline Albright\'s response
was yes this is very troubling

00:29:24.439 --> 00:29:30.214
but and this is a direct quote from Mrs..
All right we think it\'s worth it.

00:29:30.215 --> 00:29:34.159
And so it\'s clear that in the minds
of elites and you know you have

00:29:34.160 --> 00:29:37.909
to look at Tony Blair in Britain or

00:29:37.910 --> 00:29:41.779
Berlusconi in Italy and other leaders of

00:29:41.780 --> 00:29:46.444
countries that became accomplices
to this crime of war.

00:29:46.445 --> 00:29:53.329
A calculation has been present very similar
to the one that Madeline Albright enunciated.

00:29:53.330 --> 00:29:54.799
We think it\'s worth it.

00:29:54.800 --> 00:29:57.019
You know we\'re willing to lead

00:29:57.020 --> 00:30:00.544
the sanctions were willing to
drop the 2 thousand pound bombs.

00:30:00.545 --> 00:30:04.699
Send the cruise missiles
because we decided it\'s

00:30:04.700 --> 00:30:09.469
worthwhile their estimates by unicef
by other international agencies.

00:30:09.470 --> 00:30:12.259
That hundreds of thousands
of children perhaps

00:30:12.260 --> 00:30:19.068
as many as 500 thousand children were directly
affected by the sanctions by the aftermath

00:30:19.069 --> 00:30:23.749
of the Gulf War and therefore
suffered many of them dying over

00:30:23.750 --> 00:30:29.479
the course of this period because of
nutrition because of lack of medical care

00:30:29.480 --> 00:30:33.409
Because of disease we were
the first group to do

00:30:33.410 --> 00:30:37.864
surveys Public Health Surveys and
show that 0.5 million children.

00:30:37.865 --> 00:30:41.809
This was in 1996 had died
as a result of sanctions.

00:30:41.810 --> 00:30:46.759
This is from increased mortality rates
again due to the fact that not only was

00:30:46.760 --> 00:30:49.639
the infrastructure destroyed
in the 1991 war but

00:30:49.640 --> 00:30:52.864
sanctions prevented the full
rebuilding of the infrastructure.

00:30:52.865 --> 00:30:55.564
And of course under sanctions you had

00:30:55.565 --> 00:30:59.329
a marginal economy people couldn\'t
work people didn\'t have an income.

00:30:59.330 --> 00:31:00.904
You had enormous inflation.

00:31:00.905 --> 00:31:05.899
What you had actually it was really quite
incredible and unprecedented in history.

00:31:05.900 --> 00:31:11.704
The United Nations was presiding over the
systematic impoverishment of an entire nation.

00:31:11.705 --> 00:31:14.479
And so whereas Iraq previously was a was

00:31:14.480 --> 00:31:17.449
a fairly wealthy country
with a strong middle class.

00:31:17.450 --> 00:31:24.394
By the end of sanctions certainly by 95-96
which was before the first Oil for Food.

00:31:24.395 --> 00:31:26.179
Program was instituted.

00:31:26.180 --> 00:31:30.469
You had incredible poverty you had
hunger and starvation in a in a country

00:31:30.470 --> 00:31:35.494
sitting on top of Black goal many
children had to work on the street.

00:31:35.495 --> 00:31:38.929
There\'s a lot of a lot of poverty that they

00:31:38.930 --> 00:31:42.394
were used to a very high standard
of living very educated.

00:31:42.395 --> 00:31:47.134
And all of a sudden they were put in
this incredibly demeaning position.

00:31:47.135 --> 00:31:51.094
They had their face stuck in the
mud over and over and over again

00:31:51.095 --> 00:31:57.154
As a human rights organization we take the
view that sanctions are also a tool of war.

00:31:57.155 --> 00:32:01.879
And during wartime there are
rules that are applied.

00:32:01.880 --> 00:32:04.819
And the sanctions are not
an exception to that.

00:32:04.820 --> 00:32:12.820
And one has to look at the limits to the use
of power in a wartime situation or one looks

00:32:13.340 --> 00:32:16.819
at the prohibitions that safeguard

00:32:16.820 --> 00:32:22.759
civilians during a war civilians
are not supposed to be targeted.

00:32:22.760 --> 00:32:27.829
Deliberately done people said
that it was the sanctions were

00:32:27.830 --> 00:32:33.394
intended to create pain on a
population so that they would revolt

00:32:33.395 --> 00:32:39.514
And topple Saddam Hussein this
particular approach has a real problem.

00:32:39.515 --> 00:32:45.379
If you don\'t think revolt is
actually politically viable.

00:32:45.380 --> 00:32:48.739
It also is of course quite inhumane.

00:32:48.740 --> 00:32:55.729
That is to the extent that it imposes huge
humanitarian cost as apparently it has

00:32:55.730 --> 00:32:58.549
whether it\'s prompted
by the sanctions or by

00:32:58.550 --> 00:33:03.559
the cynical manipulation of the sanctions by
Saddam Hussein the result is still the same.

00:33:03.560 --> 00:33:06.019
And so at that point you
then have the oil for food

00:33:06.020 --> 00:33:09.289
deal which was not meant to end sanctions.

00:33:09.290 --> 00:33:11.254
It was not even meant to really

00:33:11.255 --> 00:33:15.349
I restore the Iraqi people to their
previous position in a sense it

00:33:15.350 --> 00:33:21.034
was pain management was making the
sanctions a little bit better.

00:33:21.035 --> 00:33:25.504
It did increase the nutritional status
of Iraq and the Iraqi children.

00:33:25.505 --> 00:33:30.109
But you still had a tremendous tremendous
mortality rates so that when unicef did

00:33:30.110 --> 00:33:34.579
their survey a nationwide survey
in 1998 they confirmed what

00:33:34.580 --> 00:33:39.049
we had found which was more than
a doubling of child mortality

00:33:39.050 --> 00:33:43.924
and the figures again were more
than 500 thousand excess deaths.

00:33:43.925 --> 00:33:47.359
If wars upon us because
Saddam Hussein has made

00:33:47.360 --> 00:33:53.179
that choice we have it\'s the best
equipment available for our troops

00:33:53.180 --> 00:33:56.404
The best plan available for victory.

00:33:56.405 --> 00:34:02.389
And we will respect innocent life any
rank and since the first Gulf War there\'s

00:34:02.390 --> 00:34:06.379
kind of a new American way
of warfare which focuses

00:34:06.380 --> 00:34:10.764
on aerial bombardment precision munitions.

00:34:10.765 --> 00:34:15.409
In the case of the cluster bomb it\'s
A-bomb which contains many small bomb.

00:34:15.410 --> 00:34:21.709
What\'s sometimes a 100 or 200 which can
spread over an area of several 100 yards.

00:34:21.710 --> 00:34:23.869
So that means if you\'re trying to take out

00:34:23.870 --> 00:34:27.529
concentrated troops you can
kill and injure many troops.

00:34:27.530 --> 00:34:30.919
But it also means if you drop it
into civilian area you can hit

00:34:30.920 --> 00:34:35.089
many civilians and many
of these little omelets

00:34:35.090 --> 00:34:37.584
remain unexploded on the ground.

00:34:37.585 --> 00:34:41.119
So for example in Afghanistan the canisters

00:34:41.120 --> 00:34:45.154
or yellow the same color as the food
packets that they were dropping.

00:34:45.155 --> 00:34:48.649
And kids would pick these things up
because they are small but it looks like

00:34:48.650 --> 00:34:52.354
a toy and they would lose their
arms there would be killed.

00:34:52.355 --> 00:34:54.679
Human Rights Watch and other
groups have said that

00:34:54.680 --> 00:34:58.264
these weapons should be banned
because they\'re indiscriminate

00:34:58.265 --> 00:35:04.684
they have a relatively high
dud rate or unexploded rate.

00:35:04.685 --> 00:35:06.559
They don\'t explode when they hint.

00:35:06.560 --> 00:35:09.949
And so for those that moms
that don\'t cluster bombs

00:35:09.950 --> 00:35:13.909
that don\'t explode they
are in effect landmines.

00:35:13.910 --> 00:35:18.679
And they\'ve fallen in in in people\'s
gardens in their backyards.

00:35:18.680 --> 00:35:26.680
And we\'ve seen many cases in Iraq where
unexploded cluster bombs have later

00:35:26.810 --> 00:35:30.484
exploded when children
have pick them up and

00:35:30.485 --> 00:35:36.229
sometimes whole families have been
decimated by these cluster bombs.

00:35:36.230 --> 00:35:39.589
We haven\'t heard as much about
the extent of depleted uranium.

00:35:39.590 --> 00:35:43.219
And that can be used for
artillery shells for some of

00:35:43.220 --> 00:35:47.839
the bombs that are dropped from
attack planes like the ten.

00:35:47.840 --> 00:35:51.379
Some of the helicopters can also far
these shells and they\'re also used to

00:35:51.380 --> 00:35:55.954
shield the tanks to as armor for the tanks.

00:35:55.955 --> 00:36:01.009
And what was learned after that war was
that although the uranium is depleted so

00:36:01.010 --> 00:36:02.719
it\'s not highly enriched
like it would be for

00:36:02.720 --> 00:36:06.094
a bomb but it still has very
negative health effects.

00:36:06.095 --> 00:36:08.119
And once you explode something with

00:36:08.120 --> 00:36:11.884
depleted uranium and you spread
the dust all over an area.

00:36:11.885 --> 00:36:16.399
People breathe IT soldiers are in close
quarters in the tanks exposed to it.

00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:20.689
It\'s believed that it\'s contributes to a
lot of the illnesses that have been seen

00:36:20.690 --> 00:36:25.579
both among Iraqis and among veterans
of that war Gulf War veterans.

00:36:25.580 --> 00:36:28.429
Gulf War veterans came home and
I had been sick all along and

00:36:28.430 --> 00:36:31.219
been flight into good recognition
you know right now today.

00:36:31.220 --> 00:36:36.489
And it was 607 thousand Gis men and
women serve as men or women reserved

00:36:36.490 --> 00:36:44.490
A storm today over 226 thousand of
them are disabled according to the VA.

00:36:44.850 --> 00:36:49.219
There\'s 36% the necessary account
in the people that they turned

00:36:49.220 --> 00:36:55.039
away during desert storm they say oh we
haven\'t lost anyone 293 people or kill.

00:36:55.040 --> 00:36:58.099
I think there was a number. 293. Today it\'s

00:36:58.100 --> 00:37:01.594
over ten thousand ten thousand
two hundred and thirty four.

00:37:01.595 --> 00:37:02.974
People are dead.

00:37:02.975 --> 00:37:06.289
They were Desert Storm soldiers
according to their VA from

00:37:06.290 --> 00:37:09.949
military contamination
from depleted uranium from

00:37:09.950 --> 00:37:13.309
the PB pills for news and
drag jazz from eliza

00:37:13.310 --> 00:37:18.994
thing depleted uranium is another concern of
Amnesty International\'s. And we\'ve called

00:37:18.995 --> 00:37:26.995
Since the heavy use in earlier wars and
the concerns about the long-term and

00:37:28.070 --> 00:37:32.599
maybe even short-term medical effects
of depleted uranium that dust

00:37:32.600 --> 00:37:37.384
that\'s inhaled or the areas
around where they have been used.

00:37:37.385 --> 00:37:42.679
You could walk into any single
hospital in Basra and not only was it

00:37:42.680 --> 00:37:48.469
completely filthy and was there complete lack
of equipment and complete lack of drugs.

00:37:48.470 --> 00:37:51.349
But the wards were simply
the children\'s wards

00:37:51.350 --> 00:37:54.544
especially were just
crowded crowded with kids

00:37:54.545 --> 00:37:59.329
who were suffering from leukemia
or suffering from tumors.

00:37:59.330 --> 00:38:02.749
And they had absolutely
no chance of survival.

00:38:02.750 --> 00:38:04.909
And the doctors were very very blunt.

00:38:04.910 --> 00:38:07.729
We\'d meet a child and they would say

00:38:07.730 --> 00:38:12.154
this child has one week or this
child has one month to live.

00:38:12.155 --> 00:38:17.509
And this happened over and over again
over the course of that time were in Iraq

00:38:17.510 --> 00:38:24.004
a I saw a couple of children who
literally died in front of me.

00:38:24.005 --> 00:38:30.049
And there was almost even more heartbreaking
to meet a child to have a conversation with

00:38:30.050 --> 00:38:32.869
them to learn about them to
meet their family and come back

00:38:32.870 --> 00:38:36.659
a week later come back a month
later and they were dead.

00:38:36.660 --> 00:38:40.119
And the other effect of that was is that I

00:38:40.120 --> 00:38:43.569
spent a lot of time with the women in
Iraq and a lot of time with the women in

00:38:43.570 --> 00:38:50.694
Basra and women were when they
could k pregnancy to term.

00:38:50.695 --> 00:38:52.929
They were always afraid
but a lot of the time

00:38:52.930 --> 00:38:55.359
women would simply try to
avoid having children.

00:38:55.360 --> 00:38:57.969
They try to avoid getting
pregnant because they were so

00:38:57.970 --> 00:39:02.424
afraid of what their children
would look like because

00:39:02.425 --> 00:39:06.504
the horrible pictures
that you see of children

00:39:06.505 --> 00:39:10.389
with no faces with no organs
with organs as those are

00:39:10.390 --> 00:39:14.559
real that the congenital deformities
that have been the result

00:39:14.560 --> 00:39:19.559
of depleted uranium are real
and people are really afraid

00:39:19.560 --> 00:39:23.704
Um during the 1991 Gulf War

00:39:23.705 --> 00:39:30.304
some damages did occur two important
sites there was the ziggurats of

00:39:30.305 --> 00:39:34.759
or in the south of Iraq where there were

00:39:34.760 --> 00:39:40.039
bomb craters found around it and the the
southernmost side of the cigarette was

00:39:40.040 --> 00:39:44.359
damaged although remain standing
the arch of the capital city of

00:39:44.360 --> 00:39:51.559
SESS Yvonne was cracked and is in
danger of collapsing at any minute.

00:39:51.560 --> 00:39:53.734
A few minaret.

00:39:53.735 --> 00:39:59.059
The Middle Ages were toppled
because of bombs that went astray.

00:39:59.060 --> 00:40:03.514
Several mosques of the Middle
Ages received some damage.

00:40:03.515 --> 00:40:06.169
Some museums were hit.

00:40:06.170 --> 00:40:11.509
And then after the war was over
all the museums were looted and

00:40:11.510 --> 00:40:16.789
about 5 thousand between 45
thousand objects were looted from

00:40:16.790 --> 00:40:20.239
museum collections and
archaeological sites and

00:40:20.240 --> 00:40:24.870
appeared for sale in the
Western antiquities market

00:40:50.110 --> 00:40:54.829
No repairs could be made in the
aftermath of the war because

00:40:54.830 --> 00:40:59.749
the Iraqi government at that time
requested from unesco to send

00:40:59.750 --> 00:41:03.889
teams of international scholars to survey

00:41:03.890 --> 00:41:09.034
the sides to assess the damages
and to bring materials to rebuild

00:41:09.035 --> 00:41:13.489
and to protect these ancient
sites unesco did take

00:41:13.490 --> 00:41:18.559
the proposal to the United Nations
twice and it was twice vetoed

00:41:18.560 --> 00:41:21.574
by the United States and Great Britain.

00:41:21.575 --> 00:41:25.609
During the 1991 war there was

00:41:25.610 --> 00:41:30.184
a great deal of damage but I imagine
that this war will result in

00:41:30.185 --> 00:41:34.654
even a much larger amount
of damage especially given

00:41:34.655 --> 00:41:41.209
the campaign on that they have called the
shock and awe campaign over Baghdad.

00:41:41.210 --> 00:41:44.134
So that really doesn\'t
leave much to be hoped for

00:41:44.135 --> 00:41:47.899
especially for the medieval
standing monuments the

00:41:47.900 --> 00:41:51.139
ancient University that most
I\'m sorry are the days to

00:41:51.140 --> 00:41:55.159
1233 the abbess and Palace from 1179.

00:41:55.160 --> 00:42:00.559
I imagine that monuments like
that will have fallen will have

00:42:00.560 --> 00:42:04.249
and Freud. One of the places that\'s under

00:42:04.250 --> 00:42:08.719
attack right now is the city of
Karbala and this out of Iraq.

00:42:08.720 --> 00:42:11.899
I think many people in the
West realized that for

00:42:11.900 --> 00:42:17.149
the Shiite Muslims this is
the holiest sites anywhere.

00:42:17.150 --> 00:42:22.114
It\'s a pilgrimage sites and Muslims come
from all over the world to visit it.

00:42:22.115 --> 00:42:25.699
And if the mosques there are damaged or

00:42:25.700 --> 00:42:30.409
destroyed it would really be like
destroying St. Peter\'s in Rome.

00:42:30.410 --> 00:42:36.720
And I think Muslims everywhere
would be incredibly outrage

00:42:43.030 --> 00:42:48.079
Also the children are incredibly afraid even
from the bombings and make the bombings in

00:42:48.080 --> 00:42:51.829
198819801999 and the continual bombings in

00:42:51.830 --> 00:42:55.999
the no fly zone in the south have
just really traumatized kids.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:59.974
They some of them stopped speaking.

00:42:59.975 --> 00:43:04.534
A lot of them that they just they
can\'t relax like normal children

00:43:04.535 --> 00:43:09.799
relax and when the closer the war came
and the more they heard about it.

00:43:09.800 --> 00:43:13.909
The more you can see the fear
in their eyes and they they

00:43:13.910 --> 00:43:18.660
just talked about the voices of the bombs
and how scared they were of the voices

00:43:28.750 --> 00:43:32.104
So a woman\'s face in that paper.

00:43:32.105 --> 00:43:34.729
She was from Iraq.

00:43:34.730 --> 00:43:37.234
I was looking at her.

00:43:37.235 --> 00:43:45.235
And she was living around
back and r as the distance.

00:43:46.325 --> 00:43:54.150
Such a human insistence demanding
answers and asking questions.

00:43:54.490 --> 00:44:01.830
How can you do this and I\'ll add
on she does something to stop it.

00:44:02.290 --> 00:44:06.109
These briefcase killers
ease bureaucrat thirds.

00:44:06.110 --> 00:44:07.594
These pushes the bullets

00:44:07.595 --> 00:44:10.159
Hundreds of drugs and these
kernels and statesmen

00:44:10.160 --> 00:44:14.044
these newspaper drones this idiot
system that\'s Heart of Stone.

00:44:14.045 --> 00:44:18.769
Don\'t look don\'t see don\'t hear don\'t
think sit back relax have a smoke.

00:44:18.770 --> 00:44:20.269
Take a drink. Go to work.

00:44:20.270 --> 00:44:25.824
Come home watch TV watch the game that then
read bit babies in year ignorant name and

00:44:25.825 --> 00:44:32.374
then they\'re asked me all
the thousands of mile.

00:44:32.375 --> 00:44:40.050
Millions of agony is reaching
reminding and tearing the blankness.

00:44:40.570 --> 00:44:47.340
Can you do this then Lanham
she does something to stop it

00:44:49.150 --> 00:44:53.524
So each one of you from
around this country to

00:44:53.525 --> 00:44:59.329
the spirit world who join

00:44:59.330 --> 00:45:06.030
together in this quest for
peace or just send a message.

00:45:09.160 --> 00:45:15.570
This administration is on
is wrong and we checked.

00:45:17.680 --> 00:45:24.229
It is an MRO war that they are
beginning and we must not be

00:45:24.230 --> 00:45:32.230
silenced treat to be able to stand up
and say no we have people you know

00:45:33.580 --> 00:45:39.589
because our right to dissent and I\'ll

00:45:39.590 --> 00:45:47.590
put in a true democracy has been
hijacked by the administration.

00:45:50.710 --> 00:45:58.710
Because we stand in the way we process
because they are brutal agenda and

00:46:01.310 --> 00:46:06.443
administration whose devotee
and greed is it satiable

00:46:06.444 --> 00:46:13.680
we stand at this threshold of
history and say today I\'m not.

00:46:15.160 --> 00:46:18.479
And his rule it out sad.

00:46:18.480 --> 00:46:21.784
Or it isn\'t enough to talk about pays.

00:46:21.785 --> 00:46:24.374
One must believe in it.

00:46:24.375 --> 00:46:27.364
Even enough to believe in it.

00:46:27.365 --> 00:46:30.064
One must work at it.

00:46:30.065 --> 00:46:33.589
And we hear today working at it.

00:46:33.590 --> 00:46:36.229
This is not the first time.

00:46:36.230 --> 00:46:44.230
We as a people have been misled by the
leadership role misled by those who

00:46:45.290 --> 00:46:48.949
created the falseness of

00:46:48.950 --> 00:46:56.259
Tang pin which also gives
Edison to all well Vietnam.

00:46:56.260 --> 00:47:04.260
Whereas if we could not and did not when we
lie to the American people about Grenada.

00:47:04.970 --> 00:47:09.684
And what was going on in
that tiny island right

00:47:09.685 --> 00:47:17.259
people people that will solve other
Cuba and many places in the world.

00:47:17.260 --> 00:47:21.829
We stand here today so that
those people and others

00:47:21.830 --> 00:47:28.414
know and America is a
vast and diverse country.

00:47:28.415 --> 00:47:31.939
And we are part of the greater truth.

00:47:31.940 --> 00:47:37.234
What makes operation and I just came from the
United Nations I just met with Kofi Annan.

00:47:37.235 --> 00:47:38.824
And we told him

00:47:38.825 --> 00:47:42.529
People now in 660 cities around
the world today that are

00:47:42.530 --> 00:47:47.134
marching saying no to war and that one
looking to the UN to take the lead.

00:47:47.135 --> 00:47:50.239
And it\'s very important that we
see the UN and the context of

00:47:50.240 --> 00:47:53.659
this anti-war mobilization the British
and the American government\'s

00:47:53.660 --> 00:47:55.909
we\'re supposed to put
forward a resolution today

00:47:55.910 --> 00:47:59.959
which basically authorize the use of
military force by the Security Council.

00:47:59.960 --> 00:48:03.469
They were they were forced to withdraw
this resolution because of what

00:48:03.470 --> 00:48:05.089
the French and the Russians the Chinese did

00:48:05.090 --> 00:48:07.264
yesterday and what billions
of people did today.

00:48:07.265 --> 00:48:09.059
So I\'m hopeful we bought a month.

00:48:09.060 --> 00:48:12.094
The next meeting of the Security
Council will be on March 14th.

00:48:12.095 --> 00:48:16.114
And I\'m hopeful that there will be
the ability of those who opposes war

00:48:16.115 --> 00:48:21.904
continue to rise up and expand their numbers
so that there\'s no way President Bush.

00:48:21.905 --> 00:48:25.279
Could ever think about waging
war with Iraq in and try and

00:48:25.280 --> 00:48:28.519
pretend that it\'s somehow has
the mandate of the people just

00:48:28.520 --> 00:48:33.394
before the large demonstrations
that took place in New York City in

00:48:33.395 --> 00:48:38.929
mid February poets the international
physicians for the prevention of

00:48:38.930 --> 00:48:45.409
nuclear war and an international association
of lawyers conducted a press conference.

00:48:45.410 --> 00:48:48.679
At the United Nations New York City site.

00:48:48.680 --> 00:48:53.659
And at that press conference I
paint BMW introduced a letter that

00:48:53.660 --> 00:48:59.024
had been sent to coffee anon the
Secretary General of the United Nations

00:48:59.025 --> 00:49:06.999
A letter to President Bush calling on the
United Nations Security Council not to

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.809
permit attack on Iraq calling on

00:49:10.810 --> 00:49:15.770
the United States and not to
conduct an attack on her OK.

00:49:51.850 --> 00:49:54.280
Easy.

00:50:25.630 --> 00:50:33.630
We can

00:50:46.620 --> 00:50:48.930
use

00:51:04.780 --> 00:51:07.550
The man

00:51:33.580 --> 00:51:35.929
who

00:51:35.930 --> 00:51:38.900
wishes to change.

00:51:54.280 --> 00:51:56.620
No.

00:52:29.360 --> 00:52:31.720
Okay.

00:53:11.530 --> 00:53:13.920
And what

00:53:24.370 --> 00:53:27.090
this means.

00:53:53.760 --> 00:53:56.100
Okay